built a small. fortification, which they named Fort
Lawrence.  This was garrisoned by a force of I50
men, who were left under command of Colonel John
Gibson, the remainder of the detachment returning
to Fort Pitt for the winter. General McIntosh does
not seem to have commended himself to the favor of
the Congress, and he resigned in February I779, and
was succeeded the following month by Colonel
Daniel Brodhead.  On the IIth of August, I779,
Colonel Brodhead, with a force of 600 men and a
train of pack-horses with provisions, marched from
Fort Pitt up the Allegheny to the mouth of the
Mahoning, and from thence to Conewago, in the
neighborhood of which they encountered a force of
about forty Indians, who were vanquished with five
killed and a number wounded. From thence they
went to various Indian towns, which they burned
and destroyed, afterward returning to Pittsburgh.
Upon arriving, the Chiefs of the Delawares, Hurons
and a tribe of the Shawanese came to the fort with
proposals of peace, and a conference was held at
which definite arrangements for the tranquility of
the surrounding country were made.
In the meantime the price of provisions had
become very high, and in I778 flour was sold at $r6
per barrel and other staple products at a proportionately high price. This became still worse as the
currency issued by the Continental Congress depreciated, and in I779 bacon was $I a pound and other
provisions exceedingly scarce and high. The troops
which had returned fromi the expedition up the
Allegheny suffered for lack of supplies, and in
October, I779, the
officers at the garrison met and resolved that a selet
committee should
be appointed to
obtain inforniation regarding the
regulation of prices in the older
settlements with a
view to -establishing fixed rates for
the sale of all commodities in the
market. But this
seems to have had
but little effet,
and on December
I6 Colonel Brodhead wrote:'The
troops have not
tasted meat at this
post for six days
past, and I hear of
none that we can
purchase or procure by our compulsory means; indeed there is very
little' meat to be
had on this side
Of the mountains at any rate."  Several other
expeditions were undertaken against the Indians in
the Ohio settlements, and Colonel Brodhead continued in command until August, I781, when he became
involved in a controversy with some of his officers
which continiled until he was relieved by General
William  Irvine.  His promptness and executive
ability restored to order the almost mutinous troops
of Forts Pitt and McIntosh, and the subsequent success of the American arms, resulting in the surrender of Cornwallis, brought quiet to the frontiers,
and the fac of the American victory was announced
in a proclamation of General Irvine, and celebrated
by the firing of thirteen pieces of artillery at the
fort, November 6, I78I, and the issuing to non- commissioned officers and privates of an extra gill of
whiskey in honor of the important event.
The Penns, who had adhered to the British side
during the confli6l, were considered by the people as
obstruftions to the American cause, and an at of
Assembly, dated November 27, I779, deprived them
of the rights conveyed in the charter granted to
their ancestor in I68I; but as compensation for this
deprivation allowed them the sum of;I30,000 sterling and permitted them to retain their manors,
which in themselves constituted an important estate,
aggregating over 400,000 acres. Late in I783 John
Penn, Jr., and John Penn, the proprietaries of Pittsburgh, concluded to sell the lands embraced in the
manor of Pittsburgh, and the first conveyance of
land in this vicinity was that made by them in
January, 1784, to Isaac Craig and Stephen Bayard,
which consisted of all the ground between Fort Pitt
and the Allegheny River, comprising a tra of three
acres, in the center of which was the celebrated Old
Redoubt. Following this sale there became an
affive demand for lands, which were sold at what
were then considered good prices, although in
significant, of course, in comparison with present
figures; and in the same year the mining of coal
was begun upon a small scale on Coal Hill, opposite
the town, under a grant by the Penns, who sold
mining privileges to various parties.
In December, I784, Arthur Lee, afterward celebrated as a diplomat, came to Pittsburgh, and thus
describes the place in his journal: " Pittsburgh is
inhabited almost entirely by Scotch and Irish, who
live in paltry log houses and are as dirty as in the
North of Ireland, or even in Scotland. There is a
great deal of small trade carried on, the goods being
brought at the vast expense o' forty-five shillings
per cwt. from Philadelphia and Baltimore.  They
take in the shops money, wheat, flour and skins.
There are in town four attorneys, two doctors and not
a priest of any persuasion, nor church nor chapel;
so they are likely to be damned without the benefit
of clergy. The river encroaches fast on the town.
The place, I believe, will never be very considerable."
These opinions show plainly that while Lee may
have been an excellent patriot and diplomat, he was
" neither a prophet nor the son of a prophet." He
was also mistaken with regard to the entire lack of
church facilities, for in I782 the Rev. Wilhelm
Weber, a Westphaliau clergyman, organized in this
city the German Union Evangelical Protestant
Church, occupying a house at the corner of Diamond
and Wood streets, from which it removed in I786 to
the location it now occupies at corner of Smithfield
street and Sixth avenue, which was donated to the
denomination by the Penns; and in I784 the First
Presbyterian Church had been organizF d, although
it had not yet procured a permanent place of worship. It was in 1784, also, that the laying out of the
town into lots was completed, and after the approval
of the plat by the attorney for the proprietors in
September, the entire 5,766 acres, comprising the
Manor of Pittsburgh, was placed upon the market
for sale. In this year Major Isaac Craig and Stephen
Bayard, who had been the first purchasers of land,
were the leading business men of the place, and in
addition to their merchandising had established a
distillery to supply a demand which was very general
in those days.
The conclusion of peace between the United.tates and Great Britain gave a remarkable imlpetus
to settlement, and the dispute between Pennsylvania and Virginia having also been settled by the
adoption of a continuation of Mason  Dixon's lille,
(39~ 43/ 26// north latitude) as a boundary, the
settlers b-gan steadily to advance in the arts and
conveniences of civilization. In I785 the first printing press, a small hand machine of the Adam
Ramage make, was brought across tl e mountains by
wagon from Philadelphia. In the following year
John Scull and Joseph Hall procured this press, and
on Saturday, July 29, I786, issued the first number of
the Pittsburgh Gazelle, the pioneer newspaper of
Pittsburgh, and the progenitor of the existing Contmwercial Gazelle. In the initial number was published an account of Pittsburgh, of which Judge H.
H. Brackenridge was the author, and which is reprinted here as furnishing an interesting contemporary account of the Pittsburgh of those early days:
JUDGE BRACKINRIDGE'S ACCOUNr OF PITTSBURGH.
The Allegheny River, running from the northeast, and the Monongahela from the southwest,
meet at an angle of about thirty-three degrees, and
form the Ohio. This name is said to signify, in
some of the Indian languages, "bloody," so that
the Ohio River may be translated "the River of
Blood." The French have called it La Belle Riviere,
that is, the Beautiful or Fair River; but this is not
intended by them as having any relation to the
name Ohio. It may have received the name of Ohio
about the beginning of the present century, when
the Six Nations made war upon their follow savages in these territories and subjugated several
tribes.
The word " Monongahela " is said to signify, in
some of the Indian languages, the " Falling-inBanks;" that is, the stream of the Falling-in, or
Moldering Banks.
At the distance of about 400 or 500 yards from
the head of the Ohio is a small island lying to the
northwest side of the river at the distance of about
seventy yards from the shore. It is covered with
woods, and at the
lower part is a
lofty hill, famous
for the number of
wild turkeys which
inhabit it. The
island is not more
in length than onequarter of a mile,
and the breadth
about Ioo yards.
A small space on
the upper end is
cleared and is
overgrown w i t h
grass. The savages
had cleared it during the late war;
a party of them
attached to the
United States having placed their
wigwams and
raised corn there.
The Ohio, at a
distance of about
one mile from its
source, winds
round the lower
end of the island
and disappears. I
call the confluence
of the Allegheny and Monongahela the source of
the Ohio.
It is pleasant to observe the conflict of these
two waters where they meet. When of actual
height the contest is equal, and a small rippling
appears from the point of land at their junction to
the distance of about 500 yards. When the Allegheny is master, as the term is, the current keeps
its course a great way into the Monongahela before
it is overcome and falls into the bed of the Ohio.
The Monongahela in like manner having the mastery, bears away the Allegheny, and with its muddy
water discolors the crystal current of that river.
This happens frequently, inasmuch as these two
rivers, coming from different climates of the country, are seldom swollen at the same time. The
flood of the Allegheny rises, perhaps, the highest.
I have observed it to have been at least thirty feet
above the level by the impressions of the ice on the
branches of the trees which overhang the river,
and had been cut at the breaking up of the winter,
when the snowv and frost, melting toward the northeast, throw themselves down with amazing rapidity
and violence in a mighty deluge. The current of
the Allegheny is, in general, more rapid than that
of the Monongahela, and though not broader or of
greater depth, yet, from this circumstance, throws
forward a greater quantity of water in the same
space of time.
In this tiver, at a distance of about one mile
above the town of Pittsburgh, is a beautiful little
island, which, if there are river gods and nymphs,a year later. This establishment, which includes
five buildings and all appliances, is complete in
every convenience and accessory for the successful
prosecution of the business. The product of the
brewery includes lager beer of a most superior quality, the materials used being selected from the best
and purest, and the processes being of a character
calculated to produce a wholesome and invigorating
beverage. In aildition to beer the firm brews excellent qualities of ale, porter, stock ale, et. The firm
does its own malting, and its equipment includes
also an Arctic ice machine of fifty tons capacity. A
large business has been built up covering not only
the local field, but extending to all parts of the
State, the product of this brewery being in high favor
with consumers and is consequently in large de m and
by the trade. Mr. Damas l,utz, the senior member
of the firm, was born in Wurtemburg, Germany, in
I822, and has resided in Allegheny since I848. He
is a prominent and highly respected citizen and a
substantial and sagacious business man. His son,
Mr. Anton Lutz, is a native of Pittsburgh, where he
was born in I853, and has received a thorough trainingand education, and posesses business attainments of a high order. The firm has a high reputation for the uniform fairness and accuracy of its
dealings and its promptnees and reliability. An
illustrated advertisement of the business of this
firm will be found in the advertising pages of this
book.
BOTTLE,RS.
J. C. Buffum  Co. - Star Beer Bottling Co.
and City Bottling House; 209 and 2II Market Street.
-Continued success for over forty years gives a
special business prominence to Mr. J. C. Bufftum,
the proprietor ot this establishment. In I845 he
founded the business, his brother being associated
with him, under the style of J. C. Buffum  Bro.,
until I850, when the brother withdrew, since which
time Mr. J. C. Buffum has conducted the business
alone, with the present firm name. About the same
time, in order to accommodate the increased proportions of the business, he removed from  the
original location on Third avenue to the premises
now occupied, embracing a large three-story building, with a roomy cellar, 50xI00 feet in dimelisions.
The equipment of machinery and bottling apparatus
embraces all the most improved devices adapted to
that department of industry, including the finest
washing machinery. In winter warm water is used
and at all times the washing is done with filtered
water. The firm are sole bottlers in Pittsburgh of
Jos. Schlitz Brewing Co.'s celebrated Milwaukee
Lvager Beer and Milwaukee Export Beer, and are extensive manufaturers of soda water, and importers
of and dealers in ale, stouts, ginger ale, mineral
spring waters, syrups? bottled liquors, wines, bitters
and extra soda drinks; a specialty being made of
premiere qualite ginger ale and cbampagne cider for
family table use. The business is an extensive
one, employing during the busy season a force of
eighty-five hands, and the reputation of the pro
duts of the establishment is of such a high charater that the trade of the house extends to all
points within I50 miles in every direffion. The
long experience of Mr. Buffu m, bnd the fairness and
accuracy of his business condut, have brought their
reward in a constant expansion of the business.
National Brewery.-John H. Nusser, Proprietor; Head of Twelfth Street, South Side.-This
is one of the oldest brewing establishments in the
city, having been originally started in I853 by Mr.
John Nusser, who carried it on until I884, when he
retired from business, and his son, Mr. John H.
Nusser, succeeded to the diretion and management
of the conc. rn. The premises occupied by the business are coniplete in all departments, including a
brewing house, malt house, storage rooms, cellars,
an ice iiiachine of large capacity, etc., and the brewing equipnient includes all the most approved appliances for the brewing of beer and the preservation
of the produt in a marketable condition. The beer
pioduced at the establishment is noted for its uniform purity and excellence, and a large trade is
done in the clty and surrounding country, the beer
having secured the favor of consumers, and being,
therefore, in constantly increasing demand by tne
tralde. Mr. Nusser, the present proprietor of the
business, has been thoroughly trained in all its details, and carefully supervises all the operations of
the brewery so as to maintain for tlle produr  the
stanc-lard quality which has made it famous, and in
his dealings with the trade his methods are such as
to comlilend him to favor and popularity. The business of the brewery has doubled since Mr. Nusser
became proprietor, and is now kept constantly running at full capacity to keep pace with the demand
for its excellent pxoduct.
OTHER BUSINESS LINES.
MANUFACTURING AND MERCANTILE~ BRANCHIES AND
THEIR LEADING RiRPRESENTATIVES.
In the foregoing pages reference lias been made
to various lines of produ6tion and distribution which
enter into the business life of the two cities, and an
endea\or has been made, as nearly as possible, to
group each subjet with those that are kindred to
it. There are, however, many branches of industry
pursued in Pittsburgh and Allegheny besides those
of which special mention has been already made.
In order to represent these properly, reference
will be made in the following paragraphs to the
leading establishments engaged in these various
branches of business. Tllere will also be found, in
this chapter, reference to houses concerlning which
the matter intended for publication was received too
late to place under the gelieral headings to which
they properly belong.
HATS, CAPS, ETC.
A. H. Abrams.-Dealer in Hats, Caps and
Iadies' Furs; 434 Market Street.-This reliable and
old established hat store was founded in 1835 by Mr.
Samuel McMaster, who sold out to the present proprietor in February, I886. Mr. Abrams is a native
of Pittsburgh and an energetic and enterprising
young business man. His store occupies a threestory build ng, 20x60 feet in dimensions, at 434
Market street, and here he carries very large and
well sele6ted stocks of hats, caps and ladies' furs, a
spaciality being made of children's hats of all kinds.
His stock presents an assortment not surpassed by
anu similar house in the city, and all goods are sold
at the lowest possible prices. Mr. Abrams is assisted
in his business by several competent and obliging
clerks, and all customers visiting his store receive
the most courteous attention. Mr. Abrams carefully
maintains the high reputation this house has held
through over half a century covered bv its history,
and its large and old established trade is constantly
on the increase.
C. A. Smiley  Co.-Fine Hats, Furs and
Umbrellas; 28 Fifth Avenue.-This business dates
its inception back to I837, when it was founded by
Mr. William Fleming, who condued it until I886,
when he was succeeded by Mr. C. A. Smiley, who
had been conne6ted with the house as an employe
for fifteen years. He carries a very complete line
of fine hats, furs, umbrellas, etc., being agent for
the celebrated Dunlap hats, manufatured at New
York, and the Macqueen English hats, manufa6ured
at London, and he does a high class business in the
city and throughout Pennsylvania, this establishment having a superior and wide-spread reputation
for the excellent quality of the goods handled. He
also makes a specialty of the manufature of ladies'
and other furs, and is a leader in this line. The
business occupies a three-story building, 25x5o feet
in dimensions, and the stocks are neatly and tastefully arranged. Employment is given to four salesman, and in addition to the regular business,
umbrellas are recovered and repaired in a neat
and worknianlike manner. Mr. Smiley was born in
Westmioreland County, Pennsylvania, and has been
a resident of Pittsburgh for eighteen years. He is
a business man of accurate and reliable methods,
and conduEts his affairs in a manner which commends him to the favor and the. confidence of the
public at large.
FIVE AND NINE CENT STORE.
Wise's Original Bee Hive 5 and 9 Cent
Store. Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Glassware,
Crockery, Tinware, Notions, toys and All Kinds of
House Furnishing Goods; 402 Market Street.-Mr.
Joseph Wise started this business in June of the past
year, locating at Love's old stand at 402 Market
Street. Mr. Wise, who is a Hungarian by birth, came
to America in I877, and has resided in Pittsburgh
six ye.rs. He was engaged as a book-keeper prior
to establishing this business, and is a pradtical and
energetic business man. He occupies a two-story
bUildingl l X roo feet in dimensions, and carries
very large and diversified stocks of every description of glassware, cro zkery, tinware, notions, toys,
willowware, etc. These goods are sold at the lowest
prices, and a large business has already been builtup, both at wholesale and retail, in this city, the
store being a favorite with the people on account of
the extent and variety of the stock carried. Several
competent clerks assist Mr. Wise in the prosecution
of his business, which bids fair to prove a great success in every respect
TOBACCO AND CIGARS.
Weyman  Brother.-Manufaturers of Tobacco and Snuff; Fa6tory, 624-634 Duquesne Way;
Office, 409 Smithfield Street.-One of the oldest
manufaturing esta Llishments in Pittsburgh, and one
the history of which furnishes a notable example of
the rewards of industry, enterprise and integrity, is
that now conducted under the style of Weyman 
Brother, but which was otiginally founded in I827
on a very small scale by Mr. George A eyman. The
founder was a practical tobacco maker, who learned
the trade in Philadelphia, and in i822 determined to
go West. His means were insutticient LO procure
him transportation in a conestoga wagon, and he
came across the mountains on foot. On his arrival
here he worked at his trade for five years, at the end
ot which time he began business on his own account.'This business he carried on, commanding favor by
the purity and excellence of his goods and his reliability in all transadions, and in i860 the firm became
Weyman  Son. In I865 the style of the firm was
changed to Weyman  Brother, under which it has
since been conduted, Mr. B. Frank Weyman being
at present the sole proprietor of the business. The
works of the firm on Duquesne Way comprise an elegant and imposing six-story structure, I20XI50 feet
in dimensions, an ornament to the river front and a
monument to the enterprise of this representative
house. An average force of seventy-five hands is employed in the manufa6ture of smoking tobacco and
snuff, the trade in which extends-all over the United
States, the products being in high favor with consumers and consequently in large demand by the
trade. Among the specialties of the firm's manufacture may be mentioned the celebrated brands which
have acquired a national reputation, known as " Weyman's No. I Cut and Dry," " Weyman's Honest
Weight," " Weynian's Hubble Bubble," and the widely renowned " Copenhagyen Snuff, " which is without
a superior in the world. The output of the house is
very large, and extensive as the trade is, itis steadily
increasing, as a consequence of the close attention
paid to every order, and their promptness and reliability in all dealings. Mr. B. E;rank Weyman, the
proprietor of the business, is a native of Pittsburgh,
and was born on Smithfield street, near the location
of the present office of the firm, and he has been
identified with this business ever since his boyhood.
The trade of the firm is so large as to necessitat  the
maintainance of an Eastern office at I8 Broadway,
New York, from which a large trade is done in the
superior line of goods produced by the firm. It is
the jeading establishment of its kind in Pennsylvania, and its prosperity has been earned by reputable
methods and meritorious goods.  It is the representative tobacco manufactory of the State, and one
of the largest in the entire country.
Louis Free  Brothe r.-Manufacturers of
Cigars and Wholesale Dealers in Tobacco, Snuff and
Cigars; 3 Carson Street, South Side. -This firm, of
which Messrs. LLouis, George and Conrad Free are
the individual members, was formed in I886, the
business being originallylocated at liberty Avenue,
from which it was removed April I, I888, to the
premises now occupied at 3 Carson strcet, South
Side, and comprising a factorv and warehouse, 40x5o
feet in dimensions, and a store, 20x25, for wholesale
and retail trade. They give employment to twenty
skilled cigar makers, who are steadily engaged in
the manufa'ture of a superior quality of cigars, and
in addition to selling the produffions of their own
facory, the firm deal largely at wholesale in cigars
of other leading domestic and foreign makers, as
well as the most approved brands of tobaccos and
snuffs. They have a prosperous trade extending
throughout Western Pennsylvania in which they
have a steadily increasing patronage and a high
reputation, which they have earned by the careful
selection of their stock, their promptness in filling
orders, and reliability in every transaftion. The
Messrs. Free are all gentlemen of pra6tical experience in this department of industry, and have been
engaged in it in various capacities for a number of
years, since I873, in this city. They are enterprising and progressive in their methods of conduEting
business, and are steadily increasing the volume of
their trade from year to year.
WATCHUS, JEWEILRY, ETC.
Otto E. Heinem an.-Watchmaker and Jeweler; I28 Ohio Street, Allegheny.-Mr. Heineman
has successfully conducted this business since I878,
in which year he established the enterprise,locating
at II8 Ohio street. Two years later he removed to
his present premises at No. I28 on the same street,
where he has an attraftive store completely filled
with every description of foreign and domestic gold
and silver watches, diamonds and other stones, solid
silver and plated ware, rings, chains, pins, earrings,
cuff buttons, charms and all kinds of jewelry, the
stock containing the latest designs and novelties in
all lines. A specialty is made by Mr. Heineman of
fine watch repairing, which is done in a prompt and
workmanlike menner, and he is assisted in the operations of his business by five competent watchmakers, clerks, etc. Mr. Heineman is a native of
Prussia, from which country he came to the United
States in I870. He is a praccical and experienced
watchmaker and jeweler, and since establishing his
present business h s built up a large and prosperous
trade, as a consequence of the reliability of his business conduc and the superior quality of the goods
carried by him.
J. C. Schaefer.-Dealer inWatches, Diamonds,
Jewelry, etc.; I40 Wylie Avenue.-Mr. Schaefer has
carried on this business with a steady success for
the past twelve years, and by careful selection of his
stock, and fairness in prices has commended himself to the favor and patronage of the public in Pittshurgh and surrounding towns. He carries alarge
and complete stock of imported and domestic
watches, diamonds, jewelry, including solid gold
rings, chains, charms, pins, collar and cuff buttons,etc., clocks of all kinds, solid and plated silverware,
a full line of bronze ornaments, and a select assortment of spectacles of the most celebrated makes, and
other goods pertaining to the line. A specialty is
made of the repairing of watches, clocks, andjewelry,
which is done in a prompt and workmanlike manner.
A full staff of clerks and assistants is employed, and
every facility is possessed for the successful conduct
of the business,which is large and constantly increasing. The great variety and uniform merit of the
goods h an dled by Mr. Schaefer, and the courtesy and
fairness which characterize his dealings with the
public have made his establishment a favorite with
residents of, and visitors to Pittsburgh, and have
caused his enterprise to be attended with a great
and merited success. Mr. Schaefer is of German
nativity, but came to Pittsburgh when quite young.
He has been connected with this branch of business
throughout his business life, and is an energetic and
enterprising business man.
B. A. Buerkle.-Watchmaker and Jeweler and
Catholic Book Seller; I4I0 Penn Avenue.-This
business dates its inception back to I860, when it
was started by the firm of Terheyden  Buerkle on
old St. Clair street, now Sixth street, where they
remained for seven years, then removing to Smithfield street, where they carried on business until
the dissolution of the partnership in I867. Mr.
Buerkle then removed to his present location at
I4I0 Penn avenue, where he has a salesroom 30x25
feet in dimensions, completely stocked with a full
line of American and imported watches, clocks,
jewelry and silverware, as well as a large stock of
Catholic books, piures, images and other devices
of a religious nature. His trade in Catholic specialties forms an important branch of the business, and
he also makes a specialty of watch and clock repairing, which is done in the most prompt and workmanlike manner. Mr. Buerkle is a native of Germany, having been born in the vicinity of the Black
Forest. In I837, and when but five years of age, he
came to the United States with his father, and prior
to embarking in his present buginess, he was engaged in the grocery business with his father. He
possesses a thorough knowledge of the industry
which now engages his attention, and in which he
has had over thirty years' experience, and his honorable and straightforward methods of doing business have secured and maintained for hini a high
reputation and a thriving trade.
Heckel, Bieler  Co.-:Manufauring and
Wholesale Jewelers; Dealers in Watchmakers' and
Jewelers' Materials; 25 and 27 Fifth Avenue.-Messrs.
Emil Bieler and John F. Heckel, Jr., composing
this firm, started in business in April, I8SS, although
both gentlemen had previously had a long experience in the same line of business, Mr. Heckel having been conneed with the firm of Goddard, Hill
 Co., wholesale jewelers of this city, for eight
years, and Mr. Bieler was for thirteen years with the
house of James R. Reed  Co., jewelers. Although
of recent establishment the business of this firm
has already indicated the elements which go to make
up a successful trade history, and a large business at
wholesale has been built up throughout WVestern
Pennsylvania and to a considerable extent in West
Virginia and Ohio. They occupy for business purposes three floors of the four-story building, 40xso
feet in dimensions, at 25 and 27 Fifth avenue, where
they have a complete eqluipment of all the most
modern and h-ighly improved machinery run by
steam power, adapted to the manufadture of jewrelry,
and employment is given to ten highly skilled and
expert hands. They also carry a full line of watchmakers' and jewelers' materials of every description,
and as a consequence of the superior quality of all
the goods manufadtured and dealt in by this firm,
they have acquired afirst-class reputation with the
trade. Mr. Heckel is a native of this State, and Mr.
Bieler is a native of C;ermany, where he learned the
business thoroughly in all its details. Both are
prominent business men of Pittsburgh, and their
enterprise has already gained a position among the
leading houses in the manufadturing and wholesale
jewelry business in the city.
H-. H. Durbin  Co.--Dealers in Diamonds,
Watches, Jewelry and Silverw~are; First National
Bank Building; 53 Fifth Avenue.-Trhis is one of
the oldest jewelry stands in the city, and in April,
I888,was acquired by Messrs. H. H. Durbinl and
John F'. Armstrong, when the firm of H. H. Durbin
 CDo. was formed. Their commodious and attradtive store occupies the main floor, 30x6s feet in
dimensions, of the building at 53 Fifth avenue, and
is completely filled with a tastefully arranged stock
of diamonds, fine foreign and domestic watches,
rings, pins, chains, bracelets and every description
of jewelry, as well as a complete assortment of
silverware. A specialty is made of watch repairing,
which is done promptly and accurately, and competent salesmen attend to the wants of customers.
Mr. Durbin was born in Virginia, and has resided in
Pittsburgh for the past nineteen years. He is a
thoroughly pratical and experienced jeweler, and
has been engaged at this stand for sixteen years.
Mr. John F. Armstrong, the other member of the
firm, is a native of Steubenville, O., and has been a
resident of Pittsburgh for twenty-eight years. He
is, in addition to this business, connected with the
Faraday Carbon Cotmpany of this city, and otherwise
prominently identified with many important business and financial enterprises. The firm has already
built up a floulishing business, and its future prosperity is fully assured.
J. R. Reed  Co.-Jewelers; Dealers in
Watches,Jewelry, Solid Silver and Fine Silver Plaied
Goods; 439 Market Street.-One of the most attractive and popular jewelry establishments in Pittsburgh, is that located at 439 Market Street, and conduted by Messrs. James R. and George M. Reed, under the style ofJ. R. Reed  Co. The business dates its
inception back to I847, when it was founded by Mr.
James R. Reed. They occupy the main and second
floors of the three-story building, 20xgo feet in dimensions, for business purposes, and their stock,
which is very large and well assorted, embraces a
full line of the finest foreign and domestic-watches,
jewelry of every description, solid silver and fine
silver plated ware of all kinds, clocks, ornaments,
and every thing usually found in a first class jewelry
establishment. Seven competent clerks and assistants are employed, and in addition to an extensive
and coiistantly expanding local trade, a considerable
business is done through WVestern Pennsylvania,
West Virginia, Ohio andWestern States. Both members of the firm were born in Washington, Pa., and
have been in the jewelry business all their lives.
Their long experience in this line enables them to
condu6t their affairs in the most judicious manner,
and their present gratifying prosperity is the result
of industry and fair dealings.
