WEBVTT
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Interviewer: Hello! Thank you for accepting my
interview.
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Interviewer: First, could you please tell me the decade of
your birth?
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[I was born in] 1936.
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Interviewer: OK. Then, where did you live in China?
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In Jinan, Shandong [province].
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Interviewer: Since you were born in the 1930s, you must
have a lot of memories of the Cultural Revolution.
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Interviewer: But if I give you 10 minutes, could you speak
with us about your deepest impressions of the Cultural Revolution?
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OK. There are a lot of things from the Cultural Revolution
that I haven't forgotten to this day.
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However, I already cannot clearly remember dates and the
names of colleagues who participated.
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Thinking about it now, I have a deep impression of two
incidents.
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One incident [happened] in early June 1966, after the
Cultural Revolution started.
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Responding to the central authorities' call, Shandong's
Electric Power Bureau started a five-person "work group," with one person
as group leader, and entered our school.
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After they entered the school, they announced, "From today
forward, all teachers must stay away from students,...
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...and may not have any contact with students. Also,
teachers may not communicate with one another."
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Then, [they] put all of the teachers and staff members in
a bunch of classrooms, based on their departments and work units, and [made
them] study together.
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From this day on, the school completely stopped having
classes, and the department only maintained the necessary functioning of
the Cultural Revolution, doing some simple office work.
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After the "work group" came in and concentrated us into
these classrooms,...
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...[we] mainly studied "the two newspapers and a
magazine," articles concerning the Central Cultural Revolution Small Group
[CCRSG]'s critiques of society,...
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...and the CCRSG's articles concerning the Cultural
Revolution.
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After the CCRSG announced this [decision]—oh, no, it was
after the “work group” came to the school and announced it,...
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...[they] began inciting students to write "big-character
posters" about teachers and leadership cadres,...
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...especially about the so-called "cow-demons and
snake-spirits"-- they proceeded to expose them.
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[They] exposed teachers' so-called bourgeois remarks,
views that didn't conform to Mao Zedong Thought.
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Among us teachers, the "work group" also organized a
so-called left faction.
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After it was organized, [it] concentrated on writing and
hanging "big-character posters" about all of the “problematic” teachers
and staff members.
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From this point on, the school started the "free airing of
views," hanging up "big-character posters."
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As for us teachers and staff members, besides studying
documents, we were sent to the exhibition area of the school to read the
"big-character posters."
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After a period of time, based on students' exposures, and
teachers' mutual exposures of [other teachers'] issues on the
"big-character posters,"...
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...the work group identified several [typical]
problems.
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It was required that when every group was studying,
criticism of these issues would be carried out, along with next-level
exposure.
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This was the so-called "braiding."
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Interviewer: What?
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"Braiding," [as in] women's braids.
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Interviewer: "Braiding."
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[As in], “using the wooden comb to braid,”
“braiding”-- this kind of movement.
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What gave me the greatest impression were two teachers.
One was teacher of politics.
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When the Cultural Revolution started, during the Four
Cleans campaign, [this teacher] had said during class,...
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..."Chairman Mao has already said, ‘The essence of
Marxism is one sentence: “to rebel is justified.”’"
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At the time, the people of the "work group" didn't know
where this [statement], "To rebel is justified," had come from.
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They just criticized [this teacher], saying "You've called
on everyone to rebel -- who are you rebelling against?...
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...Today it's the leadership of the Communist Party. You
call on everyone to rebel -- what are you up to?"
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Thus, they called upon the teachers and administrators to
learn and criticize [him] over this issue.
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But after a time, this teacher said, "This statement
wasn't made by me...
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...It's what Chairman Mao, Mao Zedong, said at Yan'an in
commemoration of an anniversary of Joseph Stalin's birth -- I forget [how
many years' anniversary]."
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"Xinhua
Monthly published an article [about it]," [he
said]. "Chairman Mao said it, not me."
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At this point, the "work group" told us to check. In the
end, I checked an old Xinhua Monthly.
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Based on that teacher's directions, I found the
article.
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Indeed, it was Chairman Mao commemorating an anniversary
of Stalin's birthday, an article issued from Yan'an.