GUNS, AMIMUNITION, FTC.
W. S. Brown--Enterprise Gull and Machine
Works; Importer, Manufadturer and Dealer in Guns,
Rifles, Revolvers, Cutlery, Etc.; 520 and 522 Wood
Street.-TThe origin of this business dates back to
I848, when it was establishedbyJames Brown. About
six years ago the business was purchased by Mr. W.
S. Brown and Mr. Hirth, and carried on by them under the style of Brown  Hirth until April, I887,
when Mr. Hirth retired from the business, which has
since been conduted by Mr. W. S. Brown as sole
proprietor. He occupies as warerooms a three-story
building 30x60 feet in dimeensions, where he carries
in large stock and unsurpassed variety all kinds of
fire arms, ammunition, cutlery, fishing tackle and a
general line of sporting goods, etc., and is agent for
the celebrated Winchester Repeating Arms, Colt
Fire Arms Co., Mar in Fire Arms Co., King's Quick
Shot powder and Parker guns. In addition to representing the best foreign and domestic manufaurers
Mr. Brown is also extensively engaged in manufacture himself, being the proprietor of the Enterprise
Gun and Machine Works, on Virgin alley, near his
warerooms. The faory is a four-story building,
40XI40 feet in dimensions, completely equipped with
all the necessary modern machinery for the manufacture of arms upon an extensive scale. Mr. Brown is
the only dealer in Pittsburgh who manfatures his
own gun barrels, and is the sole manufacturer of the
celebrated Kentucky Muzzle-LLoading Rifle. He also
manufactures first-class shot guns, double-barrel
rifle and shot guns, and all kinds of tools and dies,
and maintains, in connection with his works, a complete repair shop, where all kinds of guns, of every
make, are repaired, missing parts supplied, and where
barrels are re-bored, choke-bored and rifle barrels
rifled, and niachiliery is repaired in the most skillful manner. In short, Mr. Brown is prepared to
supply every description of guns, revolvers, pistols
and ammunition, sportsmen's outfits,shooting suits,
tents and accessories, gunsmiths' materials, and
everything pertaining to this line, and his recognized
knowledge of the business, the closeness of his prices
and the accuracy of his dealings have secured hbii: a
trade covering the entire Union. He employs thirty
hands, but has no traveling salesmen, pushing his
trade by the use of complete catalogues and retaining his old customers by the propriety of his business.
condu, which has earned for him the excellent reputation he enjoys. Mr. Brown is also prominent in
the military circles of the city, being inspector of
rifle praice in the Fourteenth regiment, National
Guard of Pennsylvania.
D. W. C. Bidwell  Co.-General Agents of
the Du Pont Powder Company; Dealers in High Explosives of all Grades, Electric Blasting Apparatus,
Etc.; I43 Water Street, Corner of Cherry Alley. --- The
important part performed by explosives of various
kinds in the development of the great industries of
this se6tion has long made Pittsburgh an important
point of distribution for products of this charater.
Among the many large firms in the United States
engaged in the manufaure of powder of all kinds,
the Du Pont Powder Company is the oldest, the business having been established in I802 near Wilmington, Del., by B. I. Du Pont. This company has a
large trade extending to all parts of the United
States, to facilitate which it has maintained for
many years branch offices in the leading cities, that
at Pittsburgh having been established in I852, and
from that time to the present has been condued
under the efficient and experienced management of
Mr. D. W. C. Bidwell, he having secured a steady
increase in the trade throughout Western Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia. In the territory
thus controlled the firm of D. WV. C. Bidwell  Co.
are represented by local agents, with magazines, in
which they keep in stock a full supply of mining,
blasting and sporting powders, to which shipments
are made diret from the mills, thereby securing
the largest facilities for prompt delivery atthe lowest
cost. The fitnl handle a full line of sporting, mining and blasting powders of a superior quality, the
Du Pont maake of powder being recognized as without a superior in this or any other country. In
addition to black powders the firm handle the finest
grades of high explosives, and a full line of electric
blasting apparatus for the utilization of nitro-glycerine and its prOduc cS.  Mr. Bidwell is a native and
life-long resident of PennsJ;lvania, and in the thirtysix years during which he has been engaged in this
business he has built up a large trade, and undoubtedly commands the largest business in explosives in this seetion. He is identified in many
ways with important finaancial and business enterprises of the city, including the Marine National
Bank and the Real:Estate Savings Bank, l(imited, of
each of which he is a direcRor, as well as a number
of manufadturin_9 associations.
E. B. M cAbee.--Manufadturer of Mining and
Blastin g Powder; also Acme8 Powder Co.; Manufadturers of High Explosives; Works, Tarentum,
Pa., Offices, 23 Seventh Street.-MTc'r. McAbee has long
been prominent in conneEtion with the producRion of
explosives adapted to the uses of miners, q_uarrymen, contradtors, etc., and established in business
in 1878 as a:ranufacturer of mining and blasting
powder, and has since built up a large business in
this line, which extends throughout the States of
Pennsylvania, New York, Virginia, West Virginia,
Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio, Michigan,
Minnesota, Kansas and Tennessee. He has extensive works located at Tarentum, Pa, where a fullforce of hands is employed with the aid of every
equipment for the produftion of explosives of a
superior character for mining and blasting purposes,
a specialty being made of the celebrated "Black
Diamond " powder, which is in large demand
throughout the territory mentioned. Mr. McAbee
also, in conjunion with Mr. I. D. Stickney, owns
and operates an extensive plant which is also located
at Tarentum, and conduted under the name of the
Acme Powder Co., organized in I886 for the production of a complete line of high explosives, for
which a large trade has been obtained owing to the
superior excellence and powerful and reliable blasting qualities of their goods. The office of both of
the concerns is located at 23 Seventh street, from
which a large trade is done, and they have a staff
of expetienced traveling salesmen representing the
firm throughout the territory above named. Mr.
McAbee is a native of York County, Pa., but has
been a resident of Pittsburgh for the last thirteen
years. He has a superior knowledge of all the de-tails of this branch of manufacture, and has built
up a large connefion among the leading mining,
quarry and contrafting firms and corporations of the
country. Mr. Stickney, who is associated with him
in the Acme Powder Co., is a native of New York,
from whence he came to Pittsburgh to join Mr.
McAbee in this enterprise. He was formerly engaged in the same line of business in New York,
and like Mr. McAbee is thoroughly informed in all
its details. Both are business men of correct principles who hold a deservedly high place in the confidence and favor of the trade.
HORSI SHOER, E'L'C.
Frederick Riley. - Praffical IIorse
Shoer, Machine and Wagon Blacksmith;
5I37 and 5I39 Butler Street. -Mr. Riley, who
is a native of England, is a praffical veteri-narian, scientiflc horse shoer and wagon
maker, having learned the trade in the old
country, prior to his coming to the United
States eighteen years ago. Upon his arrival
here in I870 he established this business,
which he has ever since continued with
steadily increasing prosperity as a result of
his superior worknianship and fair methods.of dealing with his customers. He occupies
premises at 5I37 and 5I39 Butler street, consisting of a two-story building, 50XIIO feet
in dimensions, with yards and buildings opposite, 40 x IIO feet, and he gives employment
to a force of expert workmen in the maniufacqure of all kinds of heavy and light wagons
and in the operations of a general horse shoeing and blacksmithing business.  At this
establishment horses are shod for the track
and road, and particular attention is given to
shoeing of interfering and lame horses and
horses with tender feet, and corns, split hoofs,
quartercracks and thrush are cured by Mr.
Riley. All work is done with dispatch and
on reasonable ternms, and the establishment
enjoys a liberal patronage, which is fully
deserved.
BOARDING AND SALIB STABLIEE.
OX C. PhillipS.-Boarding and Sale Stables;
48 West Diamond Street, Allegheny.--Mr. Phillips
is a native of Salem, Ohio, and was formerly engaged in the grocery busilless at that place. In
May, I888, he calne to this city and established himself in his present business, and he now occupies
commodious stables, 30XI20 feet in dimensions, containing thirty stalls, and having every facility for
the careful biarding of horses, special attention being given to all animals left in his charge, ample
feed of the best quality being supplied, and great
care taken in the cleanliness and sanitary arrangements, so as to make the stable a desirable place in
which animals are carefully looked after.  Mr.
Phillips also does a large sale business, receiving
horses from all parts of the country, and he has on
hand and for sale at all times animals of superior
value. He is an experienced man who thoroughly
understands horses, and who has started in his present business with the intention of making his establishment headquarters for the sale and purchase of
horses, and has already built up a large trade, which
is steadily increasing.
James Kerr.-Sale and Boarding Stables; 523,
555 and 527 Penn Avenue.-Mr. Kerr, who is a native
of Allegheny County, has been engaged as a dealer
in horses for the past twenty years, and July Ist of
the present year secured a lease of the large stables
at 523, 526 and 527 Penn avenue, where he is now
located. He has a large number of horses suitable
for grocers, butchers, etc., constantly on hand, and
makes a specialty of heavy draught horses. He is
prepared to take care of any stock placed in his
hands either for boarding or to sell on conimission,
and is always ready to buy horses for cash at fair
prices. He gives employment at his stables to about
ten men, and does a large business in the city and
its suburbs. Mr. Kerr is justly regarded as a superior
judge of horses, and when he guarantees an animal
it is sure to give -Derfet satisfaftion. He has always
maintained the highest reputation for honorable
dealings, and his prosperity in business has been
fairly earned.
H11EVY HAULING.
James McKibben.-Heavy Hauling;No. 50
Fountain Street.-The charaer of the principal industries of Pittsburgh is such as to require
in the transportation of their produs between
different poiiits, special facilities for handling
and hauling, and recognizing this fad Mr. James
McKibben established himself in business in
I877 with a large  number of heavy  wagons
and a full outfit of machinery for handling ponderous weights, and devoted himself to the heavier
kinds of hauling as a specialty. As a consequeuce
of the effeive manner in which he performs work
of this charaer, he has secured a large trade from
leading merchants and manufa6turers, and now has
about II5 horses and Iro men constantly employed
i n his business. The superior charater of the work
done, and the uniform promptness atid reliability
of Mr. McKibben in all his transaffions have resulted in a merited success for his enterprise, and
a steady growth  in his patronage from  3-ear to
year.
V]rERINARY SURGFONS.
Ardary Brothers. - Veterinary Surgeons;
Office and  Infirmary, Liberty and  Thirty-first
Streets.-Mr. Frank Ardary, Junior, established in
business as a veterinary surgeon in I883, and in
I885 he was joined by his brother, Mr. Robert W.
Ardary. Both of the members of the firm are natives of Pittsburgh, and sons of Francis Ardary, one
of the best known of Pittsburgh's citizens, and after
receiving a general education here, each of them
attended a fuill course of study at the Veterinary
College of Ontario, Canada, recognized as the leading institution of this continent for the study of
veterinary surgery. Both of the members are thoroughly pra6tical veterinarialis of large experience,
and they own and utilize one of the largest and
niost completely arranged and equipped infirmaries
in the country, with a complete laboratory and
pharmacy attached. The infirmary building is 48xIo5
feet in dimensions, fitted up with box stalls, and they
have at the present time accommodations for the
treatment of twenty-four horses at the infirmary,
with other stable accommodations, and the extent
and growth of their business has been such that
they intend to double their capacity within the
present year. These gentlemen stand at the head
of their profession in this city, and have earned the
success which has attended them in their enterprise
by accurate knowledge of their business and close
attention paid to every case placed in their hands.
AWNINGS, TEINTS, ]~TC.
Brown   Co.-Manufaturers of Awnings,
Tents, Window Awnings, EItc.; Dealers in Canvas
and Cotton Duck; 3 Ferry Street.-For the past
sixteen years Mr. William S. Brown, under the style
of Brown  Co., has been prominently identified
with the manufaure of awnings and tents in Pittsburgh. By stri6tly adhering to corre and reliable
business methods, he has built up hi's enterprise to a
position of prominence, and won for himself the
confidence and patronage of a large circle of customers in the city and surrounding country. At
his fatory, which occupies a two-story building,
25 x 60 feet in dimensions, at 3 Ferry street, he
employs a force of about twenty hands in the manfature of awnings, tents and window awnings of
every description, and also keeps constantly on
hand a large supply of canvas and cotton duck.
The material entering into the manufacAure of the
produt is of first-class quality, and the goods consequently give uniform satisfaftion. Mr. Brown is
a native of Pittsburgh, and has resided here all his
life. His knowledge and experience in this branch
of industry is most complete, and he possesses
business abilities of a high order..BRUSHES AND BROOMS.
P. G. Mo rgan.-Brush  and  Broom
Manufacturer; 83 Forty-Third Street.-Mr.
Morgan, who is a native of Perth, Scotland
learned the trade of brush and broom  maker
in the old country, and prior to coming to
this country, he worked for several years in
London, England. He was also employed by
other parties in this country prior to I882, in
which year he embarked in business for
himself, locating on Fortieth street, and removing to his present location at 83 FortyThird street in February, I888. He manufadtures all kinds of brushes, stable, mill and
factory brooms, etc., a specialty being made
of brushes for dye houses, scourers, brewers
and for other special purposes, and brooms
for glass and iron manufauring establishments. This is the only house in the State
making brooms and brushes from " bass ", a
material procured only in China, and which
is specially adapted for this class of work.
Employment is given to a full force of hands
and the product is in high favor with consumers and the trade all over his trade territory. All kinds of brushes are made to order
and samples sent on application, and every
detail of the manufacture is under the careful supervision of Mr. Morgan, who has
made his establishment a prosperous one-by
judicious management and the production of a superior article in the branch of manufa6ture in which
he is engaged.
McElroy   Co,-Broom  Manufaurers and
Paper Dealers; 80-84 Third Avenue. -This important
and old established business was founded in I850 by
the firm of McElroy  Steen, changing in I85I to
its present style, the individual members being
Messrs. Hugh and Owen McEllroy. Their broom
fa6tory, which is situated at 84 Third avenue, is a
four-story brick struture, 25xI00 feet in dimensions, and completely equipped with the most improved machinery adapted to this branch of manufature, and employment is given to about forty
hands. The stock of paper handled is composed
mainly of wrapping, manilla, print, and building
paper, and their paper and paper stock warehouse
at So Third avenue, and which is a three-story building, 25XI00 feet, is completely filled with large
stocks of goods. The firm has, in addition to a
large local patronage, an extensive trade throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio and Eastern States. The
firm produces on an average about 400 brooms
weekly, and in all departments of its business its
trade steadily increases from year to year. The
Messrs. McElroy are both business men of a high
order of attainments, and throughout their long
business career have always maintained a position
among the leading and representative manufaclturing establishments of the city.PIPE AND BOILER COVIRINGS, FTC.
John A. McConnell  Co.-Steam Pipe
and Boiler Coverings and Asbestos Goods; 69 Water
Street.-This business was founded in I879 by Mr.
John A. McConnell, who, a few years since, associated with him a partner, under the style of John A.
McConnell  Co. About a year ago Mr. McConnell
again became sole proprietor of the business, but
still retains the old firm style. They occupy, as a
warehouse, part of a three-story building, aIout
25 x I60 feet in dimensions, at 30 Water street, running through to First avenue, where they carrv a
large and complete'y assorted stock of steam pipe
and boiler coverings, asbestos cement, mineral wool,
JOHN A McCONNELL.
hair, felt and asbestos goods, heat insulating and
fire-proofing materials of all kinds. They make a
specialty of Reed's Celebrated Sectional Covering,
which is not surpassed by any other article in the
niarket. Experienced traveling salesmen represent
the firm on the road, the trade of the house covering nearly the entire Union, and including a considerable export trade to Mexico and South America.
Mr. McConnell is a native of Ohio, but has resided
in Allegheny City for the past flfteen years, and
prior to establishing this business he was for a
number of years Superintendent and nominal President of the Dexter Carriage Spring Conipany of
Verona, Pa.
Pittsburgh Pipe Covering and Belting
Com pany, Limited.- ciW. M. Brinton, Chairman;
Fred. F. Turner, Secretary and Treasurer; C. A. Ma+,
General Manager; I38 First.@venue.-This business
was established in January, I888, when the present
company was incorporated with officers as above
named. They occupy a three-story building, 30x60
feet in dimensions, and carry large stocks of rubber
goods, leather belting, asbestos materials, oils, grease
and hose. The company are agents for The Magnesia Setional Covering Company, manufaturers
of fire proof and non-heat-conducting m gnesia sectional coverings for steam pipes, steam boilers, cold
water pipes, ice machines, refrigerator cars, etc., and
make a specialty of hand.ing these superior goods.
Employment is given in the house to fifteen hands,
and a staff of traveling salesmen represents the company in its trade territory, embracing the States of
West Virginia and Ohio and Western Pennsylvania.
Although of recent establishment this business has
already assumed large proportions, and has every
prospec of a successful future career.
FLORTSTS.
John R,  A. M urdoch. -Nurserymen, Florists and Seedsmen; 508 Smithfield Street.--The
pioneer founder of this important industry in so
highly a cultured a community as Pittsburgh and it,
surroundings, was John Murdoch, Jr., a native of
County Down, Ireland, who settled in Pittsburgh in
1825. In I840 he established this enterprise, originally upon a small scale, but building up the business
by industry and the application of the lessons of experience, it continued to increase in importance.
In I870, to accomodate this rapid increase, a store
was opened at 508 Smithfield Street. Mr. John Murdoch, Jr., after an ative business life,retired in r866,
at which time his two sons, Messrs. John R. and
Alexander Murdoch, succeeded him in business.
They had been trained under their father's wise and
experienced guidance, and are eminently qualified
for the condu6t of the business. The father died in
I884 after a useful business life. The greenhouses
of the firm are located on Forbes Street, in the Fourteenth Ward, and their nurseries and rose houses
are also on Forbes Street, hut in the Twenty-second
Ward. The e greenhouses and nurseries are the
largest and best equipped in Western Pennsylvania.
This firm does a very large business in every description of garden, grass and flower seeds, all of which
are grown by experts in seed culture, in such localities and soils as suit them best, the seeds being
carefully assorted from among the most productive
and purest to be found. In plants and trees, their
seletion and assortment is unsurpassed for accuracy
in selection, beauty and vigorous growth, and in cut
flowers they keep at all times a most complete and
fresh stock of the choicest varieties, including tropical plants, etc. In addition to the above this firm
carry a complete stock of garden tools, lawn mowers,
grass edgers, garden rollers, insecticides, and also
sell canary birds, bird cages and supplies, etc. Employm-nt is given to forty hands, and the business,
besides being large locally, extends in all direEtions
a distance of one hundred miles from this office.
The members of this enterprising firm are natives
of Pittsburgh, and stand high in business and social
circles here. The house is recognized as aleader in
its specialties of plants, trees, cut flowers and artistic
floral work.
Ludwig  Richter.-Florists and Seedsmen;
I4 Federal Street, Allegheny.-A leading firm in its
line, and one which has built up a large business
with the citizens of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and the
surrounding country, is that of Ludwig  Richter,
of which Mes,srs. Julius W. Ludwig and Joseph
Richter are the individual members. They established their business in I872, and have since built it
up to proportions which rendered the premises
previously occupied by them at 24 Federal street
wholly inadequate, and they ther,-fore recently removed into the handsome and eligibly located new
red brick building at the corner of Isabella and
Federal street., where they possess superior advantages for the display of their always large and especially well assorted stock of cut flowers, plants, bulbs,
trees, seeds, etc. They represent the large nurseries
and greenhouses of IM. F. Ludwig  Sons, located
on Filbert street, where the largest variety and
finest assortment of flowers are produced. They
carry at their store at all times large stocks of
fresh cut flowers in their season, alnd well as rare
exotic and greenhouse plants, and a specialty is
made of artistic floral work adapted for funerals,
festivals and all occasions to which they are appropriate, and in addition to their large business
in flowers, tl)ey carry at all times complete stocks of
bulbs, plants and trees, as well as native grown and
imported seeds of all kinds. The firm has a beautiful floral advertisemnent occup-ing the vacant
space by the side of the Suspension Bridge on Federal street, and its new headquarters presents a display of floral beauty not surpassed by any concern
in either Pittsburgh or Allegheny. Both members
of the firm are thoroughly praftical and experienced
in this department of business, and they have commended themselves to the favor of the citizens by
the prompt and accurate manner in which they fulfill orders, and the uniform fairness and reliability exhibited in their methods of condufting the
business.
SCALIES.
Fairbanks  Co.-Standard Scales, Etc.; L,
S. Moore, Manager; 302 Wood Street. - What Stephenson was to steani locomotion, and Morse to the
art of telegraphy, Thaddeus Fairbanks, of St. Johnsburg. Vt., was to the art of weighing. It was he
who, in I830, invented the system of the multiplication of levers for platform scales, and revolutionized the processes of weigliing; and by introducing
a correct weighing niachine by which the largest, as
well as the smallest articles, could te accurately
weighed, conferred a lasting benefit upon every
class of business. The firm of Fairbanks  Co. has
long been recognized as the leading concern engaged in the manufaure of scales in this country,
fitly perpetuating the name of the great enventor,
who died about two years ago, full of years and
honors, having been entitled Sir Thaddeus by the
Emperor of Austria a few years before his death.
Agencies for this great company have been established in all the leading cities ot the United States,
that in Pittsburgh having been founded about
twenty-five years ago, and for the past three years
been under the capable and experienced managenient of Mr. L. S. Moore, who has been connected
with the house here from its inauguration up to the
time of taking charge of the managemerit. The
premises occupied comprise a three-story brick
building, 25xIOo feet in dimensions, including salesrooms and a complete repairing department in
which scales are promptly and accurately repaired
A large and complete stock iS carried, embracing
Fairbanks' Standard Scales of all kinds and for all
purposes, the Pratt and Cady valves, with vulcanized asbestos renewable discs, asbestos packed
cocks, Hancock inspirators, a complete line of
grocers' sundries, butchers' supplies, coffee and spice
mills, measures, oil tanks, alarm money tills, heaters, radiators, flax and asbestos packing; hydraulic,
lever and screw jacks; portable forges, warehouse
trucks of all kinds, lawn mowers, letter presses,.
Bailey copying machines, and a large variety of
other goods. Mr. Moore has built up for the house
a large trade which has steadily increased from year
to year, and this agency is now one of the most
prosperous of the many conduted by Fairbanks 
Co. in all parts of the Union.CORKS.
Armstrong, Brother  Co.-Manufaurers
of Machine Cut Corks, Poplar Bungs, Plugs, Taps,
Etc.; Twenty-fourth and Railroad Streets.-This
business, which from small beginnings in a narrow
room on Smithfield street in I856, has grown from
year to year and increased its equipment until it is
now the largest cork manufatory in the world, wasoriginally founded by Harry Overington, succeeded
in I860 by the firm of John D. Glass  Co. After the
death of Mr. Glass in I862 his interest was bought
by Mr. R. D. Armstrong and Mr. W. L. Standish.
Mr. R. D. Armstrong died in I878, and the members
of the firm now are Messrs. Thomas M. Armstrong,
A. J. Armstrong, William L. Standish and C. D. Armstrong. As the business increased the fatory was
removed to Third avenue, and subsequently to
Fourth avenue, where their premises were destroyed
by fire in I878. They immediately ereed their
present commodious fatory, which is the largest
building in the world devoted to this branch of industry. It is completely equipped with all special
cork cutting machinery, and the main building is a
four-story struture, which with warehoubes, etc.,
has a floor area of more than three acres. Employment is given to a force of 750 hands in this establishment in the manufature of corks from the
smallest size to the largest required for ally purpose, and the firm also has a large establishment
outside the city for the manufaure of poplar
bungs, plugs, taps, etc. Mr.Thomas M. Armstrong was
born in New York in I836, and Mr. A. J. Armstrong
in I847 in Allegheny, these gentlemen being brothers.
Mr. William L. Stalidish is a native of WVest Virginia, but has resided in Pittsburgh since I864. Mr.
C. D. Armstrong is a native of Allegheny, and a son
of Mr. Thomas M. Armstrong. All are gentlemen
of long and praftical experience in the business and
of superior busiliess attainments, and the importance to which this industry has been built up under
their management, assisted  by  Superintendent
F. L. Blair, who has long had charge of the mechanical department of the business, the high place occupied by it among the leading manufacturing concerns of country and the marked efficiency of the
equipment have all been achieved by the special interest taken by each member of the firm in the advancement of the business and the adoption of fair
and liberal methods in dealing with the trade.
]NGINIMRS', MACHINISS' AND MILL SUPPTIII$.
Charles A. Turner.-Sole Manufadturer of
Turner's Tration Belt Grease, and Dealer in General Engineers', Machinists' and Mill Supplies; I4,
I6 and I8 Market Street.-The distinguished leadership of Pittsburgh as a manufaturing center makes
the manufature and distribution of supplies for
manufacurers an important business, and in this
line there is no more prominent house thaii that of
Mr. Charles A. Turner, mho established the business
in I880, and now occupies as store and fa6tory a fourstory building, 5ox75 feet il dimensions, at I4, I6
and I8 Market street. Here he carries on the manufa6ture of Turner's Traction Belt Grease, which is
the leading article in the market for the effetual
prevention of the slipping of belts, filling the pores
and rendering the belts durable, heavy and pliable.
This grease takes eSeic as soon as applied, and adds
largely to the power of the belting, in addition to
saving the life of the belt and the: wear and tear of
bearings. It is entirely free fromt all deleterious
su~bstances, and is a first-class preservative. Mir.
Turner also manufaAures a full line of lubricating
compounds and patent oilers, the celebrated "Black
Diatnond" and "Purity" brands of steam and hydraulic packing and non-conducrting coverings for
steam pipes, boilers, etc. In addition to these articles of his own manufaAture, Mr. Turner deals in
every description of manufacrturers', railway, steamiboat, engineers', brewers', foundry, miners' and machinists' supplies, including all makes of belting,
lace leather, belt hooks, studs and rivets, lubricators,
emery wheels, cotton waste, nuts, bolts, etc., and is
general agent for the following companies, representing lesding lines of producrtion in supplies for
engineers, machillists, etc.: Holland  Thompson
ManufaSturing Co., Standard Tool Co., Norton
E;mery Wheel Co., I(aing M~anufadturing Co., Garfield InjeStor Co., Wiley  Russell ManufaAturing
Co., Detroit Machine Screw Co., Jewell Belting Co.,
Wadhams, Magie  Co., Detroit Railway Supply
Co., Thomas and Wentworth Manufaituring Co.,
the Belt Hinge Co., Detroit Lubricator Co., New
York Belting and Packing Co., and Patent Standard
and Index Lever Oilers. Mr. Turner is a native of
Chester, Vt. He came to this city from Troy, N. Y.,
in I880 to establish this business. The superiority
of his produts and the careful sele6tion of his stock
have resulted in a large trade covering not only the
local field, but also extending throughout Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, West Virginia, New York
and the E:ast, and his bus ness has grown to such an
extent that it has been found necessary to establish
a New York office, which is located at 45 Dey street,
and is in charge of Mr. Frank B. Smith. The
establishment is conduted upon first-class business methods, and is justly regarded by a large
number of manufaturers as headquarters for the
supply of all the classes of goods enibraced in this
line.
IRON BROKF(R.
Sam uel M. Wickersham.-Iron Broker;
7I3 Penn Building, 708 Penn Avenue.-Samuel Morris Wickersham was born in Philadelphia, his early
years being passed in the country, except when pursuing his academic and classical studies. In I836
he was engaged with Enoch Lvewis, C. E., and continued with him until the fall of I838, when all
engineering work seemed to be drawing to a close.
He came West in December, I838, and after several
years spent in traveling through the far West, he in
I842 went into the lumber business and wire manufacture in Pittsburgh,, and also engaged in shipping
coal to New Orleans. In I848 he relinquished his
codl business, and in I857 retired from the lumber
business. In I858 he took an ative part in initiating
the system of street railroads. In I860 he went to
Lake Superior in the interest of the North American
Copper Company,-greatly to the advantage of the
company. In the fall of I860 he became attached to
Messrs. Park. He took an acive part in all the war
preparations, and when in I86I it burst out no one
did inore to meet the contingency of the times.
On the organization of the Home Guards he was
elected Captain of the Columbia Rifles, then Major
of the battalion, and on its becoming a regiment he
was ele6ted Colonel. On the formation of Camp
Howe he was made Post Adjutant, and had much to
do in the organization and transportation of troops.
In the fall of I862 he was appointed Colonel of the
22d Pennsylvania Militia and took his command at
the front after Antietam. He was afterward made
lieutenant Colonel of the I6gth Pennsylvania Infantry and took it to East Virginia. After their
term of service expired he resumed his business as
iron broker, which commencing in I86I was interrupted by the war, and has continued it ever since.
Several times during the past fifty years his scientific culture has been of great advantage to him and
has always been a source of pleasure. From early
boyhood he has been familiar with iron manipulation. In the sixties, when most of the iron used
here came from the E;ast, Mr. Wickersham handled
a large portion of it. When its manufature came
nearer home he introduced the Cornwall ore, which
makes so valuable a mixture with all of our native
ores. He still continues the handling of iron ore
and pig iron.
SHIP CHANDLIERY.
Arnold Brothers. - Ship Chandlers; IIO
Water Street and I42 First Avenue.-This enterprise was founded in I869 by the brothers, H. H.
Arnold and J. M. Arnold, under the above firm designation. The business consists of dealing in wire
rope, manilla rope, oakum, twines, pulley blocks,
packing, etc., a specialty being made of steamboat
supplies of all kinds. A force of seven employes assist in the operations of the business, and a considerable trade is carried on with steamboat lines andt
the various other navigation companies located at
this point, and along the Ohio river and its tributary streams. A considerable business is also done
all through Ohio, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and as
far South as Florida and New Orleans. The members of the firm are both closely identified with the
commercial interests of Pittsburgh, where they have
resided many years, their birthplace being Washington County, Pennsylvania, from whence they reuloved to Pittsburgh in early youth. By close attention to business and the exercise of honorable
methods in all their dealings, the Arnold Brothers
have achieved a deservedly great success.
DE NTAL DEPOT.
Lee S. Smith.-Pittsburgh Dental Depot; 52
Sixth Street.- Notable as a leading nianufadurer of
and dealer in all kinds of supplies used by dentists,
the establishment conducted by Mr. Lee S. Smith
has enjoyed a steady expansion in the volume of its
trade since January, I866, at which time Mr. Smith
acquired the business as successor to Dr. M. B. Gillespie, who founded it in I86o. Mr. Smith brought
to the business a pratical knowledge, being a dentist by profession, and also has applied to it an
extensive capacity for business, and a commendable
degree of energy and enterprise which has enabled
him to secure popularity and gratifying recognition.
He carries a full stock of everything pertaining to
his line, including all makes of teeth, gold foil, amalgam, instruments, dental chairs, dental engines, and
every requisite for the practitioner. He manufactures the celebrated " IExcelsior " line of instruments,
phenated tooth powder, tooth brushes and dental
floss silk, and among other specialties handles largely
White's tooth powder, mouth wash and tooth soap.
In fact, without further particularization, it may be
said that no stock of dental goods in the country is
more complete, either in variety or quality. The
business is constantly increasing, and covers Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio, and
extends to all parts of the South and West. Mr.
Smith has realized his success by integrity in every
transaffion and by carefully maintaining a deserved
reputation for superiority in the quality of his goods.
PATTERN AND MODEL WORKS.
Seibert  White.-Pattern andModel Works;
220, 222 and 224 Penn Avenue.-Mr. William P. Seibert ranks among the very first pattern and model
makers in Pittsburgh, both in the amount of business done and in the facilities possessed. He has
always worked at the business, and in I884 embarked
in his.present enterprise, in which he has. experienced a steadily growing success. On September I,
I888, he associated with himself Mr. John White,
fornierly of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne  Chicago
Railway shops at Allegheny, whose ability as a pattern maker and draughtsman, and experience in the
designing and construftion of machinery of various
kinds, enables this firm to do all work of this description in a thorough and substantial manner. Their
works occupy part of the building at the corner of Penn avenue and Third street, where
they have a complete equipment of machinery
adapted to their: business, and a capacity to employ
fifteen skilled workmen. By stric"c attention to having their work done properly and in a workmnanliB e
manner, the firm intend to keep up the reputation
already acquired.
J aco b H x Jo nes.--Pattern and Model Worl; s;
24Io Penn Avenue. T~his business was established
more than twenty-five years ago by Mr. Robert M.
Jones, father of the present proprietor, and was
continued by him until I884, when Mr. Jacob Jones
succeeded to the business. He is a thoroughly practical and experienced workman in all departments of
pattern and model making, having been carefully
trained in all the details of the business, under the
expert supervision of his father, who was noted for
his accurate knowledge of all branches of the business. The business is one which calls for the exercise of a high order of mechanical skill, and Mr.
Jones is assisted inl filling orders by the services of
six expert workmen. The produAs of his establishment have a merited celebrity for their completness of workmanship, and he enjoys a trade not
covered by local bounds, but extending to nearly aGlparts of the United States, Mr. Jones having shipped
models and patterns as far west as Kansas City. He
is prepared to make on order and on short notice,
and at the most reasonable terms, patterns of every
drscription, and those entrusting work to him will
be sure of receiving efficient service and satisfacqory
results. Mr. Jones is a native of this city, and in
addition to a large experience in the manufature,
he attends to the prosecution of the business with
prompt and accurate business tnethods which have
been an important faStor in his success.
PICKXCES, VIN4GARS, MUSTARDS, ErC.
Heinz  Bros.   Co.-Manufacurers of the
celebrated "Banner Brand" of Pickles, Vinegars,
Mustards and Sauces; I45 First Avenue.--Inaugurated in I886, this business has grown to such proportions that to-day the produc[s of the firm are
recognized as stap'e commodities, and included in
the stock of every progressive dealer in table delicacies throughout the United States. Their success
in producing a superior grade of condiments has
contributed largely to the success of a most important industry and established for them an enviable
vC."_fn+;iti;il tt1n;, l1;iti rf fqortl(-  URn 1t  
reputation in their line of fancy Banner
Brand of chow chow, mixed pickles, girkins, celery sauce, relishes, catsup and
table delicacies in glass and bulk. They
employ from forty to fifty girls and about
thirty men in the manufacturing, packing,
sales and shipping departments. The visitor to the extensive plant operated by the
firm at I45 First avenue in this city will at
once note that every process of preparing
the condiments is modern and systemized,
each department having its special corps
of skilled workmen under the experienced
supervision of Fred J., Otto O., and Jacob
C. Heinz. The pickles and vegetables used
in the "Banner Brand" of condinients are
grown, cultivated and salted at their extensive salting houses at Bremen, Ind., Ullder the immediate supervision of Mr.
Charles Horstmeyer. The style, flavor and
quality of this brand have won for them
the deservedly high reputation that they
are "par excellence."
STEAM LAUNDRY.
Cyclorama Steam Laundry.Priest  Allaback, Proprietors; North and
Irwin Avenues, Allegheny. --Among the
steam laundry establishments of Pittsburgh
and Allegheny, none is more deservedly
noted for the superior chara6ter of its
work than the Cyclorama Steam Laundry,
with premises located at the corner of
North and Irwin avenues. The equipment
is most complete, including a Porter 
Allen Ioo horse-power engine and a full
line of the celebrated laundry machinery
manufa6tured by A. M. Dolph, of Cincinnati.  The premises occupied embrace a
three-story brick building, 65XI35 feet in
dimensions, and employment is given to
a force of fifty hands in the execution of
every description of laundry work, which
is done by this firm in a prompt and satisfa6tory
manner, first class work being guaranteed, and as a
consequence of the uniform excellence of all the
work done at this establishment a large trade has
been built up through Pittsburgh, Allegheny and
the suburbs, and branch offices are maintained at
twenty-eight different points in Pittsburgh and six
in Allegheny, besides offices in outside cities, and
towns, from which work is received to be done at
this establishment. Mr. R. N. Allaback is a native
of Jefferson County, Ohio, but has resided in Allegheny for the past six years. He was formerly a
river captain and pilot. Mr. R. E. Priest, the other
lilember of the firm, is a native of Allegheny. All
these gentlemen are energetic and progressive
business men who have started in this business
with a determination to command success by uniform excellence in their work and in this they are
succeeding in an eminent degree, and their business
is steadily increasing in a rapid and gratifying
manner.
CUNURAL MACHINURY DEPOT.
J.A. M cCo rm i Ck.-General Machinery Depot;
Steam Pumps, Hydraulic Machinery, Vertical Engines and Boilers, Etc.; I50 First Avenue.-Junius
Alexander McCormick is a native of Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, and one of its self-miade men who
have come up from the ranks of labor to a prominent position among Pittsburgh's leading business
men. Junius Alexander McCormick was born March
I0, I840. He obtained his early education in the
public schools, and began the battle of life at the
age of nine 3ears as a "teaser" in the Bakewell
Glass Works. In his eighteenth year he began
learning the trade of mechanical engineer, and
acquired the knowledge of machinery, its making,
and its use, for which he has so wide a reputation,
in two of Pittsburgh's most famous engine building
establishments. For some years after he had completed his mechanical education he followed steaniboat engineering on the Ohio and Mississippi
Rivers. March 26, I862, Mr. McCormick enlisted in
the naval service of the United States at Cincinnati
as third assistant engineer. He was subsequently
promoted to the rank of second assistant engineer,
and after two years' service to be engineer in chief.
He continued in the naval service of the United
States until the fall of Richmond, when he resigned
and was honorably discharged, having been offered
by the Secretary of the Navy a permanent commission in the regular service if he desired to remain.
During the period of his service he served under
Admiral Porter and Commodores Rodgers and Fitch,
and was present at the bombardment of Vicksburgh.
He was with the first expedition up the Arkansas
River, also at the engagement of Cape Giradeau,
also with the expedition up the White, Cumberland
and Kanawha Rivers, in which latter he was in command. Mr. McCormick, after resigning from the U.
S. Naval service, filled positions as engineer until
I869, when he assumed the management of the
Eclipse Steam Pump department of Messrs. Phillips
 Cluley works, in which position he remained until
I873. He then conneed himself with the firnl of
S. D. Hubbard  Co. as manager and mechanical
engineer, in which position he remained until I878,
when he embarked in the general machinery business for his own account. His thorough, practical
education, in all that pertained to machinery, had so
qualified him for the condufting of a general
machinery business that a success was assured, and
he soon assumed the rank of one of the most reliable and capable persons in the business, and acquired a trade of correspondingproportions. Yet in
the prime of his years he has been the builder of
his own fortunes, the growth of which and the main
facts of his life as shown in this brief sketch, indicate how industry thrives when ability goes hand
in hand with integrity.
STONE.
William    Aitkenhead.-Stone  Contrator;
Office and Yard, Io8 Irwin Avenue, Allegheny.-Mr.
Aitkenhead is a native of Scotland, but came to the
United States when a young man and settled in New
York. He has been engaged in business as a stone
contra6tor all his business life, and from New York
he came to Allegheny in I887 and established his
present business, which he has already built up to a
gratifying success, his orders steadily increasing
from month to month. He enjoys the most favorable relations with the leading sources of production,
and is thereby enabled to furnish the best qualities
of building stone upon the most satisfatory terms,
and he occupies yards, 50xI00 feet in dimehsions,
where he carries a large and coniplete stock of building store, and is prepared to make contra6ts for
furnishing stone for every description of building
work and in any desired quantity. He gives employment to eight hands in the yards and a varying
number, amounting sometimes to as many as fifty,
on the outside, and since engaging in
the business here he has furnished stone
for a number of prominent structures,
ilicluding Mr. Joseph Horne's handsome  dwelling    house,  the  dwelling
house of Mrs. Elizabeth Irwin, on Western
avenue, Allegheny, the offices of the Black
Diamond Steel Works at Twenty Ninth
street and Penn avenue and a number of
other prominent huildings. Mr. Aitken
head has a practical knowledge of this
business which enables him to carry it on
with satisfaftion to himself and his customers, and those dealing with him will
find him thoroughly accurate and reliable
in all his transactions.
J. P.  R. H. Knox. - Stone Contractors and Dealers in Coal, Lime, and
Plastering Hair, Corner of Preble avenue
and Juniata Streets, Allegheny.-As the
oldest house in the stone business in the
two cities, the firm of J. P.  R. H. Knox is
distinctively worthy of mention. They
havv steadily enlgaged in their present
business since I859, and are thoroughly
practical and experienced in all of its details. They contract for all kinds of stone
work, giving employment to a large number of men, and they have every convenience and facility for the prosecution
of the business upon an extensive scale
and in an effic'ent manner, working their
own quarry in Beaver County, on the line
of the N. C.  N. B. R. R., from which
theyprocure a quality of stone especially
adapted for foundation and cellar work, in
addition to which they carry stone procured from various productive centers
both East and West. The firm has done a
large amount of the most important work
in this line in Pittsburgh and Allegheny
and the surrounding counry. The record of
this house is well known to the public, and
during their long business career they have done
work upon many of the most prominent buildings of
the city. In addition to their stone co tracting business, they are also engaged as dealers in coal, lime,
and plastering hair, and are at all times prepared to
fill orders, and have a large trade in the two cities
and surrounding country. In the long connection of
these gentlemen with the business they have ever
sustained a deserved reputation for fidelityto their
contracts and integrity in all their business dealings.
James Johnston.-Pittsburgh Monumental
Granite Works; Penn Avenue, Corner Thirtysecond Street.-One of the most prominent and
successful of the monumental granite works of
Pittsburgh is that conducted by Mr. James Johnston, who acquired the business in I879, succeeding
the firm of Dodds  Caskey, by whom the enterprise was established in I872. His yard, which is
50xI00 feet in dimensions, is completely equipped
with the most approved modern machinery and
appliances for sawing and polishing stone, and employment is given to a force of fifteen skilled workmen in the manufature of cemetery work and
ornamental cut stone for building purposes. Mr.
Johnston has the contra6t for furnishing the cut
stone for the new building now in course of constrution on Fourth avenue by the Fidelity Title
and Trust Company, and for the new Hussey Building on Fifth avenue; while in monumental work he
has designed and ere6ed many of the finest specimens of the art to be found in the cemeteries of
Western Pennsylvania, including the fine monument in Sewickly Cemetery for Captaia J. W. Porter; an artistic female figure monument at Tarentum, Pa., for B. J. McKelvy, several handsome
monuments at Indiana, Pa., and a large number in
local cemeteries. Mr. Johnston is a native of Scotland, where he learned his trade with one of the
largest houses in that country, and is one of the
most artistic designers and thoroughly pratical
granite workers in this State. The produEts of his
establishments are noted for their superior artistic
merit of design, and the fine workmanship of its
execution, and the trade of Mr. Johnston is very
large, and is steadily increasing, his efforts to give
uniform satisfaion being deservedly appreciated.
DVYg WORKS.
Sixth Avenue Dye Works. -M. May, Sons
 Co., Proprietors; 56 Sixth Avenue.-This establishment, which holds a recognized position as a
leading one in the steam dyeing and scouring industry, was acquired in I872 by Mr. M. MVay, succeeding Charles Fratkowski, by whom the busin-ss
was established in I860. Mr. May added to the facilities and extended the trade of the house, and in I887
he admitted his sons, Messrs. Frank H., Thomas B.,
and James EL. May to partnership, forming the present firn. The premises comprise an eligibly located
store, with a dye house in the rear, completely
--.- ^   -: _t4,11
equipped With all
the latest and most
highly improved
machinery and appliances adapte d to
the business. Not a b I e improvements have been
made  in  recent
years in the processes of dyeing
and cleaning garments entire, and
wool and mixed
dresses, t a i 1 o r -
made suits, cloaks
an d gentlemeli's
clothing are now
both cleaned and
dyed at these
works equally well
without opening
the  s e am s  or
renioving the
lining. A specialty is made of dyeing and cleanilig
silk, wool and mixed goods in the piece or in the
garments as worn, gentlemen's clothing, shawls,
blankets and curtains, and of dry cleaning for delicate colors of fine fabrics, and carpets and rugs are
cleaned and dusted in a perfe6l manner. In addition
to a very large local trade, the firm has an extensive
business in all the territory tributary to Pittsburgh,
and the superiority of its facilities enables it to
guarantee the best results in every instance. The
firmly established reputation of the house is still
maintained by careful supervision of all the details
of the business, and the employment of the most
skilled operatives in the different departments. A
force of from twenty to thirty hands is employed,
and every description of work is done by every approved process of dyeing and cleaning. Mr. M. May,
the senior member of the firm, is a native of Ireland, and came to the United States in I863, and settled in Pittsburgh a year later. He has a thorough
and praftical knowledge of every detail of the business, and has trained his sons to efficiency and honorable methods. The prompt and satisfa6tory manner in which all orders are filled secure for the firm
a merited popularity and prosperity.
LODGE SUPPIMS.
The Western Supply Company.-W. M.
Kane, Secretary and Treasurer; Manufaurers and
Dealers in Lodge Supplies and Uniforms for all
Societies; 423 Smithfield Street.-This business was
established in May, I888, as the American Mechanics
Company, which continued until August, I888, when
it was succeeded by the present company, of which
Mr. W. M. Kane is the principal. The business has
steadily increased from its establishment to the present time, and is now very large, including the
manufa6ture of every description of regalias, uniforms, flags, banners, badges, lodge furniture, etc.,
for the Senior and Junior Orders of American Mechanics, and all other secret societies, and in connection with the business they are also largely engaged
in the manufature of show cards, signs, etc. The
stock carried is large and completely assorted, and
the business is run upon corre6t and reliable methods
which have secured for this establishment the patronage of lodges throughout the seftion adjacent to
Pittsburgh. All the regalia and supplies for the
various orders are made in exact accordance with
regulations, and the materials used, as well as the
workmanship expended upon them, is stritly first
class. Orders sent to this company will receive close
and careful attention, and those desiring anything
in this line can find no better establishment with
which to place their orders.
SALT MANUVACTURI.
Union Salt Works.-Haller, Beck  Co.,
Proprietors; Beaver and Western Avenues, Allegheny
City.-This firm, which is composed of Messrs.
Auogust Haller, John A. Beck who succeeded his father,
John B. Beck, and A. Munsch, was established in
I863, and the superior facilities enjoyed and the care
taken in the prosecution of every detail of the business have secured for this firm a leading prominence
among the manufacturers of salt in the United States.
They occupy the entire square bounded by Beaver
and Western avenues in Allegheny City, where they
have evaporating tanks with a capacity for the production of 600 barrels' of salt per day, which can
easily be increased to I,ooo barrels, and numerous
aild spacious buildings for carrying on the various
departments of the business, and they operate two
salt wells I,5C0 feet deep, and give employment to a
force ranging from sisty to eighty men. They also
operate another plant in West Pittsburgh at the
mouth of Saw Mill Run, established about ninety
years ago, and being the oldest salt plant in the
State. Their manufacure includes Fine Dairy, No. I
No. I Extra and coarse crystal salt, and the firm also
are engaged in the manufacture of smokedl salt for
curing meat without the use of a smoke house, an
important invention, the process for the manufaciure
of which is controlled exclusively by this firm, and
is protecned by letters patent granted by the United
States Government. The specially fine quality of
the salt produced by the firm has secured for it a
large trade extending throughout Pennsylvania,
Ohio, West Virginia, Indiana, Maryland, Tennessee
and New Jersey. The members of the firm are all
natives of Allegheny County and pratically conversant with the details of this branch of industry, in
whizh the-y have achieved success by the excellence
of their produ6t and the superiority of their processes. In addition to the manufaure of salt, this
firm are also the largest manufaAurers of bromine
in the United States. The firm also are connected
with the West End Roofing Company, dealerls in prepared roofing, etc., occupying premises at the corner
of Steuben and West Carson streets, being sole
agents for T. New, the celebrated manufacnturer of
this class of goods, with headquarters at New York.
All the members of the firm are also connected with
many other important enterprises in the Twin
Cities, identified with the buciness growth and
prosperity of the community, and highly regarded
in business circles.
WATIR, GAS AND E4IIECTRIC VRANCHISES.
American Water Works and  Guarantee Company, Limited.-David W. Hitchcock,
Chairman; B. C. Converse, Vice-Chairman; James S.
Kuhn, Secretary and Treasurer; H. M. Payson  Co.,
Financial Agents; William S. Kuhn, General Manager; Room 47 Lewis Block, 605 Smithfield Street,
Pittsburgh.-This is an organization of substantial
capitalists formed in I886 at McKeesport, Pa., for the
purpose of building and maintaining water atid gas
works and ele6tric light plants for cities, towns, and
villages by franchises or contra6t. The general office
was removed from McKeesport to the Lewis Block
in this city, in May, I888. The company has a paid
up capital of $500,o00, and its stockholders are among
the leading manufac6urers, bankers, atd capitalists
of the country. They have already built up a large
and prosperous business, having secured franchises
for water and gas works and eletric lights in numerous towns in various parts of the country, and in
addition to this business they buy and improve old
water works and advance cash on water bonds. It
is the only company of its kind in the country that
guarantees its bonds, and the perfe system of its
management and the substantial characer of those
who have the enterprise in charge makes this company a reliable medium through which municipallties may secure ample water and gas supplies. David
W. Hitchcock, the Chairman of the company, is
President of the Peoples National Bank of Marlboro,
Mass. Mr. E. C. Converse, the Vice-Chairman, is
Manager of the National Tube Works Company of
McKeesport, Pa. Mr. James S. Kuhn, the Secretary
and Treasurer is Cashier of, and a large stock holder
In, lne rilrst iNational Bank of McKeesport, Pa, and
M r. William S.
Kuhn, the General
Manager, is a gentleman of practical
experience in this
business, having
been formerly of
the firm of Kuhn
Brothers  Co.,
Contractors, an d
possessing a special knowledge of
the business. The
Board of Managers
is composed of
Messrs. David W.
Hlitchcock, B. C.
Converse, C. H.
Payson, George J.
Gorman, John H.
Flagler, James S.
Kuhn, and  William  S. Kuhn, all substantial
business men. Mr. Payson is of the firnm of H. M.
Payson  Co., bankers of Portland, Maine, who are
the financial agents of this company. Mr. GeorgeJ.
Gorman is cashier of the Mechanics National Bank
of Pittsburgh, and Mr. John G. Flagler is Chairman
of the American Cotton Seed Oil Trust, which has a
capital of $40,000,000. Under the diretion of these
successful business men, and with every facility for
fulfilling their contrats in a favorable and efficient
manner the company deservedly holds the confidence
of the business community and is enabled to pursue
the business, for which it wEs organized, in a nianner most advantageous to those with whomi it has
dealings.
WRINGFRS, ETC.
Loyal Manufacturing Co.-Manufacurers
of the Erie Wringers; Eagle Building; Sandusky
Street, Allegheny. Among important inventions
tending to facilitate the work of the household, one
of the most simple, effective and complete for the
purposes to which it is applied is the celebrated
Erie wringer, which has secured a widespread popularity, and a large demand extending all over the
United States. The manufaure of these wringers
was first started by Messrs. James Todd, John Clemmens and John F3lliott under the style of the Erie
Wringer Company, by whom the business was carried on until I888, when Mr. Todd purchased the
interests of Messrs. Clemmens and Elliott, changing
the style of the concern to the Loyal Manufa6turing
Co., and removed to the Eagle Building at the corner of Sandusky street. August I, I888, Mr. A. R.
Donaldson, of the Acme Milk Company, was admitted to a partnership with him. They have acomplete outfit of machinery and appliance3 adapted
to the manufa6ture, and give employment to a full
force of hands in the production of the celebrated
Erie wringers, a cut of which will be found in an
advertisement of the company in the back part of
this book, and they also manufaure the popular
King wringer. The details of the business are
under the personal and practical supervision of the
miembers of the firni, with the result of uniform
excellence in the produt and a large trade, the
goods being sold to jobbers in all parts of the
United States, and by them distributed to the trade
and the consumer, to lighten the labors of the
household.
PAPPR BOXES.
Matchett  Co.-Pittsburgh Paper Box Factory; Manufa6turers of Paper Boxes, C,igar BoKes,
Etc.; 23 Seventh Avenue.-This business was established in I867 by Mr. Alexander Matchett, who still
remains the principal of the firm. The premises
were originally located at 4f6 Wood street, from
which removal was made in April, I888, to the premises now occupied, embracing a three-story building, 30XI25 feet in dimensions, where the firm has a
complete equipment, embracing every description
of improved modern machinery and appliances
adapted to the manufaure of paper boxes, cigar
boxes and package specialties.  Employment is
giveg to a force raliging from fifcy to sixty hands,
and a large trade has been built up, including not
only the city and surrounding towns, but extending
throughout WVestern Pennsylvania, Ohio and West
Virginia. Besides the regular line of standard p per
boxes and cigar boxes manufa6tured by the firm,
they manufature as a specialty their Refrigerator
ice cream pails, patented November 4, I879, to which
recent improvemelits have been made and p Itented.
Th -se pails, of which Mr. Matchett is the patentee
and the firm are sole ma-nufaturers, are the best
and most convenient package in the world, and the
only one suited to deliver ice cream without the
trouble of packing in cans, buckets, salt, ice, etc. It
is warranted to keep ice cream hard- in any climate
for three hours or more, and the efficiency of the
device is such that in this special article the orders
of the firm cover the entire Union, and have so
steadily increased that their manufaure forms the
principal part of the business of the house. Mr.
Matchett, the head of the house, is a pracnical and
experienced man in the business, and throughout
the twenty-one years during which he has conduded this establishment has commended himself
to ttle favor of the trade by his thorough and uniformly fair and reliable dealings.
HORSU COLLARS
Rabenstei n Brothers.-Pittsburgh Collar
Factory; Manufacturers of Horse Collars; II24 Penn
Avenue.--This business was established in I875 by
Mr. David Rabenstein, by whom it was continued
alone until I870, when he was joined by his brothers
Messrs. Charles, John and George Rabenstein, in
the formation of the present firm. They occupy the
second story of a three-story building, giving them
a floor space of 60xioo feet in dimensions, and which
they have completely equipped with sewing and
other machines specially adapted to this branch of
industry, and they give employment to a force of
twenty-three hands in the manufacture of every
style of horse collars, making a specialty of Nos. I
and 2 Irish collars, of which they manufacture more
than any other factory in the United States. They
have built up a large trade throughout the States of
Pen j sylvania, New York,Ohio,West Virginia and Virginia, which is steadily increasilig as a consequence
of the uniform excellence of their product, their
promptness in filling orders and their accurate methods of conducting business. The four brothers
composing this firm are all natives of Allegheliv City,
and Messrs. David and Charles Rabenstein are practical workmen, the other brothers, John and George,
being silent partners in the business. Messrs. David
and Charles Rabenstein personally supervise all
the operations of the factory, so as to secure in the
product the maintenance of the superior quality for
which it is celebrated, and it is to their knowledge
and skill and their close attention to business that
the prosperity of the house is mainly due.
SIVING MACHINES.