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In the end, after the matter was checked out, the "work
group" was in an awkward position.
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But they set the tone again, saying, "That's also wrong:
at that time, when Chairman Mao wrote 'rebel,'...
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...he meant rebel against the Kuomintang [Nationalists]
and reactionary factions...
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...Today, you're still calling for rebellion -- your
motive is not the same; the movement is different."
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As a result, this teacher of politics kept being
criticized by us.
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Accepting the criticism, he was also powerless, and he had
gotten nowhere fighting it.
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This affair left me with a really deep impression.
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Another matter at this time was that we were told to
criticize another teacher.
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She was an old revolutionary, an old worker at Yan'an, who
had gone to Yan'an to study at the Lu Art Institute.
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After Liberation, [she] followed the army from
Shijiazhuang to establish its presence in Beijing. Later, [she] came to
work in our school.
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This teacher could teach math as well as language and
literature.
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Before the Cultural Revolution, she taught language and
literature.
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According to a student's "big-character poster" exposing
her, when she was marking students' essays, this student had used a lot of
Quotations from Chairman Mao.
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For example, [the essay] contained one part: “Chairman
Mao once said, ‘Measure the body then tailor the suit; eat according to
the dish [act according to the circumstances].’”
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[It] also mentioned something Mao had written in an essay:
"The whip cannot reach [something is too far away to influence]."
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In writing the essay, this student had used
Quotations from Chairman
Mao inappropriately, used them in the wrong
way.
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So, the teacher wrote comments: "Illogical; doesn't make
sense."
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In another place, [she] crossed out a line from
Quotations from Chairman
Mao the student had used.
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As a result, during the Cultural Revolution, this student
exposed [the teacher].
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What's more, [the student said that] in
explaining the idiom "The whip cannot reach," this teacher had said,...
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..."Chairman Mao is the most wise; Mao Zedong Thought is
the mightiest,...
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...but there are still places [Chairman Mao's directives]
have not yet gone, have not yet been implemented."
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The student said this was rejecting Mao Zedong Thought,
slandering Mao Zedong Thought.
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Therefore, the "work group" made us carry out criticism of
this teacher; [we] criticized [her] for a long time.
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That teacher of politics [mentioned] earlier had been a
criticized a few times, but hadn't yet suffered a great attack.
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But this language and literature teacher was continually
put in the ranks of the "cow-demons and snake-spirits,"...
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...and was locked up by the Red Guards' "guard duty
faction." She wasn't let out until much later on.
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This situation of criticism [persisted] up until the
second time the central authorities released a document, withdrawing the
"work groups."
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These "work groups" were set up by Liu Shaoqi and Deng
Xiaoping.
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Up until that point in time, the criticism was left
unsettled. It was never resolved.
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This is the first matter that gave me a deep impression --
these two teachers.
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After the Cultural Revolution, the first teacher [I
mentioned] became a professor at Shandong University.
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The second teacher kept teaching along with me, up until
retirement. This is one thing.
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Another thing is that on August 8 [18], 1966, Chairman Mao
received Beijing's Red Guards in Beijing for the first time.
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Our school had several students who went to network in
Beijing, and attended Chairman Mao's first reception of the Red Guards on
August 18.
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When [they] came back to school, Red Guard organizations
started appearing in the school.
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All different kinds of organizations were established.
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But at the time, among the teaching ranks, there was still
caution. There were very few who established combat teams.
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There were just a few [people], who had previously worked
within the Communist Party, who set up a combat team.
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Later on, this combat team was [critically] called
“Royalists.”
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Interviewer: What was it called? What were the
Royalists?
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Royalists, that is, the conservative faction -- defending
"capitalist-roaders," since they had worked with "capitalist-roaders."
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The staffers subordinate to school leadership were all
Communist Party members.
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In the beginning, they opposed "seizing power," opposed
"kicking out the Party committee to make revolution,"...
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...so later, they established an organization called the
Red Boatmen.
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Interviewer: The Red Boatmen.
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They wrote "big-character posters" opposing "seizing
power" and "kicking out the Party committee to make revolution."
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So, later, they were referred to as the Royalists.
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After the students returned from Beijing, the school
formally began "kicking out the Party committee to make revolution."