Rodgers  Brooks.-Sole Agents for the
Domestic Sewing Machines and Domestic Patterns;
24 Sixth Street.-This firm, which is composed of
Messrs. W. A. Rodgers and B. R. Brooks, was formed
November I, I887, for tlle purpose of taking charge
of the local agency of Domestic Sewing Machines and
Domestic patterns. They occupy elegantly appointed
offices at 24 Sixth street, where they carry a full line
of the superior machines manufactured by the
Domestic Sewing Machine Company, as well as a
complete  line  of patterns  for  dresses  and
other  garments,  k:nown  as  the  Domestic
Patterns, and  the  popularity  of the goods
carried by them, together with the care and
attention paid by the members of the firm to every
detail of the business, secures for them a steadily
increasing patronage from thle ladies of Pittsburgh
and Allegheny. Both members of the firm are thor -
oughly practical and experienced in the sewing machine business, Mr. Brooks have been for a number of
years special agent for the White Sewing Machine
Company, and prior to that connection city manager
of the Davis machine, and Mr. Rodgers also having
been city manager for the Singer Sewing Machine
Company for over two years, and afterwards as
manager of the Davis Machine Co., which position was resigned to form the present partnership.
The practical experience thus gained and the knowledge possessed by these gentlemen of the needs of
families in the way of sewing machines, enable them
to give uniform satisfaction, and the business done
by them from their office is one of the largest in its
line in the city, the Domestic Sewing Machines and
Domestic patterns being deservely popular.
A handsome cut of the celebrated Domestic Sewing Machine handled by this firm will found in the
display advertisement department in the concluding
pages of this work.
Domestic Sewing Machine Company.
-J. M. Moffat, General Agent for Western Pennsylvania; 4IO Hamilton Building; 9I Fifth Avenue.The general agency for Western Pennsylvania for
the Domestic Swing Machine Company was established in this city in r876, in order to better accommodate its growing trade in the territory assigned
to it. The agency was established by, and has prospered greatly under the efficient management of Mr.
J. M. MoffFat, to whose zeal and energy, combined
with the superior merit of the machines manufactured by the com-pany, the large trade in the territory controlled fromi Pittsburgh is due. The Domestic machines are unsurpassedi in their general
adaptability to the purposes of the family, they are
simple in mechanism, easy to learn, made of the
best material with the finest workmanship, are
light running and almost noiseless, and combine in
the highest degree utility and elegance. The consequence of these great merits has been a steady
increase in the appreciation of these machines by
the families of the country, and over a million of
them are in use in different parts of the United
States. They never fail to give satisfadtion to the
purchaser, and maintain their great popularity
against all competition. Mr. J. M. Mioffat, who has had
charge of this agency since its establishment, is a
business manl of superior attainments, energetic
methods and deserved popularity. He has general
charge of all the agents and offices of the company
in Western Pennsylvania, and discharges the duties
devolving upon him with marked efficiency. Mr.
Moffat has a large number of agents, whom he has
established in business. All of them are highly
prosperous, and many have become especially benefited under his management.
J. Kevan   Co.-Dealers in WVhite Sewing
Machines; I2 Sixth Street.--The intrinsic merits of
the celebrated White Sewing Machines are widely
known, and their advantages, economical and mechanical improvements are recognized by an intelligent and discriminating public as pre-eminent
among the many sewing machines now upon the
market.  Manufatured upon principles of durability and construced of the best materials, its wearing qualities are unsurpassed, and its range of work
excels that of any sewing machine ever produced.
Its high arm, automatic bobbin winder, vibrator,
stitch regulator, self-setting needle, simple shuttle,
perfe6t tension, pos tive take up, double feed, belt
shifting device and aljustabl,3 parts are elements of
perferion that defy competition, and its set of attachments, which are made of solid steel and put up
in a velvet lined box, are furnished free with each
machine. In addition to these, they also have special attachmeents, including the White embroidering, arrasene and hemstitching attachments,
by the aid of which every description of work
can  be  done.  The  machines  are  made  in
various styles, ranging in price from $50 to $IOO;
they are simple in mechanism, light running, and
warranted for family use for five years. The manufac6lory of the White Sewing Machine Company is
located at Cleveland, Ohio, their machines being
handled exclusively in this city and Allegheny by
the firm of J. Kevan  Co., by whom this agency
was established in I875. They employ a large staff
of salesmen, and have built up in the two cities and
surroundings an extensive and steadily increasing
business for the White machines. That the public
recognizes the advantages of the constrution of this
machine and its wide range of work is attested by
the fa that the company has manufa6tured over
700,000 of them, of which about 30,ooo are now in
use in the Twin Cities. Mr. J. Kevan, the principal
in this firm, was born in Beaver County, Pa., but has
resided in Allegheny since his boyhood. He has
been conneted with the sewing machine industry
for the past twenty-five years, and is thoroughly informed and experienced in its every detail, and his
son, Mr. W. W. Kevan, the other member of the firm,
is also a pratical man in the business, having been
a member of the firm since the establishment of this
agency in I875. Both gentlemen are possessed of a
high order of business ability, and stand high in
the business and financial circles of the city.
While the special notices of firms and corporations engaged in various pursuits of prodution and
distribution does not cover all of those in the two
cities which deserve to be classed as prominent, the
list as represented is one which fairly indicates the
commercial and manufauring importance of Pittsburgh and Allegheny. In her manufaturing lines
the world pays tribute to Pittsburgh and her name
is recognized as the accepted synonym for all that is
busy, a6tive and progressive. Not only have the
manufatures of the city achieved a remarkable
growth but they are still growing, and in commercial lines the citv is also experiencing a steady expansion in adtivity. The men who have contributed
toward the achievement of these results are worthy
of being singled out for distincion, and the notices
of the representative firms in this book will be found
to afford much information of general interest regarding the two cities.109
PITTSBURGHf AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW.
THn VARIOUS DKPARTMUNTS.                     Bureau of Health.-Superintendent, W. F. McKelvy.
Tqhere have, from time to time, beenl many chalnges     Building Inspetor's Office.-Building Inspetor,
in the ans of Assembly defining the powers and  M. G. Frank; Assistant Building Inspe6lor, John
duties of the miunicipal government of Pittsburgh,  EDichleay, Jr.; Clerk, J. A. A. Brown.
the consideration of the details of which does not        Inspe6tor of Plumbing, Gas Fitting and House
enter into the scope or objet of this work. Under  Drainage.-Wm. Lvaydon.
the existing  law the legislative power is vested      City  Gau rer's  Office. -City  Gauger, Vincent
in two bodies: the Common Council, with forty-six   Stevens; Deputy Gauger, Herman Graham.
members, and the Selet Council, with thirty-six:      Disability Board. -Wm. McCallinl, Mayor, Chairmembers. These bodies hold regular sessions on  man; E;. S. Morrow, City Controller; J. O. Brown,
the second and last Monday of each month.           Chief of Department of Public Safety; George L.
The adminiistrative departm 4nts of the city gov-  Holliday, President of Commion  Council; W. C,
ernment are three in niumber, kliown as the Depart-  Moreland, City Attorney.
ment of Public Works, the Department of Public         Fire Escapes. -Board, M. G. Frank, John EichSafety, and the Department of Charities.The Depart-  leay, Jr., John Steele, Wm. Coates, James Stewart, S.
ment of Public Works exercises supervision over  N. Evans, Chairman; Ed. de Lassus, Clerk.
all inatters pertaining  to  street improvements,      Department  of Public Works.-Chief of Decity property, water works, water assessments, street  partment, E. M. Bigelow; Chlief Cterk, J. P. Bingalighting, wharves and markets. The Department of  man.
Public Safety includes the fire and police divisions,     Bureau of E;ngineering and Surveys.-Superinthe Board of Health, a-nd Building Inspetors, while  tendent, W. R. Browne; Clerk, S. W. Church.
the Department of Charities has charge of the Poor        Bureau of Highways and Sewers.-SuperintendFarm  and  matters conne6ted with  the care of  ent, J. P. Andrews; Clerk, R. J. Greer.
charity patients.                                      Bureau of City Property.-Superintendent, W. C.
THI[ CITY HALL.                    McCarthy; Clerk and ex-officio Clerk of Diamond
Markets, Wm. McAdams.
The first Municipal Hall occupied was on the        Bureau of Water'Supply and Distribution.-Supersite of the present Diamond Market. When the  inltendent, G,-orge H. Browne; Clerk, Louis A.
needs of the city for a hall suitable for the proper  Denisoll.
accommodation  of its officers and-~ sufficient for       Bureau of Assesyments of Water Rents.-Superits increased business required  more room, the  intendent, Matthew  Edwards; Clerk, Robert M.
site on Smithfield street, near Fifth avenue, was  Brokaw.
purcliased for $IOO,bOOO. The cortimission appointed      Department of Charities.-Chief of Department,
by councils for the purchase of the site was com-  R. C. Elliott; Chief Clerk, F. H. Eaton.
posed of Messrs. John H. Hare, Jared M. Brnsh,         Department of Awards.-Wm. McCallin, Mayor,
William   Phillips, James  McAuley and Thomas  Chairman; J. O. Brown, R. C:. Elliott, ED. M. Bigelow;
Steele, and the same gentlemen a6ted as commis-  Clerk, J. P. Bingaman.
sioners for the erection of the building. The corner-    Departme~nt of Law --City Attorney, W. C. More
stone was laid May 5, I869, and the building was  land; Assistants, Clarence B3 irleighi, T. D. Carnahan
dedicated May 23, I872.  It is a handsome strunure  Clerk, W. H. House.
Of cut stone, I20xl IO feet, with a tower I70 feet high,    Board of Viewers of Street Improvements. -Board,
on the top of which is mounted the fire alarm bell.  E.J Allen, Daniel Wenke, T. O'Leary, Jr., DraughtsThe enitire cost of the building was $722,000.      man, D. G. Evans; Clerk, T. A. Blackmore.
VOLUMR oF PUB1,IC BUSMNgSS.                            MTWBnRS OP COUNCILS.
The increase of the business of the city govern-       Selet Council.-H. P. Ford, President; Ward I,
ment has, of course, been comnmensurate with the  Harry O'Toole; 2, James Getty, Jr.; 3, John Doyle; 4,
growth of the city in other direcftions.  It is stated  George H. Treusch; 5, P. Barrett; 6,Jas. L.Williams -
that in the year I843 the total reveuue of the city  7, Jos. J. Marshall; 8, John S. Lambie;  9, T. M.
was $II4,90o. The valuation of the property belong-  Brophy; IO, Robt. J. Haslett; II, H. P. Ford; I2,
ing to the city then was $569,8oo; while the debt of  Philip Schulz; I3, T. H. Miller; J4, John M. Anthe'city exceecled the total valuation of its property,  derson; I5, J. P. Lveutz; I6, Henry Epping; I7, S. J.
being $691,772. What was the total value of prop-  Cox; i8, M. C. Dwyer; I9, Jos. G. 1Klinefelter; 20, F.
erty in the city is not stated. The estimated value  W. McKee; 2I, H. J. Gross; 22, N. W. Frew; 23, C.
Of property in Pittsburgh in i888 is stated at $iig,-  Evans; 24, John  Holmes; 25, H. Rohrkaste; 26,
013,044, and the tax levied for city purposes is $2,082,-  John H. Sorg; 27, D. P. Evalls; 28, Henlry Yost;
738.                                                29, Jolin H. Skeltonl; 30, J. B. Grilles; 3I, John
CITY OFFICERS.                     A. Schuck; 32, John Paul; 33, John Sullivan; 34,
John Collins; 35, A. C. Robertson; 36, W. T. Smith;
The charter under which the city is now gov-  George Sheppard, C:lerk.
erned went into effec6  in February, I888, and the        Common Council.-George Iv. Hfolliday, Presipresent officers of the corporation are as follows:    dent; Ward I, P. J. Donahoe; 2, W. C. Mason; 3, Jas.
Mayor's Office.-Mayor, Wm. McCallin; Mayor's  Renziehausen; 4, W. E. Hague; 5, J. J. White; 6, John
Clerk, W. H. McCleary.                              Dunn, Jr.; 7, C. G. Hannan; 8, Robert Berry;* 9, Jas.
Board of Assessors.-Chief Assessor, Frank P.  Taylor; io, John Kearils; II, H. H. Niemann and 0.
Case; Assistant Assessors, James J. LIarkin, Phillip  K. Gardner; I2, Henry Hagmaier and Robert JohnHoerr; Chief'Clerk, S. M. Clark.                    son; I3, S. A. Duncan; I4, S. H. Shannon, W. A.
Treasurer's Office.-Treasurer, Jos. F. Denniston;  Magee and L. T. Brown; I5, George Shafer: I6,
Chief Clerk, D. R. Torrence; Bond Clerk, R. W.  Oliver A. Waggoner; I7, W. M. Culbertson, Hugh
Thompson.                                           Ferguson and Miller Elliott; I8, Mark Lydon; I9, R.
- C-ity Controller's Office.-Controller, E. S. Mor-  B. Carnahan; 20, George W. Baum; 2I, R~ S. Mcrow; Assistant Controller, JohnlJ. Davis, C-hief Clerk,  Goiligle; 22, J. S. Wightman; 23, John B;attles; 24,
B. E. Phelps.                                       M. Donley; 25, J. N. Douthett; 26, Henry Steggert
City Clerk'sOffice.-City Clerk, George Sheppard;  and Wm. Ruhlandt, Jr.; 27, P. M. Carr; 28, Hugh
Assistant City Clerk, George Booth; Messenger, E.  McCurry; 29, John Moschell; 3o, Thos. Mullin; 3I,
J. Martin.                                          Andrew Bender; 32, Kirk Q. Bigham; 33, Peter S.
Delinquent Tax Department.-Colleior, William   O'Malley; 34, Jos. T. McDermott: 35, George X,. HolR. Ford; Chief C:lerk, Joseph E. Lvewis.            liday; 36, James T. Fox; Clerk, George Booth.
Department of Public Safety.-Chief of Department, J. O. Brown; Chief Clerk, Crosby Gray.                     THU VIRU DUPARTMIENT.
B ure au of Police. -Superintendent, Gamble Weir;
Assistant Superinte-ndent, Roger O'Mara; Clerk;        Of the various divisiolis into which the operations
George M. Erwin.                                    of the municipality are divided, there is none of
Inspetors.--First l)istrict, John McAleese; Sec-  which the city and its people feel more justly proud
ond DistriEt, F. C. Negley; Third'Distrin, George  than the active, well-trained, vigilant and excellently
Stevens; C:lerk, James Ford.                        equipped fire department of the city. The present
Bureau of Fire.-Superintendent, S. N. Evans;  paid fire department dates from Julie I3, I870, the
First Assistant Superintendent, John Steele; Second  companies prior to that time having been co mposed
Assistant Superintendent, Wm. Coates; Tliird As-  of volunteers. The history of the measures for fire
sistont Superiniendent, James Stewart; Clerk, EDd. prevention in Pittsburgh is an interesting one, and
de Lassus.                                          its- earliest records date back to I763, when a fire eniBureau of Elenr1city.--Superintendent, Morris  gine was built in Fort Pitt, This is mentioned in a
W. Mead; Chief Clerk and Assistant Superintendent,  letter written by Colonel Bouquet, August II, I763,
Richard McClatchey.                                 to Sir J. Amherst. In it he says that the Delawares,
LOCAL GOVERNMEINT.
HOW PITTSBURGH IS GOVERN19D.--MUN1CII`AL HisTORY AS A BOROUGH AND AN INCORPORATF,D CITY.
The early government of Pittsburgh, before it
was ere6ted into a borough, was doubtless like that
of other straggling and struggling "new settlements" of the frontier. In the days of disputed
authority between Virginia ancl Pennsylvani a, it
seems that the inhabitants of what is now Allegheny
county were inclined to regard the clainis of Virginia with the most favor; not that they went very
deeply into the legal. or equitable questions of title,
but rather because the Virginian prices of land were
much lower than those demianded by the Penns.
As a consequence, the endeavors of the Pennsylvania
tax colle6lorsto secure payment of assessments under
the laws of the provincial assembly were not crowned
with any remarkable degree of success, and there
were doubtless those who, between the rival deiiiands of the two commonwealths, managed to escape
payment to either. WVhen, however, the dispute was
settled, the laws of Pennsylvania were enforced
withouLt aniy noticeable fric6cion, and ordinary juistibe was administered by the usual agencies.
In I792 an Act of Assembly was passed to erec
the town of Pittsburgh into a borough, and in pursuance of this ac6t an election was held May I9 of
that year, for the purpose of choosing the officers of
the borough, and George Robinson was chosen as
Chief Burgess. In I804 an acrt was passed enlarging
the powers of the borough, and under this the inhabitants were locally governed unitil I81i6, wheni the
first charter for a city government was granted in
pursuance of an a6l passed by Assembly, March I8
of that year. Under the provisions of that an the
Mayor was appointed annually by the city councils,
and their choice was, restric6ced to the twelve aldernien of the city. In pursuance of this provision,
Ebenezer Dennyvwas selected as the first Mayor. He
had been a revolutionary soldier, reaching the rank
of Major, and had figured prominently in military
affairs in the early -days of the city. Succeeding llim
under the appointive system were John Darragh,
I8I7-I825; John M. Snowden, I825-I827; Magnus M.
Murray, I827-I829; Matthew B. Towne, I830; Magnus
M. Murray, 183I, and Samuel Pettigrew, I832-I834.
In the latter year a new law made the office of Mayor
an ele6tive one, the term remaining one year, and
Samuel Pettigrew was chosen to succeed himself,
serving until I835.  The subseqtent Mayors, under
this new arranigement, were Jamnes R. McClintock,
I836-I838; William Lvittle, I839; Williamn W. Irwini,
I840; James Thomson, I84I; Alexander Hay, I842
I844; William J. Howard, I845; William Kern, I846;
Gabriel Adams, I847-i848; John Herron, I849;
Joseph Barker, I850; John B. Guthrie, I85I-I852;
Robert W. Riddle, I853; Ferdinanid E;. Volz, I854I855, William Bingham, I856, and HIenry A. Weaver,
I857. In January, I858, the Mayor was eleted under
a new law, changing the term to two years, and Mr.
Weaver was sele6ted for the term covering the 3 ears
I8;8-I859. Vollowing him were George Wilson,
eleted in I86o; B. C. Sawyer, in I862; James LXowry,
in I864, and W. C. McCarthy, in, i866. Under the
provisions of the ac of April 6, I867, James Blackmore was elened as Mayor for the year I868. An
adi passecl April I, I868, made the official term of the
Mayor three years, and under its provisions the following Mayors have been eleted: Jared M1. Brush,
I869-I78I; James Blackmore, 1872-I874; Williami C.
McCarthy, I875-I877; Robert Liddell, I878-I880:
Robert W. Lyon, I88r-I883; Andrew Fulton, 1884I880', and W. C. McCallin, the present incumbent,
I887-I889.
In the meantime a large number of important
changes have been made, both in the boulidaries of
the city and in the distribution of the powers of the
municipal governmient. Northern Liberties, which
had been made a borough in I829, was consolidated
with Pittsburgh in I837, the first addition received
to its muuicipal boundaries after its incorporation.
In I845, I846, I867 and I872 additions were made to
the city, the particulars of which have been nar-rated in the general historical sketch itn the early
pages of this volume. IIn I873 an eletion was held
in Wilkinsburg, and according to the returns it was
certified that that borougli had voted to annex itself
to the city, aild members of the Councils were
eleted from there in the following year; but the
eletion was litigated in the courts and finally declared -invalid. Subrequently the city was apportioned into thirty-six wards, with boundaries as they.now exist.they may be supposed to haunt. At the upper end
of the island and towards the western shore, is a
small ripple, as it is called, where the water, bubbling as if it sprang from the pebbles of a fountain,
gives vivacity and an air of cheerfulness to the
scene.
The fish of the Allegheny are harder and firmer
than those of the Monongahela or Ohio, owing, as
it is supposed, to the greater coldness and purity of
the water. The fish in general of those rivers are
good. They are the pike, weighing frequently fifteen or twenty pounds; the perch, larger than I
have ever seen in the bay of Chesapeake, which is
the only tide whence I have ever seen perch; there
is also the sturgeon and many more kinds of fish.
It is a high amusement to those who are fond of
fishing to angle in these waters, more especially at
the time of a gentle flood, when the frequent nibble
of the large and small fishes entertain the expectation and sometimes gratify it by a bite; and when
those of the larger size are taken, it is necessary to
play them for a considerable time before it can be
judged safe to draw them in.
I have seen a canoe loaded in the morning by
some of those most expert in the employment; but
you will see in a spiing evening the banks of the
rivers lined with men fishing at intervals from one
another. This,
with the streams
gently gliding, the
woods at a distance
green, and the
shadows lengthening towards the
town, forms a delightful s c e n e
Fond of the water,
I have been sometimes highly
pleased in going
with a select party,
in a smiall barge,
up or down the
rivers, and landing
at a cool spring to
enjoy the verdant
turf amid the
shady bowers of
ashwood,  sugartree or oak, planted by the hand of
nature, not of art.
It may be said
by some who will
read this description which I have
given, or may be
about to give, that
it is minute and
useless, inasmuch
as it is an observation of things well
known. But let it
be considered that
it is not intended
for the people of
this country, but
for those at a distance, who may not yet be acquainted with the natural situation of the town of Pittsburgh, or, having
heard of it, may wish to be more particularly
informed. Who knows what families of fortune it
may induce to emigrate to this place?
There is a rock known by the name of McKee's
rock, at a distance of about three miles below the
head of the Ohio. It is the end of a promontory
where the river bends to the northwest, and where,
by the rushing of the floods, the earth has been cut
away during several ages, so that now the huge
overhanging rocks appear hollowed beneath, so as
to foIm a dome of majesty and grandeur near Ioo
feet in height. Here are the names of French and
British officers engraved, who in former times in
parties of pleasure had visited this place. The town
of Pittsburgh, at the head of the Ohio, is scarcely
visible from hence by means of an intervening
island, the lower end of which is nearly opposite the
rocks. Just below them, at the bending of the
river, is a deep eddy water, which has been sounded
by a line of thirty fathoms and no bottom found.
Above them is a beautiful extent of bottom containing 500 or 6oo acres and the ground rising to the
inland country with an easy accent, so as to form an
extensive landscape.  As you ascend the river from
these rocks to the town of Pittsburgh you pass by on
your right hand the mouth of a brook known by the
name of Sawmill Run.  This empties itself about a
half a mile below the town and is overlooked by a
building on its banks on the point of a hill which
fronts the east and is first struck by the beams of
the rising sun. At a small distance from its mouth
is a sawmill about twenty perches below the situation of an old mill built by the British, the remains
of some parts of which are yet seen.
At the head of the Ohio stands the town of Pittsburgh, on an angular piece of ground, the two rivers
forming the two sides of the angle. Just at the
point, when I first canie to this country, a tree, leaning against which I have often overlooked the
waves, or, committing my garments to its shade,
have bathed in its transparent tide.
On this point stood the old French fort, known
by the name of Fort Duquesne, which was evacuated
and blown up by the French in the campaign of the
British under General Forbes.  The appearance of
the ditch and mound, with the salient angles and
bastions, still remains, so as to prevent that perfe6t
level of the ground which otherwise would exist.
It has long overgrown with the finest verdure, and
depastured on by cattle, but since the town has been
laid out it has been inclosed and buildings are
erected.
Just above these works is the present garrison,
built by Gen. Stanwix, and is said to have cost the
crown of Britain '60,ooo. Be that as it may, it had
been a work of great labor and little use. For,
situated on a plain, it is commanded by heights and
rising grounds on every side, and some of them at a
less distance than a mile. The fortification is regular, construed according to the rules of art, and
about three years ago put in good repair by Gen.
Irwin, who commanded at this post. It has the
advantage of an excellent magazine, built of stone,
but the tinle has come, and it is hoped will not re
turn again, when the use of this garrison is at an
end. There is a line of posts below it on the Ohio
river to the distance of 300 miles.  The savages
come to this place for trade, not for war; and any
future contest that we shall have with them will be
on the heads of the more northern rivers that fall
into the Mississippi.
The bank of the Allegheny river, on the northwest side of the town of Pittsburgh, is planted with
an orchard of apple trees, with some pear trees intermixed. These were bought and planted, it is said,
at great expense by a British officer, who commanded at this place early on the first occupation of it by
the crown of England. He has deserved the thanks
of those who have since enjoyed it, as the fruit is
excellent, and the trees bear in abundance every
year. Near the garrison on the Allegheny bank,
were formerly what was called the Kings and Artillery gardens, delightful spots cultivated highly to
usefulness and pleasure, the soil favoring the growth
of plants and flowers equal with any on the globe.
Over this ground, the ancient herbs and plants
springing underneath the foot, it is delightful still
to walk covered with the orchard shade.
On the margin of this river once stood a row of
houses, elegant and neat and not unworthy of the
European taste, but have been swept away in the
course of time, some for the pnrpose of forming an
opening to the river from the garrison, that the
artillery might incommode the enemy approaching
and deprived of shelter; some torn away by the
fury of the rising river, indignant of too near a
pressure on its banks. These buildings were the
receptacles of the ancient Indian trade, which,
coming from thewestward, centered in this quarter.
But of these buildings, like decayed monuments of
grandeur, not a trace remains.  Those who, twenty
years ago, saw them flourish, can only say, "here
they stood."
From the verdant walk on the margin of this
beautiful river, you have a view of an island about a
mile above, around which the river twines with a
resplendant brightness.  Gliding on the eastern
bank, it would wish to keep a straight direction once
supposed to be its
course, but thrown
beneath, it modestly submits and
falls toward the
town. When the
poet comes with
his enchanting
song to pour his
magic numbers on
this scen e, this
little island may
aspire to live with
those in the Egean
S e a, where the
song of Honler
drew the image of
delight, or where
the Cam or Isis,
embracing in their
bosoms gems like
these, are sung by
Milton, father of
the modern bards.
On the west side
of the Allegheny
River, and opposite the orchard,
is a level of 3,aoo
acres, reserved by
the State to be laid
out in lots for the
purpose of a town.
A small stream, at
right angles to the
r ive r, p a s s e- s
through it. On this
ground it is supposed a town may
stand; but on all
hands it is excluded from the praise of being a situation so convenient as on the side of the river where the present
town is placed; and yet it is a delightful grove of
oak, cherry and walnut trees. But we return and
take a view of the Monongahela on the southern
side of the town.
This bank is closely set with buildings for the
distance of near half a mile, and behind this range
the town chiefly lies, falling back on the plain between the two rivers. To the eastward is Grant's
Hill, a beautiful, rising ground, discovering marks
of ancient cultivation, the forest having long ago
withdrawn and shown the head and brow beset with
green and flowers. From this hill two crystal fountains issue, which in the heat of summer continue
with a limpid current to refresli the taste. It is
pleasant to celebrate a festival on the summit of this
ground. In the year I78I a bower had been ereted,
covered with green shrubs. The sons and daughters
of the day, assembling, joined in the festivity, viewing the river at a distance, and listening to the music
of the military on the plain beneath them. When
the moonlight, rising from the east, had softened
into gray, the prospect, a lofty pile of wood inflamed
with pyramidal risings, illumed both the rivers and
the town, which far around refleed brightness.
Approaching in the appearance of a river god, a
swain, begirt with weeds natural to these streamsShawanese, Wyandottes and Mingoes had attacked
the fort on July 27. The savages took positions under the banks of both rivers close to the fort, and
digging holes, took refuge therein. From this point
of vantage they discharged fire arrows at the fort,
and in that way endeavored to set it aflamie. It is
mentioned that the commandant had constructed a
fire engine to save the fort from destruction in this
way by the Indians.
About two years after the incorporation of the
borough, the citizens, in order to protet themselves
against thepossible ravages of fire, formed themselves into a hose company, which was named The
Eagle, and was supplied with a small engine about
the size of a hand car and somewhat resembling one
in appearance. This engine was purchased in Philadelphia, from which it was brought in sections by
Conestoga wagons and put together here. It threw
but a small stream, and the water to supply it was
carried in buckets. John Johnston, who was the
first engineer of the company, put the engine together, and many of the afterward prominent citizens of Pittsburgh were connecqed with the company.
Mr. Johnston became postmaster of the village, and
William  Lecky, who succeeded Mr. Johnston as
engineer in X8oo, afterward became Sheriff of the
County. The house which the company occupied
was a small building erected on First street, now
First avenue, near Chancery lane, and between Mar1TA+    n"rl  V,  -   Vrx+7
ket and Ferry streets.
The apparatus was kept
under lock and key, and
only three of the directors, who lived in the
immediate neighborhood of the engine, had
access to the engine
house. This company
continued under its original organization until
I8II, when there was a
large addition to its
membership and the
company was reorganized.
In I802, it is said, the
Aliegheny Fire Company was organized, although the early records of that company
seem to have been lost.
The next company to be
organized was the famous Vigilant Fire Company, which began its
existence at a meeting
held May 3I, I8II. The
Neptune, another noted
company, was organized
in I8I5.  Other companies which figured at
fires during the days of
the volunteer system
were the Duquesne, the
Niagara, the Independent, the Good-Will and
the Fairmount, the last
4-   a  4,-     4AA   
two being independent of the Firemen's Association, which was fornid in I832, and other companies were the Lawrenceville, Mechallics, Walton
and Ben Franklin hose companies, thle Stewart and
Rescue hook and ladder companies and the Blue
Dick reel. These numerous companies were well
filled, the fire department being popular, and a large
number of the citizens, especially the younger element, joining the companies, and good service was
done by the members of the various companies in
fighting the occasional fires which broke out; and it
was through their efforts that the fire of I845 was
stopped before it had destroyed the entire city.
The era of steam in the fire department dates
from I86I, although Joseph L. Lowery, formerly mechanical engineer of the water works, and at that
time a member of the Neptune Fire Comipany, built
the first steam fire engine in I856. This engine,
which was called the Citizen, was placed in charge
of the Neptune Company, but proved too cumbersome for use and was finally displaced by a new hand
engine bought in Baltimore. In I86I the Vigilant
Fire Company brought the first effective fire engine
to Pittsburgh. It was called the Hope Hose Engine
of Philadelphia, and its arrival created a sensation,
almost the entire population turning out to see it
tried at the corner of Market and Water streets. Its
power being demonstrated, the other companies began to adopt the steam engine, and the volunteer
department improved in efficiency; but notwithstanding this came to be regarded as insufficient for tlle
wants of a center of population and business like
Pittsburgh. In I870 the pay department was organized, the city taking in the seven companies then
existing, purchasing their apparatus and appointing
eight men from eacll company upon the pay list.
It was governed by nine commissioners elected by
Councils, three being chosen each year. Since then
there has been a steady and continuous increase in
tlle facilities for combatting fire, the seven engine
companies having grown to seventeen, all equipped
with the most improved fire engines and apparatus;
and the department is excelled by no other in any
city in the United States in the rapidity with which
it responds to an alarm or the energy and good judgment of its work at a fire.
The fire alarm telegraph system is used, this department being under the charge of the Bureau of
Eletricity, and besides the regular fire companies,
there are seven hose companies and four hook and
lander companies. Mr. S. N. Evans, who is the Chief
of the Fire Department, is one of the veteran volunteers, being an old member of the Vigilant Coompany.
He l-ias served in his present capacity since I874, and
the notable efficiency to which the department has
attained is in a large measure due to his thorough
knowledge of his business and his careful training
of the men engaged with him.
THU POLICU DUPARTMINT.
Wherever there are human beings there will be
among them a certain proportion who are evilly disposed, and in large communities it has always been
found necessary to appoint guardians of the peace.
In the early days of Pittsburgh these duties were
relegated to an exalted individual, who was known
by the name of the High Constable, the first to hold
that office having been Samuel Morrison, who was
eleed at the time of the creation of the borough in
I792. The High Constable was at first considered
sufficient by himself to preserve the peace of the
city, and it was not for some time thought necessary
to provide him with any assistants, That his duties
were not considered very onerousmay be gleaned
from the fact that as late as I820, four years after the
incorporation of the city, the appropriation for the
pay of the High Constable amounted to only $Ioo.
As the town grew deputies were appointed by the
High Constable, and there were at one time four
constables at the main office, while nine were on
duty on the hill, and twenty-eight in the remainder
of the city. It was a part of the duty of these officers
to call out the hour of night and tell whether it was
a cloudy or bright morning, and this custom was continued until a compartively re_ent period.
The continued growth of the city made constant
additions to the number of its police necessary, and
at one time it had over 200 men, but this number wasreduced owing to the necessary of retrenchment,.
having since, however, again grown to beyond that
number,the present police bureau pay roll containing
280 names. There have been introduced many
measures of discipline and training calculated to improve the force and the police, as now organized and
governed, constitutes an energetic and efficient force.
PITTSBURGH WATIR WORKS.
The earlier inhabitants of Pittsburgh depended
for their water su ply either upon hauling from the
river, or securing a niore convenient supply by dig--
ging wells upon their premises; and there is no
record of any public action on the part of the township or borough authorities to increase the water
supply until I802, when the.carcity of water in
various districts of the city led the burgesses to advertise for a public meeting to be held, and at this
meeting of the burgesses, free-holders and householders of Pittsbugh, it was decided to provide for
the sinking of wells and the putting in of pumps at
the public expense, four of these pumps to be immediately put in on Market street, and others to
follow as they might be necessary. Of these four
wells one was to be erected at the expense of thecounty, as being near the county property, while the
other three were put in at an expense for digging
+1' - rXXT"11 as a i cl   ++; II N  II
the wells and putting up.
the  pumps of $525.
There were probablyother pumps put in
after that at various
times during the existence of the borough
and the early days of
the city, as it was not
until February I6, I824,
that Councils passed an
ordinance providing for
the raising of a sum of
money on a loan for
supplying the city with
water.'ollowing this action,
the first lot for an engine house on the bank
of the Allegheny at Cecil
alley was bought for
$1,425, and a lot 240 feet
square on Grant's Hill
was bought for $3,800
for a reservoir. These
works were put in operation in I829, the first
revenue of the city from
the water works being
for that year and
amounting to $3,o86. In
I832 the works were enlarged, and the water
works system of the
city then consisted of
two engines and pumps
calculated to raise 3,375,360 gallons of water in
twenty-four hours, while the reservoir, with its
capacity of I,ooo,ooo gallons, was regarded by the
people at that time as a wonderful affair, although,
of course, it appears insignificant compared with
the ample supplies now on hand at the Hiland
Avenue Reservoir. The directory of I837 thus describes the water works of the city: " The elevation
of the basin above pumps, twelve feet. Rising
main from pump to basin, 2,430 feet in length and
I5 inches in diameter. Water made use of in summer months, I,00000oo gallons. About one half the
above quantity in the winter. Cost of works, lots of
ground for engine house anidbasin, $I3,225. Buildings
on said lots $5I,I90; engines, pumps, and necessary
fixtures thereto, $25,230; six miles of distributing
water pipes, includng cost of stop cocks and fire
pluXs, $63,763; the total cost of work from the commencement of the plant, $I6I,408; the current expenses for operating works per year, $4,500; amount
of water rent per year, $I4,000." In a foot note to
the above account the compiler adds: " The above
is the cost of our very excellent water works,
ereted at the foot of Cecil alley, on the Allegheny
River, and the basin on Grant's Hill, opposite
Fourth street."
The water works thus described were found sufficient for a number of years, but the city outgrew
their capacity, and one of much larger dimensions
was constructed. A site was seleted at the foot ofPITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIE W.
111
reservoir. The water is forced by the pumps to the
reservoir through a fifteen-inch pipe 3,840 feet long.
The pressure on the pipes is 165 pounds per square
inch at the station. The reservoir is a beautiful
sheet of water, containing altogether twenty-two
acres, the smaller part nine and the larger part
thirteen acres, and is twenty feet d eep, with a
capacity of 217,600,000 gallons. The water is taken
from this reservoir to the city through two mains,
one down Hiland avenue, and the other from the
side next the river down Butler street and- Penn
avenue. Visitors are admitted to the pumping
station at any time."
" The total value of the water works of the city
to-day is roughly estimated at six millions, including extensions. From a cost of $4,500 of running the
works a year the cost has grown to $200,000, and
from an income of $I4,000 from water rents it has
increased to nearly $500,000. No department of the
city receives more attention and no department is
better provided for than the water works department. Careful and trusted employes watch every
interest and look after every detail of this immense
system, and it requires nearly one hundred men to
guard the property with that zealousn ess which
comes of great responisibility. When the city will
have outgrown the present plant is not even talked
of now, as the present works are considered equal
to the next fifty years of growth." The pumping
house and reservoir above described form the subject of two of the illustrations of this volume.
BENCH AND BAR.
LEGAL ADMINISTRATION IN THE COUNTY OF ALLE
GHENY-EARLY COURTS AND JUDGES
The student of American history whose reading
has included any research into the events connected
with the settlement and development of Western
communities, cannot fail to be impressed with the
intelligence and rugged ability of the frontier bar.
The earlier lawyers were, for the most part, graduated from Eastern schools, or had received instruction in the offices of Eastern practitioners. Coming
West, they found none of the advantages of well
stocked libraries, settled practice and established
precedents which they had left behind them. Everything was new, and rules of administration which
were adapted to the requirements of the older settlements were found to be entirely inapplicable to
the ends of justice, under the new social conditions
which obtained at the frontier posts and villages.
Ne v questions in jurisprudence constantly confronted the early judiciary and were discussed by the
early lawyers; and when it is considered that books
were scarce, and that a large proportion of the time
of the judges and lawyers was spent in traveling
long distances between courts, the general accuracy
of the decisions rendered and the wisdom with
which the new legal problems were settled invites
admiration, and compels those who now pursue the
profession of the law under so much more favorable
conditions to entertain a profound respect for the
early bench and bar.
What is now Allegheny County, was embraced
within the limits of Cumberland County until the
formation, in 1771, of Bedford County, the courts
being held at Bedford. The Township of Pitt, in that
county, covered the larger part of the present County of Allegheny and portions of Beaver, Washington
and Westmoreland. In 1883 the County of Westmoreland was created, covering all of the Province
of Pennsylvania west of the mountains, and the
courts were by the Act directed to be held at the
house of Robert Hanna, a log cabin about three
miles north-east of the present town of Greensburg.
The location of the courts there caused the building
up of a considerable settlement which was named
Hannastown, and the courts were held at that place
until I787, when Greensburg was made the county
seat. The following year the County of Allegheny
was created and from that time courts have been
held in Pittsburgh.
The first presiding justice of the Hannastown
courts was Col. William Crawford, -who resided near
the present site of Connellsville. He was removed
in 1775, as a consequence of his advocacy of the
claims of Virginia, and afterward was killed by the
Indians during an expedition which he led against
the hostiles on the Sandusky. He was succeeded as
President Judge by John Moor, who held the office
during the remainder of the period during which
Pittsburgh was a part of Westmoreland County.
In I774 General Arthur St. Clair, afterward the
first Governor of the Northwest Territory, was a
Justice of the Peace of Westmoreland County, and it
was he who issued the warrant of arrest for Dr.
John Connelly, the agent of Lord Dunmore, then
Governor of Virginia. The claim of Virginia to the
part of Pennsylvania west of the mountains was asserted by the holding of courts at Pittsburgh and
elsewhere, which claimed jurisdiction over this section as a part of Augusta County, Virginia. The
Justices of the Peace who held this court were
George Croghan, John Campbell, John Connelly,
Dorsey Pentecost, Thomas Smallman and John Gibson. In I776 the territory which had been claimed
as a part of Augusta County was divided by the Virginian authorities into three counties named Ohio,
Yohogania and Monongalia, the present County of
Allegheny being for the most part located in Yohogania County, with courts held at Pittsburgh.
During the fifteen years preceding the settlement
of the boundary dispute between Pennsylvania and
Virginia, the people, for the greater part, sustained
the Virginian claims, and it was under the authority
of the government of the Dominion that taxes were
collected and laws administered. After the settlement of the dispute by the commission appointed
for that purpose, however, the laws of Pennsylvania
were observed and enforced, and the courts at Hannastown and Greensburg exercised jurisdiction until
the formation of the County of Allegheny.
A court of quarter sessions was held December
16, 1788, which was the first held in the newly organized county.  George Wallace was President of
the court and Joseph Scott, John Wilkins and John
Johnson, Associates. At this court the first members of the Allegheny County bar were admitted:
Hugh H. Brackenridge, John Woods, James Ross,
George Thompson, Alexander Addison, David Bradley, James Carson, David St. Clair and Michael Huffnagle, and Robert Galbraith was sworn in as Deputy
Attorney General. Courts were regularly held by
the President and the Justices of the Peace as his
associates until the adoption of the Constitution of
I790, when the State was divided into judicial districts, the counties of Allegheny, Westmoreland,
Fayette and Washington composing the Fifth District, Alexander Addison being appointed the first
Law Judge and George Wallace, John Wilkins, Jr.,
John McDowell and John Gibson were appointed his
associates. Judge Addison, who was certainly an able
jurist, held office until 1803, when he was removed
by impeachment as a result of political animosity.
The particulars of this celebrated trial are given on
page I7 of this book.
Succeeding Judge Addison on the bench was
Samuel Roberts, author of a valuable Digest of the
British Statutes in Force in Pennsylvania. He was
followed, upon his death in December, 1820, by
William Wilkins, who resigned in 1824 to become
Judge of the District Court of the United States for
the Western Distrit of Pennsylvania. He was afterward United States Senator, Minister to Russia,
Member of Congress, and Secretary of War under
President Tyler. He died in 1865 in his eighty-sixth
year.
Charles Shaler, who succeed Judge Wilkins, was
an able and conscientious jurist. He held the office
from I824 to 1835 when he resigned. He was afterward Associate Judge from 1841 to 1844. The next
judge of the Common Pleas Court was Trevanion
Barlow Dallas, a brother-in-law of Judge Wilkins.
He presided over the court from 1835 to 1839, when
he resigned to become Associate Judge of the District Court. He died two years later.
Judge Benjamin Patton, the next incumbent, was
only twenty-eight years of age when appointed, and
was consequently the youngest man ever appointed
to the bench in Pennsylvania. He resigned in I850,
and was succeeded by William B. McClure, who was
appointed by the Governor, and afterwards, under
the provisions of a law passed that year, was elected
by the people for ten years.  He was again elected
in 1861, but died in December of that year, and was
succeeded by James P. Sterrett. In 1872 he was reelected and served until 1877, when he was appointed
a Justice of the Supreme Court. He was followed
by Edwin H. Stowe, the present incumbent, whose
term expires in I892.
In May, I859, an act was passed authorizing the
appointment of an Associate Law Judge, and John
Wesley Maynard was appointed to hold until the
following December, when Thomas Mellon was
elected for a term of ten years.  In 1862 an amendment authorized the appointment of a second Associate Law Judge, and David Ritchie was commissioned to act until the following December, when
Thirteenth street for the location of the pumping
station, and one above Bedford avenue chosen for
the basin. At the time these works were built the
people had no idea that its capacity would ever be
needed. Indeed the people of Pittsburgh were so
impressed with the magnitude of what they called
their " monster works," that they seriously considered a proposition to supply Allegheny with water.
It was, however, but a few years afterward that the
rapid growth of the city had rendered the Bedford
avenue plant entirely insufficient, and complaints
began to be heard from all sides. As a consequence
of these necessities the Brilliant Station works were
conceived, and in I872 work was begun upon the
plant. It was six years later before they were put
in operation, but since 1878 the city has been able
to possess one of the most complete and extensive
water works systems in the world.
The Brilliant Station works are located on the
Allegheny River, the water being taken from that
stream at the head of Six Mile Island, six miles
from the junction of the rivers, and far above any
point where the sewerage of the city can exert any
contaminating influenee; and the water thus secured
is not only plentiful, but also of the most excellent
quality, being, it is said, the purest water used by
any city in the United States except that taken from
the Kennebec River in Maine. The extent and com
pleteness of the pumping works and reservoir is set
forth in a recent article in The Pittsburgh Leader,)
from which the following is an extract: " The
grounds at the pumping station are handsomely laid
out with circular walks surrounding carefully kept
grass plots, that contrast most beautifully with the
rough and rugged scenery that surrounds the
station. On entering the buildtng the scene is one
of beauty, active life and of a power, which,though
almost noiseless, is so immense as to produce a feeling of wonderment and awe, so impressive that
visitors not infrequently gaze in silence at the immense machinery, or talk in whispers as they examine the different parts of it"
" The engines were built after designs executed
by Mr. Joseph E. Lowery, M. E, ably assisted by
Mr. Schineller. The work of construction commenced in March, 1872, and steam was raised for
trial July 23, 1878. The subsequent difficulties that
were encountered are familiar to every resident of
the city at that time. Suffice it to say that as the
engines and pumps now stand there is not a better
or more substantial piece of machinery in the
country. The cost of engines and pumps, not including foundations, boilers and buildings, was
$900,000. Engines No. 1 and 2 have a stroke of fourteen feet two inches, the cylinders being 64 inches
in the clear. The actual displacement of water is
2,000 gallons at each stroke. The average speed of
the engines is eight strokes per minute. The total
amount of water pumped by the two in twenty-four
hours is 22,040,000 gallons, which can be increased
or diminished as desired by changing the speed of
the engines. Engines No. 3 and 4 have a stroke of
I4 feet and cylinders 64 inches in diameter. The
displacement of water each stroke is 2,700 gallons
or 21,104,000 gallons per day of twenty four hours,
at an average speed of eight strokes per minute,
giving a grand total of over 55,000,000 gallons of
water per day, or at least double the present needs
of the city. Attached to the engines are the eight
plungers, each 35 inches in diameter, with a stroke
of 11 feet 2 inches. On the top of each plunger is
a dead weight, each weighing 254,000 pounds or
2,032,000 pounds weight in all. These dead weights
are used to balance the weight of the water in the
pipes leading to the reservoir, so that the action of
the engines will be steady and even. Each fl y-wheel
is 32 feet in diameter; weighing, with the shafts,
I20 tons, each spoke and segment of the wheel
being cast in a single piece, and then the whole
securely fastened together. The shafts upon which
the fly-wheels turn are twenty inches in diameter.
Steam is furnished for these immense engines by
four batteries of four boilers each, all being heated
by natural gas burning in the midst of suitably
arranged fire brick. The consumption of coal was
between 35,ooo and 40,000 tons per year. By the introduction of gas over one-half the expense of fuel
is saved, besides the wages of fifteen men, one man
alone doing what it before took sixteen men to attend to, and doing it much more satisfactorily.  The
engines are in charge of Chief Engineer James J.
Brannen and First Assistant Engineer J. A. Batchelor."
"Situated on the top of the hill above the pumping station, at the head of Hiland avenue, and
372 feet above the pumps, is the Hiland avenueEdwin H. Stowe was eleted for the ten year term.
Upon the expiration of Judge Mellon's term in I869
he was succeeded by Frederick H. Collier, who was
re-eleed in in 1872, but becoming President Judge
in March, I877, Charles S. Fetterman was appointed
until the following December, when John H. Bailey
was eleed. Upon the expiration of the term of
Judge Bailey in I887, J. F. Slagle was elected his
successor.
The Distrit Court of Allegheny County was established in I833, and was given concurrent jurisdition with the Court of Common Pleas in all case3
where the amount in controversy exceeded one hundred dollars in value. Robert Cooper Grier was
Judge of this court from May, 1833, until his appointment by President Polk, in August, 1846, as an
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United
States. In 1839 a law was passed authorizing an
Associate Judge, and Treva-nion B. Dallas was appointed, serving until his death in I84I. He was
succeeded by Charles Shaler, who served until I844,
and was followed by Hopewell Hepburn who, upon
the resignation of Judge Grier, became Presiding
Judge. Under the constitution of I850 the office
was made eletive, and the Whig party, being in
the majority, eleted Walter Forward over Judge
Hep burn, who was the Democratic candidate. Judge
Forward died suddenly November 24, I852, and was
succeeded by Peter C. Shannon, appointed by Governor Bigler to serve until Deceinber, I853. He was
defeated for e1etion by Moses Hampton, the Whig
candidate, who was again eleed, for a second term
of ten years, in Otober, I863. In I873 the Distric
Court was abolished and became Common Pleas No.
2, with an additional Associate Judge and Judge
Thomas Ewing was eleed President Judge, and reeleed in I883.
Of Associate Judges other than those before
named there have been in the Distri Court and its
successor Walter H. Lvowrie who served from August,
I846, until his eleion to the Supreme Court in 185I.
He was succeeded by Henry W. Williams, who was
re-eleted in I86I and eleed to the Supreme Court
in I868. John M. Kirkpatrick was appointed in November, I868, to serve until December, I869, and in
November of the last named year he was eleed for
ten years. He was re-eleed in I879, but in I886 he
resigned and was succeeded by Christopher Magee.
When the court became Common Pleas No. 2, in
I873, J. W. F. WVhite was elected and commissioned
as the additional Associate I,aw Judge, and in I883
was re-ele6ted for another ten year term.
The jurisdi6tion now exercised by the Orphans'
Court was vested in the judges of the Court of Common Pleas until 1874, when a separate Orphans'
Court for Allegheny County was created and William G. Hawkins was ele6ted for ten years. An At
passed in I88I created the office of Associate Judge
and James W. Over was eleed for ten years. In I884
Judge Hawkins was re-eleted as President Judge.
The bench of Allegheny County, as now constituted, is made up of men of high chara6ter, learning
and ability, and fillly merits ~ the perfet confidence
with which it is regarded by the people.
In addition to the Common Pleas Courts, Nos. I
and 2, there is held in Pittsburgh the Supreme Court
of Pennsylvania for the Western Distri, with Hon.
Isaac G. Gordon, Chief Justice, and Hons. Edward
M. Paxson, John Trunkey, James P. Sterrett, Henry
Green, Silas M. Clark and Henry W. Williams, Justices.
Hon. William McKennan is Judge of the Circult
Court of the United States, and Hon. Marcus W.
Acheson District Judge.
Of the bar of the county it may be said, without
attempting to individualize, that it is in the present,
as in the past, distinguished for its ability and learning. When the county was organized, in 1788, it had
only nine members. It now numbers over five hundred. The bar of the county has furnished to the
State and Nation some of their ablest legislators,
congressmen, senators, and executive officers, and is
still a body of men which will take rank with the
best in the land in all that constitutes talent, forensic
and advisory. In I870 the Bar Association was organized with forty charter members including Hon.
J. F. Slagle, Hon. J. H. Bailey, Hon. John C. Newmeyer, Hon. Thomas M. Bayne, Hon. M. W. Acheson, Hon. Thomas Ewing, E. A. Montooth, Solomon
Schoyer, David H. Veach, J. S. Morrison, A. M.
Brown, S. A. Perviance, W. C. Moreland, John H.
Hampton, J. H. Kerr, David Reed, W. B. Rodgers, J.
S. Ferguson and others. The present officers of the
Association are: Major W. B. Negly, President; S.
A. McClung, Vice-President; E. Y. Breel, Secretary;
W. S. Pier, Treasurer; and there is an Executive
Committee composed of Messrs. James S. Young, C.
C. Dickev, Thomas Patterson, Remsen V. Messler
and George B. Gordon. There are at present about
2I5 members in the Association.
COURT HOUSES AND JAILS.
OLD AND NEW STRUCTURIS DEVOTUD T0 THI USE
OF ALLEBGHERNY COUNTY.
By an A6t of September 24, 1788, Allegheny
County was formed from the territory which had
formerly been embraced in Westmoreland and
W7ashington counties, and all other territory north
of the Ohio and west of the Allegheny within the
limits of Pennsylvania. The,county as thus formed
has since been reduced in size, much of the territory
having gone to form parts of the counties of Armstrong, Beaver, Butler, Crawford, Brie, Lawrence,
Mercer, Venango, Warren, Indiana and Clarion.
Under the ad organizing the county of Allegheny,
trustees were appointed to selet lots in a reserve
trat oposite to Pittsburgh, being the tra afterwards
laid out as the town of Allegheny, on which it was
directed that a court house should be built. As there
was more territory than population on that side of
the river at that time, this provision caused dissatisfaftion in Pittsburgh, and as a consequence an a
was -ecured in I7gr repealing the act of September
24, I788, in so far as related to the location of the
court house, and the act direed that the public
building be put up in Pittsburgh. Pending the erection of suitable buildings, courts were held in a house
on Ferry street, and in the meantime work was progressing on the building for court house purposes,
which was ereted in the center of the Diamond.
This court house is shown in an illustration on pagePITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW
113
8 of this volume. The structure was a large, square
three-story main building, with a hipped roof, and
surmounted by a tower, in which hung a bell, and
two one-story wings, gable-roofed and on a line with
the brick pavement. The building was partly of
brick and partly of wood and the entrance was supported by Corinthian pillars resting on an elevated
platform, the main entrance being approached by a
flight of steps. The court room on the first floor
occupied a spacious room floored with brick tile, and
on each side was a lobby for spectators, jurors, witnesses and parties interested. The space within
the bar and used by the attorneys was separated from
remainder of the room by a fence. The judges'
bench was on an elevated platform at one end, with
the jury box on one side and the prisoner's box on
the other. The second story accommodated the Recorder's Court, while the wings of the Court house
were used for the court offices. The height of the
main building was about 45 feet and that of the
wings 15 feet. This court house was in use until its
proportions became too restricted for the necessities
of the growing county of Allegheny, and in 1835 an
act was passed authorizing the county commissioners
to sell at public or private sale all the real estate
owned by the county and apply the proceeds to the
purchase of a site in the City of Pittsburgh for the
erection of a more commodious court house. The
following year the square now occupied by the court
house was purchased, and the erection of the second
court house was begun.  In I84I, the new structure
being completed, the old court house was sold for
$575 to William Eichbaurn. The building was not
torn down, however, but was devoted to use as a
market house until the building of the present Diamond marke t in 1852. The corner-stone of the
second court house was, laid October 13, 1836, and it
was completed and dedicated to use in 1841 at a cost.
Of $200,000. It was built of gray sandstone of a fine
quality, was 160 feet in dimensions and had a rotunda
in the center 60 feet in diameter. It contained four
court rooms and two jail-rooms. The floor of the
rotunda was paved with large flag stones, and on each
side of it were located the offices o f the prothonotary,
clerk of courts, recorder, register and other county
officials. The sheriff's office was originally located
in the building, but was afterward removed to a onestory building in the yard adjoining Diamond street.