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[They] established Red Guard combat teams, started putting
"cow-demons and snake-spirits" into custody,...
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...[and carried out] Destroy the Four Olds -- these
large-scale movements.
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Within these movements, because of [these things that
happened] in the Cultural Revolution, the files of those teachers who had
"problematic histories" were opened.
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The Red Guards started seizing and struggling against
these comrades.
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Besides the former Party committee party branch secretary
being given the "capitalist-roader" [label],...
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...there were others who had "problematic histories."
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There was one general affairs branch Party member, a vice
section chief of infrastructure,...
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...who had a "problematic history" and was seized and
struggled against.
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Among the teachers was the language and literature teacher
I just spoke about.
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There was also a female accountant from the general
affairs division who had a "problematic history" as well.
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After this female accountant was seized and struggled
against by the Red Guards, she was locked up by the "guard duty faction"
and abused.
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It was said that they beat her buttocks until they were
blue.
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There was nothing to be done; they had to release her for
treatment.
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Our language and literature teacher was continually held
by the "guard duty faction."
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Because [she] couldn't tolerate their abuse, one time, she
seized the chance to go to the second floor restroom, and jumped out the
window.
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Because the area outside the window was just mud, she
didn't die.
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She was captured and taken in by the Red Guards once
again, and beaten up.
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So, these two affairs, the [things] they suffered, left a
very deep impression on me.
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There was another colleague whose house was searched and
possessions confiscated by the Red Guards during Destroy the Four Olds.
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In the evening, they went to one of our female staff
members' homes to search it and confiscate possessions.
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Because this female staffer had some so-called issues in
her history, had had some contact with the upper level of the old society,
[she] had been exposed.
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The Red Guards made her a target for a search,...
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...believing that her home certainly had some
counter-revolutionary things in it, very old things.
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When [Red Guards] searched her house to confiscate
possessions,...
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...[they saw that] one wall of her home had a very nice
piece of white paper, about 30 centimeters square.
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On it she'd pasted a portrait of Chairman Mao. She'd just
hung it in her living room.
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At the beginning [of the Cultural Revolution] there
weren't that many portraits of Chairman Mao.
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So, when the Red Guards searched her house to confiscate
possessions, [they said], "Does a person like you deserve to hang a
portrait of Chairman Mao?!"
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They took the [Chairman Mao portrait] she had made and
took it down.
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As soon as they took it down, they realized the back of
that piece of paper was paper used for target shooting, air gun target
shooting.
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This was very serious.
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One Red Guard hurried to notify the school, notify the Red
Guard general headquarters, "Teacher so-and-so is plotting against Chairman
Mao...
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...She has put Chairman Mao on target shooting paper, and
is plotting to assassinate him."
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This was extremely serious.
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That very evening, the Red Guards arrived at this female
staffer's house, dragged her down from the second floor,...
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...and made her walk about 200 meters to the school's
auditorium.
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They struggled against her on the stage of the
auditorium.
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At the time, I watched that scene from the back of the
auditorium.
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That scene...now I can't bear to recall it.
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That female staffer's hair was grabbed. She knelt on the
stage. Her clothes were torn.
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There are some things I can't even say...
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The students were all below, shouting slogans, struggling
against her, saying she was an active counter-revolutionary.
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They said she was plotting against Chairman Mao, was going
to murder Chairman Mao.
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They [said] to her, "According to your ‘[problematic]
history,’ you indeed are an active counter-revolutionary. Did you do
anything criminal in the past?"
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They asked if she had ever murdered anyone.
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She didn't say anything at first. She had never murdered
anyone.
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She had never done [anything criminal].
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The Red Guards below the stage chanted slogans and [said],
"You most certainly are an active counter-revolutionary!...
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...Have you murdered anyone? Have you hurt anyone?"
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When it first started, she didn't say anything.
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But since [she] really couldn't endure the students' abuse
of her,...
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...she said, "I killed someone. I used to work at the
electricity bureau, and I killed two people."
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They asked her to say who, and she said she'd killed
so-and-so. [They] struggled against her like this for one evening.
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At the time, our school's Party chief branch secretary was
in front of the stage, but he couldn't do anything.