The architecture of this second court house is illustrated on page 10 of this book. The building, for
the time at which it was erected, was considered an
extraordinarily fine one, and although the inhabitants of Pittsburgh had no lack of confidence in the
growth of the city, they did not expect the progress
to be such as to render this structure insufficient for
the needs of the county within a century at least. It
had, however, already been outgrown by the business of the county in 1882, when it was destroyed by
fire. On the day following the destruction of the
second court house the county commissioners began
to look around them to find temporary quarters for
the courts and the countyoffices. FinallytheWestern University building was secured for temporary
court purposes, the jail prisoners were transferred
to the Work House at Claremont and the county offi
cers were accommodated with quarters in the old
Welsh church on Ross street. The question of a new
court house was one which evoked a great deal of
public discussion. The commissioners,at a meeting,
decided to have plans prepared on the basis of $2,
500,000, and while this decision was approved by a
large number, there was still a respectable minority
which thought the amount extravagant, and it was
also feared that whatever amount might be fixed upon
for the price of the building, there would undoubtedly be a large bill for extras. The provision of the
law that two successive grand juries must approve a
proposition to build a new public building necessarily caused delay. The question was submitted in
I882 to the grand jury of the June term of court, who
made a qualified report on the proposition. The September jury, to whom it was next submitted gave an
unqualified approval to the proposition, and the commissioners, fearing that legal complications might
result if these two reports should be taken as the
basis for beginning work, decided to submit it to a
third grand jury, which also, in December, 1882, expressed approval of the undertaking. Further time
was consumed in securing special legislation enabling the county to purchase additional property, and
it was September, I883, before the commissioners,
were prepared to invite plans from eminent architects, who were each to receive $2,500 for their draw
ings if they were finished by January, 1884. When
the works of these draughtsmen were received they
were placed on exhibition in the old Welsh church
and examined by both experts and citizens, and there
was such a prepondera nce in public opinion in favor of
the plans of Mr. H. H. Richardson of Boston, that his
plans were unanimously accepted by the commissioners at their meeting February I, 1874. Advertisements for contractors' proposals were inserted
in Pittsburgh, Boston and Chicago papers, resulting
in the awarding of the contract to Norcross Brothers
of Boston for building the court house and jail for
$2,243,024. The contract required that the jail should
be finished by May 10, 1886, and the court house in
three and a half years. The jail was ready for occupancy at the time specified, but the dampness of the
walls not having dried out, it was decided not to
bring the prisoners from Claremont until September
1, 1886. The court house building would have been
finished at the time contracted for, but in the fall of
1887 the commissioners requested the contractors, on
account of the frosty weather, not to finish work on
the tower until the spring of 1888. This was done,
and the cap-stone was placed in position on March
10, 1888, thus finishing the main work upon the
structure, although there was a small force of men
still working on the interior until September 10,
1888. It is remarkable that on the large contract
there was only an excess of about $I3,000 in the final
expenditure over the contract price, there being
several alterations of the plans made in the four
years. The total cost of the buildings was $2,268,453.52, this amount including an item of $12,700 for electric lighting which was not included in the contract.
There was an additional expenditure for fixtures,
carpets,movable furniture,painting, etc., items which
were not included in the building contract, and
which brought the entire amount expended up to
$2,443,899.06, being less than the $2,500,000 which
had originally been fixed by the commissioners as
the limit of the amount they would expend upon the
county buildings. The following,taken from a recent
descriptive article in The Pittsburgh Leader will,
taken in connection with the engraving of the new
building found on page 112, give a correct idea of
the magnitude, the beauty and the importance of
this great building.
"The building is nearly square in form, three full
and two half stories in height, and is constructed in
what Mr. Richardson called' Romanesque style of
architecture.' It is built of Worcester, Mass., granite,
which tests made demonstrated imparishable. All
the principal offices are on the first floor. On the
right is the register and recorder's, and the register
of orphans' court. On the left, as you enter the main
door, is to be found the office of the prothonotary,
which occupies almost the entire side. In the rear
are to be found the offices of the clerk of courts,
sheriff, controller, county commissioner and county
treasurer. Upon the second floor is located the
common pleas, criminal and orphans' court rooms.
Upon the third floor is located the offices of the
coroner, county superintendent, county engineer,
jury commissioners, prothonotary of the supreme
court and the sheriff's salesrooms. Along the second- story corridors are located ladies' waiting rooms.
Upon the second floor in the center of the building
front is the law library. The court room and offices
are floored with yellow pine laid upon arched brick
and laid in concrete. Caustic tile floors are in the
corridors. The building is as near fire proof as it is
possible to make it. The court house has a frontage
of 208 feet and a depth of 300 feet. It is surmounted
by a tower rising from the center in front to a height
of 325 feet. The windows at the top furnish a view
for many miles around. The court rooms and offices
are furnished in keeping with the grandeur of the
building. The supreme court, which is on the third
floor, is the most handsomely furnished room of the
kind in the State. The ventilation is perfect, the air
being supplied from the jail basement and forced
through the rooms by means of two large fans located
in the jail basement. In the construction of the
court room and jail there was used the following
material; I87,222 feet of foundation stone; 1,144 cubic
yards of step foundation retaining wall; 330 cubic
feet of concrete; 96,774 pounds of iron pipe, 11,680
pounds of brass; 14,327,140 brick; 1,187,130 pounds
of rail iron beams; 1,187,136 feet of granite ashler;
260,651 feet of granite; 81,299 hollow brick; 54,553
pounds of galvanized iron; 22,437 cubic feet of sandstone; I. 308,8I7 pounds of cast iron; 2,560,909 pounds
of wrought iron; 617,195 roof tile; 1,145,520 brick in
the floor arches; 3,008 feet of gutter; 24,500 enameled
brick; I,776 yards fire-proof arches; 56,861 square
yards of plastering; I,130 square feetof asphalt arches;
5,000 square yards of whitewashing; 23,165 square
feet of hard pine; 5,145 feet of blue stone; 55,155
square feet of granite covering, I70,100 feet of stone;
II,84I square feet of slate; 2,395 square feet of marble
wainscoting; 28I,971 feet plate glass; 38,464 feet of
the floor."
THE COUNTY JAIL.
When Pittsburgh was in Westmoreland County
the court house and jail were both at Hannastown,
but after the creation of the County of Allegheny a
log house, which was situated near the corner of
Fourth and Market streets, was utilized for jail purposes. In 1817 this building, having become unfit
for use, the Assembly authorized the county commissioners to sell it and the lot upon which it was
built, and in pursuance of this Act a second jail was
erected on the ground back of the first court house
and within the rectangular piece of ground bounded
by Ferry, Diamond, Decatur alley, formerly Jail alley,
and Fourth avenue, then Fourth street. This jail
was a two-story building, built of stone and roofed
with shingles. There was but one entrance to the
building, which led up large stone steps, and the
windows were s ecured by iron bars. This structure
did service until 1843, when the third jail, which was
located in the rear of the second court house, on
Grant's Hill, was ready for occupancy. This structure was built of cut stone, was two stories high and
roofed with iron and slate. The j ail had a frontage
on Ross street, and near the entrance was located
the residence of the jailer, and also rooms for official
purposes. In the basement there were a number of
dungeons for the most dangerous class of prisoners.
During the year I876 the court house became too
small for the purposes of the county and it became
necessary to convert the jail to court uses. The first
story and part of the basement was given over to the
prothonotary, and the second story was turned into
a criminal court room, some of the side rooms being
used for the law library. This encroachment of the
court authorities Upon the jail made it necessary to
erect the fourth jail building, which was put up immediately in the rear of the third jail building. It
was a two-story stone building with iron cells, comfortable accommodations for the jailor and officials,
and was much better suited to the uses than any of
its predecessors. The jail was damaged so much by
the fire which destroyed the court house on May 7,
1882,that it was torn down soon after and the contract
for the new structure given, as before mentioned.
The new jail was erected on the triangular piece of
ground in the rear of court house, and connected
with it by a bridge from Ross street, known as the
Bridge of Sighs, which forms the subject of an illustration on page 35.  The jail has a frontage on
Ross street of 232 feet and is 264 feet deep on Old
avenue and Diamond alley. It is built of the same
kind of stone as is the court house. It contains 3IO
cells which are arranged in three wings running
north, south and west. Each wing has five tiers of
cells, and in each wing there are about I04 cells.
The west side of the north wing is used for the incarceration of female prisoners, while the different
classes of male prisoners are separated the one from
the other in the other wings. The administration
part of the building contains the warden's restaurant,
hospital, laundry, storeroom, kitchen and a number
of other apartments not in use at present. There
are also eleven rooms fitted up for the use of witnesses in important cases, who are unable to furnish
bonds for their appearance. The jail now in use has
certainly no superior either in architecture or in
interior arrangements among any of the county jails
in the country, and is fully worth the price paid for
it, amo unting to about $400,000.
EDUCATION.
DEVLOPMENT OF THE PUBLIC SCHOOL SYSTEM
IN THE TWO CITIES.
It is a fact creditable to the character of the
American people that in settling up the country one
of the first objects they have endeavored to achieve
has been that of making provision for the education
of youth. Even before the days of the great free
school system, when the settlements were small and
the children scattered, there was an endeavor on
the part of the pi oneer western communities to
secure for their children such advantages of education as were available.
In Pittsburgh, early attention was paid to this
subject, and in the infancy of the community, in
1761, the pioneer schoolmaster made his appearance
at Fort Pitt. The name of this first worker in a
glorious cause is unknown, and all that is knownabout him is learned from the diary of James
Kenny, a Quaker trader at Fort Pitt in I86I, from
which it is learned that many of the inhabitants
hired a schoolmaster, subscribing upward of $60 to
pay him. He was, says Mr. Kenny, " a Presbiterant,"
and as there was no regular minister, the teacher
was required to read the litany and prayers on Sundays to a c ngregation made up of persons of varying religious belief.
With the exception of this definite mention of
the earliest schoolmaster, but little is known in regard to the school history of Allegheny County in
pioneer days. What advantages of education there
were consisted of such instruion as could be imparted by itinerant teachers, who accepted such remuneration as they could get, and " boarded around',
among their patrons. There was no effort toward
anythino pretentious in the archite6ture of the
school-houses of that day, the few buildings ereEted
for that purpose being log cabins. A recent article
in the Post describes these primitive temples of
learning, and their curriculum, as fol'ows: " The
whole length of the house, on one side, was built
into a chimney, while windows were made by cutting out a log and pasting greased paper over the
aperture.  The smaller children trotted to school
with paddles tied around their necks, the alphabet
being printed on the wood, which they studied.
After learning the alphabet, Dilworth's primer was
substituted. After that was mastered the New
Testament was perused. It wA1s carefully read
4-1-_ -_   +-_  _.A  a_ 1:1 4-1 +
through twice, and finally the
Bible was given to the scholars
to digest.  In this way the
youngsters were brought (,n
and obtained a fair knowledge
of the " three R's," even if
their education extended no
further."
The policy of Pennsylvania,
from its earliest settlement to
date, has always been liberal
in respe6t to the subje of
education. When William Penn
reached Philadelphia in I682,
he caused to be inserted in the
law of the province a provision
that the children of the rich
and poor be taught reading and
writing, in order that they
might be able to read the
scriptures by the time they
reached the age of twelve years.
While it is known that
chools existed in Allegheny
previous to I787, there are no
particulars obtainable in regard to them further than they
were taught at intervals and
afforded to the children of an
early day the opportunity of acquiring the rudiments of an
education. In I787, however,
a law was passed by the Legislature authorizing the
establishment of an academy. This was started in
a building near the cornier of Third street and
Cherry alley, and continued in operation until 18I9,
when its existence was merged into that of the
Western University.  The early teachers of this
school appear to be forgotten, but Dr. Stockton,
who was a man of considerable learning and the
author of a number of text books, was the principal of the school in I8ro, and was assisted by Drs.
Swift and McElroy.
Other early schools are m-entioned by various
authorities. Messrs. Tierney and Callan had, in
1799, a school occupying a site opposite that of the
present Exchange Bank, and known as the Pittsburgh Classical Academy. In I808, according to
Cramer's Almanac, there were twelve school mistresses in the city.
In I8I9 the Western University was chartered,
and it occupied a building on the ground now occupied by the Homeeopathic Hospital. This stru6iure
was destroyed in the great fire of I845, and the institution was removed to buildings opposite the
Court House in Pittsburgh and remained there
until it was removed to its new, handsomely
equipped and elegant quarters in Allegheny, where
it is now located.
The following interesting particulars of schools
prior to the adoption of the free school law are
found in " Allegheny County's Hundred Years," the
most recent work of Mr. George H.'hurston: " In
I8I9 Mr. Cole taught a school on Sixth street where
the Hotel Anderson now stands, and Daniel Bushell
and William McCleary taught in the Court House.
In 182I, Rev. John Campbell taught an ungraded
school over Lecky's blacksmith shop on Virgin
alley and later opened a high school on Smithfield
street near Sixth. About this time there was a
school in a frame building near the Lewis block in
charge of V. B. Magahen, and Daniel McCurdy and
a Mr. Moody taught in an academy on the corner of
Fourth avenue and Ferry street. In I82I-2 Mr.
McClurken kept a school in a frame building on
Fifth avenue opposite Masonic Hall. In the same
year David L. Brown had also a school in his dwelling on Second avenue between Wood and Market
streets. IA the time from I823 to I830 a number of
teachers came to Pittsburgh. One of these was a
Mr. Carr, who had a school in a small frame building on Hay Scale alley, between Third and Fourth
avenues. At this time other schools in the city
were taught by Mr. J. Dumars, Mr. Richmond, and
Rev. John Winters. This last named taught in the
Baptist church on the lot now occupied by Kaufman's building. In I832 Mr. Daniel Stone and his
sister opened a Young Ladies' Seminary in Bishop
Hopkins' residence. The following year a high
school upon the site of the English Block, on Fourth
avenue, was opened by Mr. John Nivens. In 1832
Mr. Baskey taught a school in the upper story of a
blacksmith's shop which stood on the lot now occupied by the Vandergrift Block. As the city increased
in population the schools became more numerous
than was possible in this limited space to mention.
At a session of the Legislature in I832 numerouS
petitions (12y, per cent. of all the voters in the
State) asked for a repeal of the school law that had
been passed in I834 and quite a number of the petitioners were obliged to make their mark, not being
able to write their name. Imniediately after the
passage of the free school law each of the four
wards, North, South, East and West, then constituting the city of Pittsburgh, approved the measure
and took steps to put its provisions into effect. The
county bought a lot on Ferry street, upon which
they erected a building and opened a school for the
education of the children of the very poor. The
First Ward School Board (Duquesne) purchased this
in I836 or I837 and opened a public school under
the law of I834. This is believed to be the first
property owned by a school board under this act.
The building is still standing."
The benefits of the school law were not made
fully available for several years. The original enrollment of the public school taught by Mr. Gilmore, on Seventh street, was but five, but the number
rapidly increased, and in I856 there were Iog teachers and a total enrollment of 6,724 pupils, which
had increased, at the time of the last reports, to 59I
teachers and 39,867 pupils in the two cities.
The High school, which was established in I855,
has always been noted for the conipleteness of its
course and the ability of its faculty. The building,
high up on the hillside, forms one of the most notable architetural landmarks of the city.
Allegheny, which was incorporated as a city in
I840, is in no wise behind her sister city in the
thoroughness of her public school system, and even
before her organization as a city had made preparations for a public school, a house being built in I839
at the corner of North and Cedar avenues, and a
school being opened with H. I. Lenion as principal.
The next year the First and Fourth Wards established a joint High school, which was conduted in
the basement of the South Common Methodist
Episcopal Church, and was taught by John Kelly.
Originally the city was divided into four wards, but
when the system of popular education had taken a
firm hold upon public approbation, an increase of
accommodations was demanded and in I856 a graded
school systenm was adopted, and Mr. A. D. Simpson
was elected the first superintendent.
Outside of the public schools there are a large
number of others, including the parochial schools
of the Roman Catholic Church, in which large numbers of pupils are enrolled. The Fathers of the
Holy Ghost established a college in I879, at first
occupying rooms over a store on Wylie avenue.
This institution llow occupies its own handsome
building, on Bluff street, and holds deserved recog
nition as one of the best and most thorough of the
educational institutions of Western Pennsylvania,
There are a ilumber of ladies' seminaries of high
standing as well as several institutions devoted to
special branches of education. The Western Theological Seminary is one of the most noted of these.
It was founded in I825 and located in Allegheny in
I827. Ten years later it moved into a new building,. 4-   14-1,
in which it remained until the
edifice was destroyed by fire in
I858, when its present building
was ere6led.
Intimately conneEted with
the subject of schools is that
of school books, in which line
the leading representative in
Pittsburgh is
H. 1. Gourley.-Special
Agent of Taintor Brothers 
Co., Publishers; 8 M arket
Street.  Mr. Gourley  established this business in February, I886, as a special agent of
the well-known publishing firm
of Taintor Brothers _ Co., of
I8 and 20 Astor Place, New
York. The specialty of this
publishing firm is a number of
complete and well edited and
popular series of school books,
including in reading books the
" Analytical,"' F r an kli n,"
" Hillard's," " Modern," " New
Franklin," " Osgood's American," " Osgood's Progressive,"
and "Webster-Franklin" series,
as well as other supplenientary
readers and reading charts, a
complete line of spelling books,' Dean's," " Goff's " and " MacVicar's " arithmetic,
" Burtt's," " Fellow's," " Hadley's " and " Leon
Hadley's " grammers, as well as numerous standard works on history, elocution, hygiene, penmanship, etc., and selec colleftions of college,
school and church music and a large number
of miscellaneous books.  The series of guide
books published by Taintor Brothers  Co., is
also very complete and popular. Mr. Gourley, the
special agent of the firm in this city, is a gentleman
of long and pr tical experience in the school book
business, and was, in connetion with Mr. J. N.
Hunt, the editor of the popular "Modern " series of
readers published by Tailitor Brothers  Co.  The
firm has a large trade in all parts of the Uuited
States and agencies at Boston, Chicago and Omaha,
as well as at Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh agency
has charge of the trade throughout Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Eastern Ohio, and in
this city occupies a store, 25XIOO feet in dimensions,
where a full and complete stock of all the books
published by the firm is carried. Mr. Gourley will
be pleased to fill orders from teachers, school authorities or the trade for any of the books published
by Taintor Brothers  Co., and those who examine.this line of books will find them to comprise an excellent colleftion of text books, admirably adapted
to the use of the school room. Their preparation
has been the subject of much study, care having
been taken to avoid the defects which experience
has found in other series, while the grading has
been done in a manner calculated to secure the best
results.THE POSTOFFICE.
POSTMASTERS IN PITTSBURGH-THE NEW GOVERNMENT BUILDING ON SMITHFIELD STREET.
In the latter part of I786, as a consequence of the
efforts of Major Craig and other influential citizens,
the establishment of a postoffice in Pittsburgh was
secured, and John Scull, the founder of The Gazette,
and then its editor, was appointed postmaster.  At
that time there was no mail except a weekly one between the city and Philadelphia. In July, I794, a
line of mail boats was established to run from
Wheeling to Limestone and back, the mails between
Wheeling and Pittsburgh being carried on horseback. As the surrounding country grew these mail
facilities were improved, and in 1815 mails were received from the West on Sunday, Wednesday and
Friday evenings, from the East on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, from Beaver, Erie and Huntington once a week and from Steubenville twice a week.
The original site of the postoffice was in the
office of The Pittsburgh Gazette, which was at that
time on the West corner of Water street and Chancery lane.  On the 20th of September, 1793, the
postoffice and printing office were removed to the
north side of Front street, one door West of Market
street. John Scull resigned in I794 and George
Adams, who succeeded him, removed the postoffice
further down the street to near Ferry street. Adams
died in I797, and Dr. Hugh Scott received the appointment and removed the office to the corner of
Third and Market streets, where it continued till his
death in 1804. John Johnston was the next postmaster. He removed the office to Front and Market
streets. In 1822 William Eichbaum, son-in-law of
Johnston, assumed the duties of the office, and removed it to Second street near Market street. In
I833 David Lynch was inducted as postmaster, and
removed the office to the south side of Third street.
J. K. Moorhead succeeded Lynch, and was followed
by Postmaster R. M. Riddle, and the office was removed nearly opposite to where the Gusky Building
now stands. Riddle was followed by Chambers McKibben; then Samuel Roseburg, Robert Anderson,
John C. Dunn, Sidney Von Bonhorst, Wade Hampton, James M. McClelland, John H. Stewart, Edward
C. Negley, George H. Anderson, Benjamin Darlington, W. H. McCleary and John B. Larkin.
The present postoffice, at the corner of Fifth avenue and Smithfield street, has been occupied for
many years, but it has for a long time been insuffi
cient in size for the needs of the growing postal
business of the city, and provision has been made
for the necessities of the city in the construction of
the building now in course of erection on Smithfield street, between Third and Fourth avenues,
which building will be devoted to the uses of the
various government departments. The new building occupies an entire block, and will be one of the
handsomest government buildings in the United
States when completed. The stone of which it is
composed is marble, which is being shipped here
from Maine. The illustration of this building which
appears in this volume will give an excellent idea of
the architecture of the building, which will cover
an area of 160 X 185 feet and will cost a total of $1,840,000, of which $40,000 was contributed by citizens
of Pittsburgh.
the City Hall building at the corner of Federal and
Ohio streets. John Swan is Postmaster.
THE CHURCHES.
RELIGIOUS OBSERVANCD IN THE TWO  CITIES DE
VELOPMENT OF THE CHURCHES.
In the settlement of the country West of the
Allegheny mountains the first comers were either
the soldiers or the priests. In Pittsburgh the first
permanent settlement was made by the troops under
Contrecoeur, who built Fort Duquesne. With them
was a priest, and his ministrations were the first
Christian services ever held in Allegheny county.
When the French were driven out by Gen. Forbes'
army the only religious services of the new settlement were those held by Rev. Charles Beatty, a
Presbyterian divine, who was chaplain of the army,
and who held services in I758, and afterward came
back in I766 and preached to the people. Among
the early settlers the Presbyterians were by far the
most numerous denomination, the Scotch and
PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW
115
Northern Irish being the larger portion of the people. A number of pastors of this faith visited and
settled in Allegheny County from time to time, and
in I775 the First Presbyterian Church was incorporated. In that year the heirs of William Penn,
who were the proprietors of the Manor of Pittsburgh, deeded  to  the  Presbyterian, Protestant
Episcopal and German Evangelical churches lots to
be utilized for church buildings and burial grounds.
The church building first erected by the Presbyterians was a small house built of squared logs.
The German Evangelical Protestant Church was
organized in I787, and is to day the oldest church,
in continuous history, in the city. Rev. Wilhelm
Weber was the first pastor, and it has occupied several buildings on the site donated by the Penns, the
present fine structure having been built several
years ago.
In the early part of the present century there
were discussions in the Presbyterian church which
led to the formation of a number of independent
congregations, and these were soon represented by
churches holding to the various doctrines held by
each, and the Associate Presbyterians, the Reformed
Presbyterians, and the Associate-Reformed Presbyterians all had churches representing the different
shades of belief entertained by these bodies.
Following the post chaplaincy at Fort Duquesne
the first regularly organized Catholic church was in
1808, when Rev. W. F. X. O'Brien took charge. Services were held in rented premises until 1811, when
the first church was built on a lot donated by Col.
James O'Hara. Father O'Brien continued in charge
of the church here until March, I820, when Father
C. B. Maguire took charge. In I843 the see of
Pittsburgh was erected, and Rt. Rev. Michael
O'Connor was consecrated as the first bishop of the
diocese.
The Baptists early obtained a foothold in Allegheny county, the first services of that denomination hsving been held at Library, Snowdon Township, in r773. The First Baptist Church in Pitt
burgh (now the Fourth Avenue Baptist Church),
was organized in 1812.  The Second, or Welsh,
Baptist Church was organized in 1827, and the
Sandusky Street Church, Alleghenv City, in 1835.
The Methodist church in Pittsburgh began with
the adion of the Second Methodist Conference west
of the Alleghenies, which was held in Uniontown in
July, 1788, when the Pittsburgh circuit was established and Rev. Charles Conaway was sent to misister to the Methodist people of Westmoreland
County, in which Pittsburgh was then located.
There had been Methodist services held in the town
before that, the Rev. Wilson Lee having preached in
a tavern on Water street in the fall of I785. The
ministrations of Mr. Conaway were so successful
that be was returned to the field by the next conference, and in 1790 he had a membership in the
city of ninety-seven, a large congregation for those
days. He became presiding elder, and Rev. Valentine Cooper was appointed to the church at Pittsburgh, and the membership was increased to I36 in
I792. Rev. John Wrenshall afterward had charge of
of the church, and finding the First Presbyterian
Church vacant, took charge of it and preached from
that pulpit. When he was compelled to give up
that building he preached from a box in front of
his store on Water street, and later occupied Fort
Pitt as a place of worship. The first church prop
erty was purchased in 1810, when a lot on Front
street, now First street, was purchased and a small
building erected. This was abandoned in 1817, the
colored people occupying it for several years afterward, and in 1817 the church occupied a new building at Smithfield street and Seventh avenue. Two
years later Rev. Samuel Davies took charge, and
under his supervision the membership of the church
was largely increased. In I829 the division in the
Methodist denomination, which gave rise to the organization of the Methodist Protestant Church,
occurred, and two years later the new body purchased the property which it now occupies on Fifth
avenue, and several other congregations of the same
faith were soon afterward organized. There are now
in Allegheny County seventy-five Methodist organizations with a membership of about 40,000.
The Protestant Episcopal Church was represented in an early day by chaplains attached to the
regiiments at Fort Pitt, but its first regular organization was in I787, in which year a deed to lots for the
use of the church was executed by "John Penn and
John Penn, Jr., of city of Philadelphia, late proprietors of Pennsylvania." Rev. John Taylor was the
resident minister in 1797, and the first church building of this denomination in Pittsburgh was erected
on the triangular lot at the intersection of Sixth
avenue with  Wood  and Liberty  streets.  There
are now in Allegheny County fifteen church organizations of this denomination, with 6,750 communicants.
The United Presbyterian Church is another locally strong denomination. The first organization
of this church was in 1801, and the following year
the first regular minister of this body, Rev. Ebenzer
Henderson, was installed. During his pastorate
services were held in the Court House, and it was
several years before any church building was erected
for the use of this body. There are now ten churches
of the denomination in Allegheny County.
In 1831 the First German Lutheran Church was
organized, and built a place of worship at Sixth avenue and Grant street, on the site now occupied by
the new and elegant church of the same congregation. Rev. Father Heiner was the first pastor of the
church. The society divided in 1851 and a second
congregation was formed. There are now sixteen
churches of this denomination in Allegheny County,
with a membership of 9,400,
A recent newspaper article on the churches of
the county states that there are five Congregational
societies in the county, three Jewish synagogues,
one Universalist, one Unitarian, one Zion, one
New Jerusalem and one Welsh Calvinistic churches.
The aggregate sittings in all the different
churches is estimated at I35,000 or I40,000, with
church property valued at nearly $8,000,000.
MUSIC.
PITTSBURGH AN IMPORTANT CENTER FOR THE SALE
OF PIANOS, ORGANS, ETC.
As an interesting exhibit of the high degree of
culture to which the two cities of Pittsburgh and
Allegheny have attained the remarkable development of the musical trade may be aptly cited. It is
a fact recognized by manufacturers that there is not,
between New York and Chicago, a better market for
pianos and organs than Pittsburgh, and the business
here engages the attention of a number of prominent
and prosperous houses.
The first house in the line of which anything is
known was that of Charles Rosenbaum, who conducted a pianoforte manufactory on Fourth, between
Market and Liberty streets, in 1814, and two years
later Nathan Richardson was engaged in the business as a dealer in musical instruments and sheet
music. In I844 Frederick Blume began business as
a piano manufacturer, and later the firm of Goodall
 Warren embarked in a similar business. The
superior facilities and connections of Eastern manufactures led to an abandonment of the manufacture
in this city, but the business of selling all kinds of
musical merchandise has continued active and is a
prominent feature of local commercial industry.
There has always been a considerable interest
taken in musical matters by the citizens of Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh Musical Society, established
in 1818, was the first association of its kind to be
formed in the city, and was the forerunner of several
flourishing societies, several of which are still in existence.
There are now engaged in the sale of pianos,
organs and other musical instruments in the two
cities fourteen firms, of whom those mentioned in
the following notices are among the best known and
most prominent.
H. Kleber  Brother.Dealers in Pianos,
Organs and All Kinds of Musical Instruments; 506
Wood Street.-This is the oldest music house in
Pittsburgh, having been founded in 1845 by Mr.
Henry Kleber, who was afterward joined by his
brother, Mr. Augustus Kleber, now deceased. His
son, Mr. Louis P. Kleber, however, represents his
father's interest in the business as administrator of
the estate, and Messrs. L. Oscar Kleber, and Harry
Kleber, Jr., sons of Mr. Henry Kleber, also assist in
the management of the business. The business was
originally located at 101 Third avenue, from whence
removal was made to Fifth avenue, and in 1863 to the
present premises at 506 Wood street, consisting of a
five-story building, 20 X 80 feet, in addition to which
they also have a warehouse on Old avenue, four
stories high, and 30 X 130 feet in dimensions. This
firm claims the honor of having first introduced in
Wastern Pensylvania the celebrated Steinway and
Conover Brothers pianos, also the wonderful Opera
Piano, many thousands of which have been sold inPittsburgh and the vicinity, and they now carry a
large stockof these instruments, and also handle
the Burdett Organs and the famous Vocalion Church
Oruans. They also deal in several other makes of
pia os in uprights, grand, square and other
styles, and their stock of musical instruments direly imported by them from Europe and sold
wholesale and retail, includes the best makes of
Brass Band instrurients, flutes, piccolas, clarionets,
guitars, banjos, harmonicas, zithers, mandolins, accordeons, drums, cornets, etc., also, the newest and
largest stock of sheet music and music books. Employment is given to a staff of twenty clerks and assistants, and in addition to a large local business,
the house has an extensive trade throughout Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio, where they are
held in the highest repute. Mr. H. Kleber was born
in Germany, but came to this country in I832, settling in Pittsburgh, and prior to the formation of
this business, was engaged as a teacher of the piano.
Mr, Kleber is considered one of the best judges of
musical instruments in the country, and in most
cases the choice of an instrument is left with him.
The trade of the house is both at retail and wholesale, and it has representatives in Scottdale, Washington, Beaver Falls, Union Town, Oil City, Johnstown, Altoona and every surrounding town of importance.
S. Hamilton.-Pianos and Organs; Hamilton
Building, 9I and 93 Fifth Avenue.-Mr. Hamil on
inaugurated this business in I869 upon a comparatively small scale, but by industry and the exercise
of honorable and progressive methods of dealing,
he has steadily expanded its proportions, until it is
now the largest piano and organ house in Pennsylvania. He handles only the highest grade of pianos and
organs, built by the most reliable manufaurers,
and fully guaranteed in every particular. Mr. Hamilton is general agent for the " Decker Bros.," " William Knabe  Co.,] and Fischer pianos, and the
E;stey organs, and also carries a large line of other
makes of pianos and organs, which he sells at the
owest prices and upon the most accommodating
terms.  In I885, Mr. Hamilton ereed the magnificent Hamilton Building at gI and 93 Fifth Avenue,
which is justly considered the most elegant office
building in the city. This struture, (nine stories
high) was destroyed by fire in August, I887, but was
immediately rebuilt by Mr. Hamilton on a more elegant scale, steel beams, and fire tile for all the floors
and partitions.  Even the roof is built in this manner, so that it is, practically, a fire-proof building.
Five massive fire-proof vaults on each floor, also
Cutler's celebrated Mail Chute (an almost indispensable improvement in all large buildings); light,
heat, janitor's service, beauty, strength, swift but
smooth elevators, (double) of Crane's make, in fat,
it is looked upon as the model office building, and
in all its appointments and constru6tion, the equal
of the best office struures in NewYork or Chicago.
The building contains one hundred and sixteen
rooms, has the largest lights of glass in America, and from the top of the tower, which is two
hundred and sixteen feet high, a fine view of
the city and surrounding country can be obtained.
Mr. Hamilton  utilizes for his business, two floors of
this building, each 30x240 feet in dimensions, his
salesroom ranking among the finest in the country.
On the second floor is located a lovely little music
and art chamber which will accommodate from two
to three hundred people, and in conne6ion with it,
cloak room, reception room, toilet rooms, etc., all
furnished in the most elegant style and rented only
to the most selec gatherings, receptions, musical
and literary entertainments, etc. In addition to his
very extensive reta 1 trade, he has a large wholesale
business throughout the adjoining States, and to
carry a suitable stock for this large trade, he has a
large double warehouse on First Avenue. The history of this house presents one of the most gratifying examples of business growth in Pittsburgh, and
its high and widespread reputation has been fairly
earned.
ART.
PROGRESS IN ART EDUCATION. -ART AS APPI,IED TO
BUSINE iSS.
While Pittsburgh's principal prominence has always been rather in the direion of manufacturing
than in aesthetic culture, it may still be claimed for
her that she has made notable pregress in artistic
matters during the last half century. In the early
history of the city there are no names left on record
of any artists of distin6tion. There are extant a
number of portraits of prominent citizens, but these
were either painted.in other cities or by artists who
paid occasional visits to the city.
One of the earliest of the artists of the city who
is recognized as identified with the beginnings of
art in Pittsburgh was Blythe, whose forte was
humerous sketches. He was an original and competent artist, but his financial success was poor, and
he was one day found dead in his studio. Later
artists of local note were W. S. Wall, A. S. Wall,
Hetzell, ILawman, Dalby, Johns and others.
The interest in art matters has notably grown in
recent years, and this interest lead to the establish ~
ment of the Pittsburgh School of Design, which was
promoted by William Thaw, Henry Phipps, Charles
S. Clark and other prominent citizens. This insti
tution takes high rank among the leading schools of
its class in the country, and its establishmnent h-as
sensibly promoted public appreciation of artistic
culture.
Art, as applied to business pursuits of various
kinds, has made great advance in Pittsburgh. In
architeEture, as referred to elsewhere, the progress
has been m1ost notable, and buildings of the highest
artistic merit, both for public and private use, are to
be seen in all parts of the two cities. Art, utilized
in the modeling of glass, Iias given to the produit
of Pittsburgh glass houses a standing equal to that
of the most noted E;uropean faAories, and in many
other branches of manufac'ture there is a tendency
toward a higher artistic ideal.
In the supply of artistsg materials, the sale of eng-ravings, and in various artisjtic lines the two cities
are well represented.
ARrISrS.
E m i l Foe rste r.--Artist; Room7 24 Bissell
Block, CDorner of Smiithfield Street and Seventh
Avenue.--Amongg the local artists who have earned
special recognition for superior work Mr. Foerster
is one of the best known and nlost distillguished,
He was born in Germany, but, came to the ULnited
States when a boy. In after years he developed a
talent for artistic work and an intelligent taste for
art which led him to choose his present profession.
After studying with such advantages as were then
available in this country, he returned, in I847, to
Germany, where he studied under Professors Baker,
Hildebrand and others, at Frankfort and Dusseldorf, for two or three years, when he returned to
this country. He came to Pittsburgh thirty-eight
years ago, and occupied a studio on Penn avenue
until I886, when he removed to his present quarters
in the Bissell Block. His work is principally in lifesize and still life portraits, in which he excels, and
many of the produc6tions of his easel are regarded
as amorig the best specimens of art portraiture to
be found in the country.
(G. T. Hilleary.-Artist; 2I Federal Street,
Allegheny.-Mr. Hilleary has been engaged for the
past twelve years in a large business as general
manager of the Excelsior Art Portrait Company,
houses being established at Harrisburghi Pa., Cincinnati, O., and Louisville, Ky., and in I884 a branch
was established in Pittsburgh at 703 Smithfield
Street.  In August, I888, Mr. Hilleary became sole
proprietor of the business at Pittsbur h, Cincinnati and louisville, and removed from Smlithfield
Street to the premises now occupied at 2I Federal
Street, where he carrius on large business in making
or copying portraits in oil, crayon, or Indian ink,
pastel and water colors, and he also carries on hand
a large stock of fine frames, easels, etc.  A force of
fourteen hands is employed in this businesE, and
the superior charac'ter of the work has secured for
this establishment the largest business in the two
cities. The other houses condu6ted by Mr Hilleary
are still maintained, and Mr. Hilleary himself lives
at Cincinnati. He is a native of Federal Countv,
Md., but has lived for the most of his life in Pennsylvania, until he removed to Ohio three years ago.
A specialty is made of copying and enlarging portraits from photographs, executing them in any of
the various styles enumerated, and the work turned
out is at all times of the most artistic charater, and
as a consequence the trade has steadily increased
from the establishment of the business to the present
time.
ETCHINGS, ENGRAVINGS, ET?C.
Robert F. Mayer.-Dealer in Etchings, En
gravings, Imported Photographs, Oil and Water
Color Paintings, Mirrors, Piure Frames, Etc.; 404
Wood Stre et. Mr. Mayer embarked in this business
October I, I886, knd has since continuously conduAted it with steadily increasing success, He occupies a four-story building, 25XIoo feet in dimensions,
where he carries heavy stocks and full assortments
of etchings, engravings, imported photographs, oil
and water color paintings, mirrors, piture frames,
easels, etc. He is also the sole agent for the Keystone Show Case Works, with a fatory at Allegheny
City, and carries a full line of their goods, including
store and office fixtures, show cases and interior
woodwork of all descriptions, jewelers' wall cases
for silverware and jewelers' show cases and tables.
Employment is given to nine competent clerks, and
the establishment receives a liberal and increasing
patronage from the residents of the city and surrounding country, with whom this store is a favorite, on account of the great variety and careful selection of its stock. Mr. M~ayer is a native of Pittsburgh. He is an enterprising and energetic young
business man, and the prosperity he is now enj oying
in business will doubtless continue to increase from
year to year.
PHOTOGRAPHIERS, ETC.
J. L. E 11i ott.-Prhotographer; 3I I Smithfield
Street.--This prominent photographic business was
founded in I883, and after several changes in managemlent came into~ the possession of the present
proprietor, Mr. J. 1#. Elliott, in April, ISS8. Mr.
Elliott is a native of Washington, Pa., and has been
conneAted w7ith this branch of industrial art for the
past five years, having formerly been with his uncle,
Mr. S. V. Albree, of this city, a well known and celebrated artist, now deceased. Mr. Elliott makes a
specialty of cabinet photographs and tin types, and
enjoys a liberal and steadily increasing patronage
fromt the residents of and visitors to Pittsburgh, his
work always giVillg entire satisfadtion. He employs
only the most expert help, and this fac't, coupled
with his enterprising and reliable methods of trallsaAting his business, has secured for him a gratifyS
ing success, with every prospeEt of continued prosperity in the future.E. W. H isted.-Photographer; 35 Fifth Avenue and 41 Fifth Avenue. - The studios of Mr. Histed are accorded a deserved prominence among the
artistic establishments of Pittsburgh. Mr. Histed is
an experienced and praical photographer, and
since starting his business he has steadily increased
his trade until it is now very large. Mr. Histed is a
native of Brighton, Englhnd, and learned his profession in London, where he was apprenticed under
Mr. Mayall, court photographer to Queeli Vitoria,
and after having mastered the pracical details of
photography in that establishment, he entered the
government school of science and art, from which
institution he graduated with high honor, having
received the first prize in his graduating year. Four
years ago, he determined to seek a better field for
the prosecution of his business, and he came to the
United States and settled in Pittsburgh. Since that
time he has steadily increased his patronage on account of the high artistic nierit of the photographs
and views taken by him, and he is now kept busily
employed in the prosecution of the various departments of his business, giving employment to a force
of ten highly skilled assistants. In addition to
photographs, Mr. Histed makes a apecialty of taking
scenery and views. and he has done a great deal of
excellent work in this branch of the business along
the lines of the Baltimore and Ohio and other railroads; and he also executes crayon work in the
highest style of the art. All work turned out from
this establishment is executed in accordance with
the most progressive developments of photographic
art, and the establishment is de;ervedly popular,
with a large and increasing patronage including, in
addition to the citizens of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, visitors from all the territory adjacent and
tributary to Pittsburgh. Many of the prominent illustrations in this volume are from  original views
takeu by Mr. Histed.
Pittsburgh Permanent Bromide EnI argi n g Co m pany. -Alexander Lrittle, Manager;
Masonic Bank Building; 531 Smithfield Street.This business was established January I,:886, by
the firm of Merriman  Little, who continued it
until the July foilowing, when Mr. Merriman retired,
since which time Mr. Alexander Little has been the
sole proprietor and manager of the business. He
does a large business, covering the States of
Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia, doing solar
work for artists, fine crayon work and enlarging by
the Permanent Bromide Process, a method of enlarging pictures which is recognized among the
leading artists to be the best known. The excellence of the work turned out at this establishment
has secured for it a steady increase in the demand
for its work from the inception of the business to
the present time, and a large business is done by
them  at wholesale and retail; perfect satisfaction being given in every instance. Mr. Little is a
thoroughly practical and experienced man in the
business, and by his industry and close attention,
his great care in securing uniform excellence in his
work and his reliability in all his dealings, he has
built up his trade to its present prosperous condition. He is a native of New York City, from whence
he came to Pittsburgh in November, I885 -He has
had a number of years' experience in his present
business, and condu6ts it with an intelligent appreciation of the needs of his custorners which
commends hini to favor.
MERCANTIILE AGENCIES.
INPORTANT AIDS TO THE  BUSINESS ME!N  AND
MANUFACTURERS OF THE TWO CITIES.
The greatly expanded proportions of the busilless
of the leading American cities during recent years
has made the old and unreliable methods.f extending credits and collecqing entirely insufficient for
the needs of modern business. It is of the greatest
importance to large houses, who are compelled to
seek their trade in a wide territory, to be abl e to know,
with some approximation to absolute accuracy, the
standing and reliability of those with whom they
have dealings, involving, perhaps, large sums of
money, yet it is next to impossible for them to cover
the field of such inquiry in nearly so thorough a
manner as could a firm or corporation making a
special business of the question of credits. In like
manner a firm which is in the business of making
colle6tions as a specialty is more likely to be successful than one which merely carries on a collection
departme nt as an incident to its mercantile or manufacturing business. These facts are so well recognized by the business world that mercantile and
collection agencies conduced by responsible firms
are justly regarded as important auxiliaries to the
successful prosecution of business.
The better class of these agencies have surrounded
themselves with facilities for the procurement of reliable commercial information which are remarkable
for their completeness, while their arrangements for
the collecions of debts are most thorough. The
liecessities of the business world have made this
perfectioln of detail possible, and there are now in ex
istence a number of establishments, making a special
business of credits and collections, which are daily
relied upon by the most important manufacturing
and commercial firms of the country. Of agencies
of this character, operating in Pittsburgh and Allegheny, those mentioned in the following paragraphs
are leading and representative ones.
The Bradstreet Mercantile Agency.The Bradstreet Company, Proprietors; Pittsburgh
Office, 80 Fourth Avenue; S. N. Dickey, Superintendent.-The steadily increasing volume of busness in the leading centers of trade, and the greatly
expanded territory covered by the transacions of
prominent firms and corporations, has made necessary the modern mercantile agency, with connections and correspondents which enable it to offer to
merchants and manufaturers the most important
service in connection with their credit departments.
Of these the Bradstreet Mercantile Agency is noted
for the extert of its relations, the thoroughness of
its methods, and the uniform reliability of its de 1ings. The object of the agency is to furnish its subscribers with correR inforl-ation in regard to the
standing, habits and credit of those with whom they
are likely to have dealings, and other information
calculated to aid the transaction of business. The
agency was established in I849 and incorporated in
I876, and tow has a capital and surplus amounting
to a total of $I,400,000. Branches are established in
all the leading cities of this and other countries and
the operations of the company cover the entire commiercial world. The Pittsburgh branch has charge
of the business of the company in Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and a large part of West Virginia. Mr. S. N. Dickey, the Superi ntendent of
this branch, has been connecCted with- it since I868,
and has held his present position since I876. His
pracntical knowledge of and close application to the
details of the business haaTe largely contributed to
securing for thle company the favor and patronage
of the business public of the territory assigned to.i 1$SUPerV1S10n.   -  
The Equitable Collecting and Commercial 13usiness Company.--W. P. White,
Treasurer; John S. Parrish, Secretarv and General
Manager; 43 Sixth Avenue. There are few kinds
of business which it is possible to conducnc without
giving more or less credit, and wherever credit is
given there are sure to be more or less of bad debts.
It is frequently the case that the difference between
collecting or not collecting this class of debts is also
the difference between success and failure in business, and therefore anly medium through which
these debts can be successfully collected, deserves
to be considered in the light of a great convenience
to the business public. It was to undertake this
species of business that the Equitable Collecting
and Commercial Business CDompany was organized
January I, I888, and while the system is perfetly
legal, it is effective, and accomplishes the object
sought even in cases where no process of law can
reach the debtor. In the system of collecting followed by this company, statements of accounts,
notes or bills are not required, as they do not handle
the money, but send the debtor to the creditor with
the cash. No cliarges are made until the colletion
is effected, and the company has already securedthe
business of a large number of the leading merchants,
inmanufa6turers and physicians of WRlestern Pennsylvania, and other parts of the country, and its system
has received the endorsement of prominent bnsiness men. In addition to their specialty of the collection of doubtful or bad debts by a system peculiarly their own, the firm also undertakes the collection of regular monthly and quarterly bills for
merchants and professiolial men. In addition to
their collecting departnient the company also has a
commercial brokerage and commission business in
all kinds of merchatidise, the negotiation of
sales of real estate, stocks, bonds, etc., and the company is an excellent medium for those who wish to
sell a business, take a business partner, or invest
capital. Messrs. W. B. White, Treasurer, and John
S. Parrish, Secretary and General Manager, are both
gentlemen of practical business experience, who attend to the duties of the company's busiiless in
a way which contributes to its successful prosecution, and their uniformly prompt and accurate
methods of dealing have commended thenl to the
favor and patronage of a large and steadily increasing circle of clients.
Mercantile  Protective  Bureau.-E. C.
Hoover, President; George H. Connick, Manager;
Representing the United Manufaturers, Wholesalers and Jobbers of Pittsburgh and Allegheny;
Room 504, Penn Building, 708 Penn Avenue.-The
question of cr-dit is one of the most important in
conneifion with the successful and efficient prosecution of any description of mercantile business, and
the steady expansion of the various lines of commerce renders co-operation necessary to prevent loss
and imposture. Recognizing this fact, a number of
merchants and manufaturers of Pittsburgh and Allgheny established in May, I888, the Mercantile
Protetive Bureau, for the purpose of providing
mutual prote6lion against dishonest creditors and
providing also a means for the prompt and efficient
colle6tion of debts. This organization has already
proved of great benefit in securing the objects
sought, and is utilized by a large number of the
wholesale merchants and manufa6turers of the two
cities as a helpful adjunct to their credit and collecion departments. The affairs of the Bureau are
in the hands of gentlemen of great experience and
superior capacity for carrying on this description of
business. Mr. Hoover, the President, who is a native
of  Cincinnati, has been a resident of Pittsburgh for the past five years, having been formerly
engaged in the publishing business, and being a
gentleman of a high order of business attainments.
Mr. Connick, the manager of the Burean, is a native
of New York State, but has resided in Pennsylvania
since childhood, and in Pittsburgh for the past five
years. He was formerly in the newspaper and advertising business, and is a gentleman of sound
jndgement and sagacity, who brings to the managemient of this business every qualification calculated
to conduce to its success, As an agency for promoting systematic and efficient methods in business
this bureau is an important association.
tHE CITY 0F AL-LEGHENY.U
PIrrSBURGH'S SISTLER  CI?YI' AND Its GOVERNMENr.
--A RECORD OF GRATIFYING GROWTH.
In this work there has been little effort made
by the complier to treat separately -:he twin cities
of Allegheny and Pittsburgh. In all that relates to
business prosperity and progress they are in all esselltials one. WNith the exception of the separate
municipal organization all the many interests of the
two cities are so knitted together and interwroven
that what is said in Pittsburgh must also apply to
Allegheny.
Allegheny was laid out in I787, but it had a very
slow growth' for many years. The business was for
the most part concentrated on the Pittsburgh side
of the Allegheny river, and communication had to
be eiTeSted through the medium of a ferry boat untilI820, when the first bridge conne6ting Pittsburgh
with "Alleghenytown," as it was then called, was
opened to the public. In I828 the place had grown
sufficiently to take on a borough organization, and
John Irwin was eleed as the first Burgess. He was
followed il the office by Hugh Davis, who was in
turn succeeded by John Morrison, who held the office until the city charter was granted in I840.
Manchester, which was laid out in I832, became
a borough in I843, and was consolidated with Allegheny in I867, in which year, also, portions of Duquesne borough and Reserve and McClure townships
were added to the city.
At the time of the incorporation of the city in
I840 the population of Allegheny was Io,ogo. In I850
this had increased to 2I,262; in I860 to 28,702; in
-,- Q   r\  TQ+ t7 1
I870 to 53,I80, and
in I880 to 76,78I1
The growth of the
city since has
been even more
rapid, and the city
is more now than
ever a favorite
placeof residence.
A large number
of the business
men and manufaturers of Pittsburgh have their
residence in Allegheny, and the
beautiful p a r k s,
the healthy atmosphere, and
the many advantages of the city
favor a steady increase in population. In business Allegheny
has an important position. Many of the
largest manufauring concerns of the two
cities are located here, while in mercantile
lines there is no thoroughfare in the two
cities which presents a more busy scene of
aivity than does Federal street in Allegheny, the principal retail street of that city.
THI CITY GOVERNM-ENT.
The municipal government of Allegheny
is divided into regular departments, embracing all the necessary facilities for the efficient prosecution of the city's business. The
two-chamber system, common to all large
Pennsylvania cities, is applied to the legislative branch of the city governnient of Allegheny, and the sele a-nd common councils
are the medium through which the city ordinances are passed. Efficient fire and police
departmelits attend to the city's wants in protection to life and property, and an ample water supply
also aids in rendering residence in the city attractive.
The school department is under the management
of aBoard of Controllers, made up of about eighty
prominent citizens. J. A. Emery is President of the
Board,and R. B. Scandrett,Secretary. The City Superintendent of Schools is John Morrow. School houses,
all substantial and properly equipped strutures,are
to be found in every ward, and new High School
building has recently been completed.
MUNICIPAL OFFICERS.
The following named gentlemen are the principal city officers of Allegheny: Mayor, R. T. Pearson;
Mayor's Clerk, GeorgeBothwell; Comptroller,James
Brovn; Comptroller's Clerk, Charles B. Brown;
Treasurer, David Macferron; Clerk, R. C. Macferron;
Solicitor, -George  Elphinstone; City  Engineer,
Charles Ehlers; Superintendent of Water Works,
Ed. Armstrong; Street Commissioner, Eastern Distri, George Miloul; Street Commissioner, Western
Distri, William F. Meese; Registrar and Clerk,
Charles J. Reed; Assessor of WVater Rents, Barton
Grubbs; City Assessor, John C. Hetzel; Chief Engineer Fire Department, James E. Crow; Superintendent Fire Alarm Telegraph, George W. Winn;
Weighmaster of Live Stock, John Dalzell; Weighmaster Herr's Island, Robert Dilworth; Weighmaster
Ninth Ward,           W--; Meighmaster Diamond
Scales, Charles Bassett; Weighmaster Fourth Ward
Scales, William. Geckman; Clerk of Coommittees, R.
T. White'; Clerk of Selet Council, R. T. White;
Clerk of Common Council, Robert Dilworth; Clerk
of Markets, David Hastings; Salt Inspeor and
Measurer of Wood and Bark, William Greenawald;
Wharfmaster, D. Lvighthill; Meat and Milk Inspector,
John Lippert; Health Officer, James Bradley; City
Physician, S. S. Woodburn; Message Clerk, M. N.
White. Poor Board, Wm. F. Trimble, President;
Charles W. Cochran, Secretary; William P. Hunker,
Clerk. Office, City Hall Building.
MEMBERS OF ATLLEGHENY COUNCILS.
Sele Council.- Ward I, Daniel T. Mulvcy and
B~. S. Harttman; 2, George N. Lacock and J. W.
Lahugh; 3, H. D. Renwick and Thomas Brown; 4,
C. C. Hax and Edwin Lare; 5, J. H. Lindsay, President, and W. W. Speer; 6, R. H. Gilliford and George
A        *nt-h-rqtl -,7  Vrpcl
A Cochran; 7, Ffred
Woelfel and Anton
Roethlein; 8, Janies
Omslaer and Theo.
Hueskens; 9, Mich.
Hannan and Charles
H. H art man; IO,
Samuel Watson and
George W. S-aman;
II, J. R. He ndricks
and Robert McAfee;
I2, G. A. Pannier and
W. C. Langhurst;
13, Martin L a p p e
and John G. Walter.
Common Council.-WVard I, H. G.
Watson, W. K. Ingham, C.W. Neeb and
Arthur Kennedy; 2,
Wm. A. Cruikshank, W. J. McDonald. James
P.'Gregg, Jr.,
Simon Drum,
James Hunter,
President, a n d
John McKirdy;
3, J. G. Ebbert, C.
W. Gerwig, H. P.
Staving, T. C.
Harbison, Henry
Stockman, Wm.
Swindell, E.
Wertheinier and
W. J. Gill; 4, P.
Walter, Jr., J. B.
Jones, William
Bader, Charles
W. Robison, U.
H. Stauffer, Edw.-rd O'Brien and Hiram ILandis; 5, C. W. Dahlinger, Adam Ammon, C. W. Lighthill, A. J. Stackhouse and P. B. Smith; 6, C. Steffen, Jr., Jesse
M. McGeary, D. 1,. Patterson, A. H. Mercer and T.
C. Steinbrenner; 7, P. S. Huckestein and C. A. Muehlbronlner; 8, George Betteridge and George Schad;
9, M. McCarthy and Louis Gerber; IO, Nrthur Hunter
and Joseph W. Sproat; II, John Morgan and I. B,
Stayton; 12, Henry Kalmeyer and J. B. Smith; 13,
Henry C. Bittner and A. J. Chambers.
THED AILLEGHENY PARKS.
The parks of Allegheny are justly regarded with
pride by her citizens, for they afford, in the heart of
the city, delightfu breathing spots, bright with verdure and flowers, and kept with the greatest care.
The main park,covering an area of some forty acres,
presents a collection of well laid out walks with the
finest flowers and shrubbery, with handsome artificial lakes, rustic bridges and glimpses ot beauty
which makes it the most attraive spot in the city
during the summermonths. In the west end of the
park is an electric light tower which illuminates the
scene at night for acres around, and to the east of
these lights are the Phipps greenhouses, where is at
all times a complete colletion of the finest exotic
plants and other rare attractions in the floral world.
A leading attraction in the summer is the open air
concerts given by the leading orchestras of the two
cities, and which draw large audiences.
The beauty of the Allegheny parks is all the more
noticeable because of the entire lack of these breathing places in the city of Pittsburgh, and the people
of the latter city form fully half of the visitors to
these parks. In the parks are some notable pieces
of statuary, particularly the Humboldt and Hampton
monuments.
TheSoldiers'monument, situated on the top of
Monument Hill, is also a prominent feature of Allegheny, its location making it plainly visible from a
large portion of the city.
In handsome residences Allegheny presents some
very fine specimens of architeture, and while its
manufacturing and commercial advantages are great,
it is still as a city of homes that Allegheny is
particularly prominent.
PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS.