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He watched until he really couldn't watch anymore, and
finally said, "OK, students, hand her over to me."
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Like this, they took her and locked her up in the "guard
duty faction"'s room, the Red Guards’ room, and that evening was
considered concluded.
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In reality, why had this teacher pasted Chairman Mao's
[portrait] on target shooting paper?
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It was because her husband really liked shooting, was a
person who was really into sports.
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At the beginning of the Cultural Revolution, when writing
“big-character posters,” it was just impossible to find a good
[quality] piece of paper.
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Writing “big-character posters” had used up all of the
newspaper.
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Her husband often went target shooting.
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Target shooting paper was really good, very white, very
thick.
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00:20:53.550 --> 00:20:57.210 align:center line:-1
Without really thinking about it, she just turned [the
paper] over and pasted Chairman Mao[’s portrait] onto it.
161
00:20:57.220 --> 00:20:59.990 align:center line:-1
She just put it up in her living room. That was the
situation.
162
00:21:00.000 --> 00:21:02.150 align:center line:-1
She never even thought it would bring about this
[consequence].
163
00:21:02.160 --> 00:21:07.930 align:center line:-1
Later, when she told the facts of the matter, we finally
knew it was this situation.
164
00:21:07.940 --> 00:21:23.990 align:center line:-1
When I think back on the scene at the time, I
shiver…
165
00:21:24.000 --> 00:21:31.150 align:center line:-1
Destroy the Four Olds, seizing and struggling against
“cow-demons and snake-spirits” affected a lot of people,...
166
00:21:31.160 --> 00:21:50.510 align:center line:-1
...including our former vice principal, a democratic
figure who had participated in the Big Swords Society in Dezhou district,
northern Shandong.
167
00:21:50.520 --> 00:21:59.160 align:center line:-1
[He] had participated in that revolutionary work. But he
had a “problematic history,” and later might’ve left the Party.
168
00:21:59.170 --> 00:22:09.750 align:center line:-1
He was our school’s vice principal, a democratic figure,
a high-level cadre, and was taken into custody as a “cow-demon and
snake-spirit.”
169
00:22:09.760 --> 00:22:20.150 align:center line:-1
Every morning, seven or eight people had to report to the
Red Guards’ "guard duty faction" at a certain time.
170
00:22:20.160 --> 00:22:24.620 align:center line:-1
The Red Guards would lead them in doing manual labor.
171
00:22:24.630 --> 00:22:31.250 align:center line:-1
The Red Guards would be to the side, supervising them. At
meal time, they would stand in line.
172
00:22:31.260 --> 00:22:35.790 align:center line:-1
They could not eat until the [other] teaching and
administrative staff had finished eating.
173
00:22:35.800 --> 00:22:43.680 align:center line:-1
At meal time, they had to first face Chairman Mao[’s
portrait] and say that they were going to eat, do this kind of thing,
before they could eat.
174
00:22:43.690 --> 00:23:03.480 align:center line:-1
This activity persisted for a long time, all the way up
until even after “resume classes to make revolution.”
175
00:23:03.490 --> 00:23:18.750 align:center line:-1
These people were not “liberated” [rehabilitated]
until much later, during the latter part of the Cultural Revolution, during
the seizing and struggling against May 16 elements.
176
00:23:18.760 --> 00:23:32.740 align:center line:-1
These are the things I remember deeply from the Cultural
Revolution. Furthermore, they’re things I saw myself, that happened at
our school.
177
00:23:32.750 --> 00:23:42.220 align:center line:-1
The Cultural Revolution happened more than 40 years ago,
but there are things in my mind that I will not forget for my entire
lifetime.
178
00:23:42.230 --> 00:23:54.160 align:center line:-1
But with the passage of time, I remember the incidents
clearly,...
179
00:23:54.170 --> 00:24:07.710 align:center line:-1
but I can’t remember exact dates or the names of many
colleagues, some of whom have passed away.
180
00:24:07.720 --> 00:24:10.510 align:center line:-1
I’ll only speak about these two incidents.
181
00:24:10.520 --> 00:24:14.486 align:center line:-1
Interviewer: OK. Thank you. Thank you for accepting my
interview.
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