CORRECTIONAL AND CHARITABICE PUBLIC ENTIERPRISES IN TH-E COUNTY OF AILLEGHENY.
Organized institutions for purposes of correction or charity are incident to large and advanced communities, and the many worthy and
useful establishments devoted to these objets
in Allegheny county are, for the most part, the
growth of later years. There are within the
county many important institutions, some of
which are upheld by State appropriations, others
by the county, and others by one or the other of
the two cities, and some by private enterprise.
The men and women of Allegheny County have
a record of humanitarian and sympathetic work
in the alleviation of all classes of distress, which
reflects the highest credit on them and the
county, and shows that in all public spirited endeavors to do good, the peopDle of the county are
always ready to furnish both time a-nd money.
PENITENTIARY.
This-penal institution is located on
the north banllk of the
Ohio river, a little
below the two cities.
The origin of it was
the Western Penitentiary, the authority
for which was derived from an At of
the Assembly dated
March 8, I8I8. The
original  structure,
which was finished
in I827, was located
in the Allegheny
park, at Ohio street
and Sherman avenue
and continued in use
until I884, when the
conviEtsjwere removed to the prison now in use. This
is a handsome struture of stone, brick and iron, and
in the completeness of its arrangements and its adaptability to the purpose of the correction of criminals.
has few,if any,superiors in the country. At the time
of the establishment of the old Western Penitentiary
it was intended to conduct the prison on the "separate" or cellular principle, but the congregate system
was ultimately adopted. Until the recent changes in
the law in regard to convit labor there was carried
on in the institution a variety of mechanical trades,.
but now the only industry by which the time of the
prisoners is occupied in that of the manufacture of
mats. The general management of the institution
is in charge of a Board of Diretors, constituted as
follows: George A. Kelly, Fresident; Janies McPITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW.
119
Cutcheon, Treasurer; James R. Reed, Secretary;
George A. Kelly, James McCutcheon, James R. Reed,
William F. Trimble and John S. Slagle, Inspectors.
Edward S. Wright is Warden; Hugh S. McKean,
Deputy Warden; J. L. Milligan, Chaplain; Dr. D. N.
Rankin, Physician; and A. F. Sawhill, Clerk.
COUNTY WORKHOUSE.
The Allegheny County Workhouse and Inebriate
Asylum is situated at Claremont Station on the West
Penn railroad, on the right bank of the Allegheny
river, about eight miles above Allegheny City. It is
intended for the treatment of persons convicted of
lighter offenses, although there are also there some
convicts charged with felonies. The institution was
begun in 1868 and finished in 1871 at a cost of about
half a million dollars. The grounds are fifty acres
in extent, and the facilities and surroundings are
such as to secure efficient treatment and the proper
enforcement of the necessary discipline. The Board
of Managers is composed of Messrs. Addison Lysle,
Charles G. Donnell, C. C. Hax, W. A. Magee and
William Hill, Mr. Hax being President of the board,
Mr. Donnell, Secretary, and Mr. Magee, Treasurer.
The administrative officers of the institution are
Henry Warner, Superintendent; Margaret Walker,
Matron; Rev. John Henderson, Chaplain; Edward
Krieg, Clerk; and Dr. F. McK. White, Physician.
REFORM SCHOOL
The Pennsylvania Reform School, which was
formerly located in the Ninth ward of Allegheny
City, is now comfortably and amply housed at Morganza Station, on the Chartiers Valley railroad. The
institution, which was chartered in 1850, is largely
supported by State aid, and is designed for the reformation and moral and religious education and
training of vicious, incorrigible and depraved children, of both sexes. The children are committed to
this home upon the order of a magistrate or upon
the request of their parents. In addition to the ordinary school education there is mechanical instruction
given, and athletic training is also encouraged. It
is a model institution of its kind and has accomplished a vast amount of good in giving to minors,
who would otherwise have grown up in idleness,
instruction in useful and gainful occupations.
ALLEGHENY COUNTY HOME
This institution, forming a refuge for the indigent poor of the county, exclusive of the cities of
Pittsburgh and Allegheny, is located in Collins
township, on the Washington turnpike, ten miles
South from Pittsburgh, on the line of the Chartiers
Valley railroad.  The grounds, which cover 205
acres, have been occupied since 1855, in which year
the tract was purchased at a cost of $26,000, and the
buildings, which were afterward erected, cost about
$25,000.
PITTSBURGH POOR FARM.
This institution is a retreat for those persons
who come under the ministrations of any of the
charitable associations of Pittsburgh, or the Department of Public Charities. The farm is located about
two miles above the city limits, on the P. V.  C.
railway, and on the south bank of the Monongahela.
The farm contains 150 acres, purchased for $I5,000.
on which buildings were erected in 1851 at a cost of
$40,000. Seven years ago a large addition was made
to the buildings by the erection of commodious
quarters for the treatment of the insane of the city's
poor, who had previously been sent to Dixmont.
The management of the farm was formerly managed
by a board of twelve guardians of the poor, elected
by the city councils, but under the amended charter
is under the control of the chief of the Department
of Public Charities.
ALLEGHENY CITY FARM.
The poor farm for Allegheny City was located at
Millvale prior to 187 I, in which year the large, handsome and complete buildings at Claremont were
completed, and the Millvale property was sold. The
present farm is on the West Penn railroad, about
eight miles above Allegheny city.
HOSPITALS.
Of institutions devoted to the care of the sick
the Western Pennsylvania Hospital, which is the
city general hospital, is the largest. It is located
at Twenty-eighth street, in the Twelfth Ward of
Pittsburgh, and is open at all times for the reception of all classes of patients. The hospital was incorporated in 1848, and buildings were erected by
contributions of the public, and the officers of the
institution now are John Harper, President; R. C.
Loomis and F. R. Brunot, Vice-Presidents, and John
A. Harper, Secretary and Treasurer.
Intimately connected with the city general hospital is the hospital for the insane at Dixmont, on
the Ohio river, nine miles below Pittsburgh. The
grounds, which are beautifully lo cated and well
kept, comprise three hundred and fifty acres in area,
and this site was purchased by private contributions
in I855, although State aid was secured for the construction of the buildings, which cost over $500,000
and afford accommodations for four hundred
patients. Patients are admitted for treatment by the
usual rules, though the indigent patients have, by
law, the preference over "paying" patients.
The Homceopathic Hospital and Dispensary occupies a handsome and commodious brick building on
Second avenue, a short distance above Smithfield
street. All classes of patients are received, except
those suffering from contagious diseases, and persons who are suffering from injuries received in accidents are admitted at any hour if brought to the
hospital within twenty-four hours after the casualty
occurred. Both private and charity patients are admitted, the latter on a certificate from one of the
hospital staff. The dispensary department is open
every day, except Sunday, for the gratuitous treatment of diseases from 11 A. M. to 12 M., and from 2
to 3 P. M. The institution was chartered in 1866, and
has since been successfully conducted. It is aided
by State appropriations.
Mercy Hospital, which is located on Stevenson
street, near Bluff street, in the Sixth Ward, was
chartered in I848 and has ever since been conducted
by the Sisters of Mercy.  Persons afficted with any
disease are admitted, without distinction of creed or
color. The poor are treated free of charge, while
those whose circumstances warrant it are charged a
nominal sum. The self-denying and devoted care
given by the Sisters to the afflicted under their
charge, supplemented by the ability of the medical
men who are in attendance, make this one of the
most benificent of local charitable and humanitarian institutions.
The Pittsburgh Infirmary is sometimes called
Passavant's Hospital, from the far that it was established in 1848 by Rev. W. A. Passavant, who remains
its director. A charter was obtained for the institution in 1850.  The buildings are located on the
corner of Roberts and Reed streets, in the Seventh
Ward. The institution receives its support from
voluntary contributions, and indigent persons are
admitted free of charge upon the presentation of a
certificate from one of the attending physicians,
while those who are able to pay are required to do
so. All kinds of diseases, including contagious ones,
are treated in this institution.
The Home for Incurables occupies a large fourstory brick building situated in beautiful grounds
sixteen acres in extent at Fifty-fifth and Butler
streets in the Eighteenth Ward. The structure was
built to accommodate seventy-five patients, and was
erected in 1883 on ground donated for the purpose
by Mrs. McCune.  No patients are received in the
institution who have not been discharged from a
hospital as incurable, or have been so considered by
their attending physician. Young children and
aged persons do not come under its care. The management of the institution is in charge of a Board
of Managers.
St. Mary's Hospital, a Catholic institution, is
connected with St. Mary's Convent on Forty-fifth
street, and is in charge of the Sisters of that convent.
Other hospitals in the two cities minister to the
wants of the afflicted, including the Allegheny General Hospital,at 37 to 39 Stockton avenue,Allegheny;
Pittsburgh Free Dispensary, a non denominational
institution which was organized in March, I873, and
which is located at 94 and 96 Sixth avenue; St.
Francis Hospital on Forty fourth street, near Butler, under the direction of the Sisters of St. Francis,
and a number of other institutions kept up by private
subscriptions.
OTHER BFNEVOLENT INSTITUTIONS.
It is not alone in a sufficiency of hospitals, however, that benevolence takes an organized form in
Pittsburgh and Allegheny, for nearly every class of
human suffering has been provided for in the various
societies which sympathetic ladies and gentlemen
have created here. Among such is the Association
for the Improvement of the Poor, which has its office
at 75 Fourth avenue, and not only has charge of the
Children's County Home, at Oakmont, on the Allegheny Valley Railroad, but also maintains a Children's Temporary Home and Day Nu rsery at 96
Washington street.
The Sisters of Mercy, also, in addition to their
charge of the Mercy Hospital, maintain other deserving charities. The convent of this order of noble
women, at Webster avenue and Chatham street,
which was established in 1845, was the first convent
of the order in America. The order has charge of
the Catholic Orphan Asylum on Tannehill street,
which was originally chartered in 1838, and also
attends to the management of the German Catholic
Orphan Asylum on Pius and Sixteenth streets. The
House of Industry, on Washington street, near
Ceder avenue, in Allegheny, is also under the care
of Sisters of this order. The object of this institution is to afford a temporary home to the poor and
friendless girls in the city and to aid them in procuring situations.
The Home for the Friendless, occupying premises at 22 Washington street, near Cedar avenue,
Allegheny, is conducted by a society which was
organized on May 1, 1861, and by whom the
charter of the institution was obtained January 4,
1862.
Among other worthy institutions are the Colored
Orphan Asylum, on Greenwood avenue and Ohio
street, Allegheny; the Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Deaf and Dumb, of which Rev. John G.
Brown is President, near Edgewood Station on the
Pennsylvania Railroad; the Allegheny County Association for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children
and Aged Persons; the Widows' Home and Tenement House; the Allegheny Day Nursery; the Protestant Home for Boys; the Episcopal Church Home;
the Home for Aged Colored Women; the Pittsburgh
and Allegheny Protestant Orphan Asylum; the
United Presbyterian Orphans' Home; the St. Paul's
Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum; the Home of the
Good Shepherd; the Home for Aged Protestant
Women; the Bethany Home; the Home for Protestant Men and Aged Couples; the Temporary Home
for Destitute Women; the Children's Temporary
Home; the Newsboy's School; the Fruit and Flower
Mission; the British-Americans' Association; the
Hungarian Beneficial Society; Children's Aid Society of Allegheny County; the Christian Home
for Women; the Allegheny Ladies' Relief Society;
St. Joseph's German Orphan Asylum; House of
the Little Sisters of the Poor, and other organizations.
The Allegheny County Prison Society was organized in 1866 for the allevLation of the miseries of
public prisons of the county. The St. Joseph's Society, for the care of the sick and poor, meets at the
Convent of Mercy on Webster avenue.
The Western Pennsylvania Humane Society,
which was organized in November, I874, has an
office in the Penn Building, and is a worthy organization which efficiently fills its mission "to provide
effective measures for the prevention of cruelty to
animals and children in Western Pennsylvania."
To the humane there can be no more gratifying
contempl,tion than that afforded by this exhibition
of activity in good works. The existence of this
large number of charitable institutions and associations gives evidence of the fact that the two busy
cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny have not forgotten the humanities in the whirl of business, and
that in their prosperity in the activities they have
not overlooked the fact that there is still suffering
to alleviate, poverty to relieve, and sorrows that
need soothing. Allegheny County has a noble record
in matters of charity and benevolence.
In secret orders designed for purposes of mutual benevolence, Pittsburgh and Allegheny are
both well supplied. In Masonry it is said that there
was a Military Lodge attached to the Royal Irish
regiment located at Fort Pitt in 1759.  The first
regular lodge at Pittsburgh, No. 45, was established
December 27, 1785, and the second was Ohio Lodge
No. 113. In the Anti Masonic agitation of 1846 all
the lodges except No. 45 were disbanded. In I85I
the Masonic Hall on Fifth avenue was dedicated
and continued to be used until August 12, 1887,
when it was destroyed by fire. The corner-stone of
the elegant structure which is now being erected
to replace the former one was laid with appropriate
Masonic ceremonies September 11, 1888, by Joseph
Eichbaum, Grand Master of Pennsylvania. There
are now thirty lodges in Allegheny County, with a
large membership.and crowned with leaves of the sugar-tree, hailed
us and gave prophetic hints of the grandeur of our
future empire. His words I cannot remember, but
it seemed to me for a moment that the mystic agencies of deities well known to Greece and Rome were
not a fable, but that the powers unseen haunt the
woods and rivers, who take part in the affairs of
mortals and are pleased with the celebration of
events that spring from great achievements and from
virtue.
This is the hill, and from whence it takes its
name, where, in the vear of I763, Grant, advancing
with about 800 Caledonians or Highland Scotch
troops, beat a reveille a little after sunrise to the
French garrison, who, accompanied with a number
of savages, sallied out, and flanking him unseen
from the bottoil on the right and left, then covered
with wood, ascended the hill, towahawked and cut
his troops to pieces and made Grant himself a prisoner. Bones and weapons are yet found on the hill,
the bones white with the weather, the weapons covered with rust.
On the summit of the hill- is a mound of earth
supposed to be the catacombs or ancient buryingground of the savages. There can be no doubt of
this, as on opening some of the like tumuli or
hills of earth, bones are found. In places where
stones are plenty, these mounds are raised of stone
and skeletons are found in them. To the northeast
of Grant's Hill there is one still higher, at the distance of about three-quarters of a mile, which is
called Quarry Hill, from the excellent stone quarry
which has been opened in it. From this hill there
is an easy descent the whole way to the town and an
excellent, smooth road, so that stones can be procured to erect any building at Pittsburgh. From
the Quarry Hill you have a view four or five miles
of the Allegheny River, along which lies a fine bottom, and in high cultivation with different inclosures and farm-houses, the river winding through the
whole prospect. The hill would seem to stand as
that whereon a strong redoubt might be placed
to command the commerce of the Allegheny
River, while directly opposite, on the Manongahela
side, to the southeast, stands a hill of the same
height and appearance, known by the name of Ayre's
Hill, so called from a British engineer of that name,
who gave his opinion in favor of this ground as that
whf reon the fort ought to be constructed, as having
the highest ground and which must command the
rivers and the plain with the inferior rising grounds
on which the town is built. This hill has been cultivated on the summit by a Highland regiment, who
built upon it, though the buildings are now gone
and the brow of the hlll is still covered with wood.
From Ayre's Hill issue several fountains, falling
chiefly toward the north into a small brook, which,
increasing, encircles the foot of the hill and takes
its course through several beautiful little meads into
the Monongahela river. On this brook, before it
takes its turn to the Monongahela, in a delightful
little valley, and in the neighborhood of some plum
trees, the natives of the country, was the ancient
residence of a certain Anthony Thompson, the
vestiges of whose habitation still remain. An
extent of ground cleared by him lies to the north,
accustomed to long cultivation and now thrown out
a common. The best brick may be made from this
ground, the fine loam and sand, of which the soil
consists, and the water close at hand, highly favoring this object.
As you ascend the hill from this valley, through
which a main leading road passes from the country,
you see the Monongahela, and approaching Grant's
Hill on the right you have the point of view from
whence the town is seen to the best advantage. It
is hid from you until by the winding of the road you
begin to turn the point of the hill. You then see
house by house on the Monongahela side opening to
your view, until you are in front of the main town
in a direct line to the confluence of the rivers. The
buildings on the Allegheny show themselves with
the plain extending to the right, which had been
concealed. You have in the mleantime a view of
the rising ground, beyond the rivers, crowned with
lofty woods. I was once greatly struck, on a summer morning, viewing from the ground the early
vapor rising from the river. It hung midway between the foot and the summit of the hill, so that
the green above had the appearance of an island in
the clouds.
It may be here observed that at the junion. of
these two rivers, until eight o'clock in the morning
in summer time, a light fog is usually incumbant,
but it is of' a salutary nature, inasmuch as it consists of vapor not exhaled from stagnant water, but
which the sun of the preceding day had extra6ted
from trees and flowers and in the evening had sent
back in dew, so that, arising with a second fog, and
becoming of aromatic quality, it is experienced to
be healthful.
The town of Pittsburgh, as at present built, stands
chiefly on what is called the third bank; that is, the
third rising of the ground above the Allegheny
water. For there is the first bank, which confines
the river at the present time, and about 300 feet removed is a second, like the falling of a garden, then
a third, at a distance of about 300 yards, and lastly a
fourth bank, all of easy inclination and parallel with
the Allegheny river. Those banks would seem, in
successive periods, to have been the margin of the
river, which gradually has changed its course, and
has been thrown, from one descent to another, to
the present bed where it lies. In digging wells the
kind of stones are found which are observed in the
Allegheny current, worn smooth by the attrition of
the water. Shells also intermixed with these are
thrown out. Nature, therefore, or the river, seems
to have formed the bed of this town as a garden
with level walks and fallings of the ground. Hence
the advantage of descending gardens on these banks,
which art elsewhere endeavors with the greatest industry to form. Nor is the soil less happy than the
situation. The mold is light and rich. The finest
gardens in the known world may be found here.
The town consists of about Ioo dwelling houses,
with buildings appurtenan-t. More are daily added,
and for some time past it has improved with an
equal but continual pace The inhabitants, children, men and women, are about I,500, this number
doubling almost every year from the accession of
people from abroad and from those born in the
town. As I pass along I may remark that this new
country is in general highly prolific; whether it is
that the vegetable air, if I may so express it, constantly perfumed with aromatic flavor and impregnated with salts drawn from the fresh soil, is more
favorable to the production of men and other animals than decayed ground.
There is not a more delightful spot under heaven
to spend any of the summer months than at this
place. I aii astonished that there should be such
repair to the warm spings in Virginia - a place pent
up between the hills, where the sun pours its beams
concentrated as in a burning glass, and not a breath
of air stirs, where the eye can wander scarcely half
a furlong-while here we have the breezes of the
rivers coming from the Mississippi and the ocean,
the gales that fan the woods and are sent from the
refreshing lakes to the northward; in the meantime the prospect of extensive hills and dales,
whence the fragrant air brings odors of a thousand
flowers and plants, or of the corn and grain of the
husbandmen upon its balmy wings. Here we have
the town and country together, to walk out upon
these grounds, the -smooth green surface of the
earth and the woodland shade softening the late
fervid beams of  the sun:; how pleasant, by a crystal
fountain, is a tea party under one of those hills,
with the rivers and the plains beneath.
Nor is the winter season enjoyed with less festivity than in more populous and cultivated towns.
The buildings warm, fuel abundant, consisting of
the finest coal from the neigboring hills, or of ash,
hickory or oak, brought down in rafts by the rivers.
In the meantime, the climate is less severe at this
place than on the other side of the mountains,
lying deep in the bosom of the woods, sheltered
on the northeast by the bending of the Allegheny
heights, and on the southwest warmed by the tepid
winds from the Bay of Mexico and the great southern ocean.
In the fall of the year and during the winter
season there is usually a great concourse of strangers
at this place from the different States, about to descend the river to the westward, or to make excursions into the uninhabited and adjoining country.
These, with the inhabitants of the town, spend the
evenings in parties at the different houses, or at
public balls, where they are surprised to find an
asseembly of ladies, not to be surpassed in beauty
and accomplishments, perhaps, by any on the continent.CEMETERIES.
THE CARE OF THE D1RAD -EARLY BURIAL GROUNDS
-L]EAD ING UNDERTAKEP,RS.
There is no mark by which the civilization of a
commuliity can be more accurately gauged than that
indicated by its care of the dead. Judged by this
standard the cities of Pittsbugh and Allegheny can
fairly invite comparison with any communities in
the country, the well kept cemeteries evidencing a
just degree of appreciation of those who have gone.
The earliest places of intermelit were those in tb e
vicinity of Forts Duquesne and Pitt, all traces of
which have been obliterated with the growth of the
city. Afterward, when the Penns gave deeds to the
Presbyterian, Protestant Episcopal and German
E;vangelical cliurches, the premises conveyed included lots for burial purposes. Of these the grounds
surrounding the First Presbyterian church still contain the remains of many notable early citizens, including General John Neville Craig, Major Isaac
Craig, Judge Alexander Addison, Dr. Felix Brunot,
Captain Samuel Dawson, a Revolutionary hero;
John Cameron, a prominent citizen in the early part
of the present century; John Ormsby, the head of a
well-known family; Miss l,ouise Amelia Shaler,
daughter of Judge Charles Shaler, who was thrown
from her horse and killed while out riding with Col.
S -muel W. Blacx, the hero of the Mexican War, and
other people notable in local history.
The modern ceme-eries are models in their management and arrangements. Of these the Allegheny
Cemetery, located between Butler street, Seventeenth Ward, and Penn avl nue, Sixteenth Ward, is
the principal cemetery of the two cities.  There is
not, in any city west of the Allegheny Mountains, a
better arranged, more neatly kept, or more admirably located city of the dead.  It is 257 acres in extent and represents a total value of about $1,500,000.
The new entrance gate, recently ere6ted on Penn
avenue, built of granite and finished at a cost of $85,ooo, is a marvel of beauty, and is not surpassed by
any similar struAtLre on this continent, and probably not in the world.
The St. Mary's Cemetery, which is situated immediately west of the Allegheny Cemetery, and
which also has entrances on Butler street and Penn
avenue, is the principal and only large Catholic
Cemetery in the two cities. It has an area of thirtyfive acres.
The Uniondale Cemetery, which was formed of
Mount Union and Hilldale Cemeteries, is situated on the New
Brighton pike, in the northwestern part of Allegheny City, and
below it, in the Tenth Ward of
Allegheny, is the New Bellevue
Cemetery. Other leading places
of interment are the Chartiers
Cemetery, situated in Chartiers
township, with its Southern entrance on Temperanceville and
Mansfield plank road, and its
Northern entrance one-quarter
of a mile from Idlewood station
on the P., C.  St. L. railway;
the First German Evangelical
Cemetery on Dallas avenue and
Forbes street; the German Cemetery on tlle hill between Oakland
and Minersville; Calvary Cemetery at Hazelwood and Saline
avenues; the South Side Cemetery, in Baldwin township, abotit
one mile from the Mount Oliver
incline plane; the Greenwood
Cemeter-, situated in O'Hara
township, near Sharpsburg, and
the Homewood Cemetery, on
Dallas avenue and Forbes street,
in the Twenty second Ward.
Conne6ted with the subjet of
the care of the dead, it is appropriate to state that there are in,-1    -  -r   J:Z  -4
the city a number of firstclass undertaking establishinents who perform excellent service in the direction of funerals and attending to the decent and
orderly disposition of the
departed.
Of such establishments
those nientioned in the
following paragraphs are leading and representative ones.
H u dson Samson.-Funeral Direor;
Crematory; 75 Sixth Avenue.-The degree
of advancement to which a community has
attained is indicated more accurately than
in any other manner by the amount of care
and reverence with which they dispose of
the remains of their dead.  Therefore, n
all highly civilized communities there will
be a demand for the services of persons
whose education and training fit them  for
the  decent and  orderly  disposition  of
funerals. In PiL sburgh this demand is admirably filled by Mr. Hudson Samson, who
has been engaged in the business since 1860,
and who is recogiiized as being at the head
of his profession. He has surrounded him
self with all the accessories for the proper
and efficient prosecution of his business,
and occupies a handsome and irmposing
three-story building, 27XIOO feet in dimensions, elegant in its archite6ture and niost
convenient in its appointments, and containing, in addition to a stock room, where
a large and complete assortment of the
finest caskets, coffins and funeral supplies
is carried, a spacious vault and laboratory
and all the usual accessories of a first-class
undertaking estailishment, and he also has
sp-cial features, including a chapel and a
crematorium. The chapel is a handsome
and appropriately fitted apartment, where
fLineral services can be held in accordance
with the requests of the deceased or the
views of the survivors, while the crematorium, which is the only one in the United
States in conlne6t;on with an undertaking
establishment, is complete in all its appointments, built in accordance with the most
advanced developments in the science of
cremation, and having a retort capable of
being heated to 2,300 degrees Fah., and
which possesses the advantage over any
other crematorium of being adapted to the
use of natural gas as fuel. In this creniatorium il r. Samson has incinerated about
forty bodies since its completion in I885.
All the operations of the business are conduted under the personal supervision of
Mr. Samson, including the manufaure of
his own caskets, the ordering and diretion
of funeral ceremonies and providing the hearses,
carriages and other equipments necessary for
the proper performance of funeral obsequies.
Mr. Samson is prominently known as one of the
most advanced and efficient funeral dire6tors in
the country, has served as President of the National
Funeral Diretors' Association of the United States,
and in his dealings with the people of Pittsburgh,
Allegheny and surrounding towns has been recognized as a gentlellian of the highest personal and
business character. He is a native of Pulaski, Oswego County, N. Y., where Le was born in 1840, and
from whence he canie to Pittsburgh in I859, and he
has ever since his residence here been known as a
reputable citizen, a master of his profession and a
leading and progressive business man.
Edward L. Devore.-Funeral Director; I8
Sixth Avenue.-The duty which survivors owe to
their dead in seeing that the last rites are performed
in a decent and appropriate manner is one which
appeals to the best sensibilities of all civilized people, and therefore, the selection of a manager and
director of a funeral is an important question.
Among the gentlemen engaged in that business in
Pittsburgh, none has a higher reputation for efficient service than Mr. Edward L. Devore, who established in business for hiniself in IS84, altIough he
had previously been for a number of years connected with, and a member of the old-established firm of
W. H. Devore  Son. The premises occupied by
him embrace two floors, each I6x65 feet in dimensions, at I8 Sixth avenue, the first floor being achapel for funeral services for persons dying in
hospitals, hotels, etc., and on the second floor are the
completely stocked show-rooms, where is carried a
large line of specialties in fine goods in caskets and
other funeral furnishings from the leading manufadurers in all parts of the country, and Mr. Devore
has special rooms for receiving and keeping bodies
pending their interment. A specialty is made of
embalming by the most approved niodern methods,
and in this department of the business Mr. Devore
has a recognized precedence and is justly considered, on account of his knowledge of all effeive embalming processes, as an authority in that branch
of busine ss. He transas only a legitimate business
as funeral diretor, condudting no livery stable or
other outside enterprise in connetion with his
business. His accurate knowledge of the business,
and the careful and orderly manner in which he conduits funerals confided to his charge, has secured
for hini a large and steadily increasing business, his
patronage coming from all parts of Allegheny County. Mr. Devore is a native of Pittsburgh, and a reputable citizen, and justly enjoys the confidence and
esteem of the community,
James Lowrie.-Funeral Direor; I98 Beaver
Avenue, Allegheny.-The orderly and efficient diretion of funerals is a business which requires a
combination of ta6t and experience, and these qualifications are thoroughly combined in Mr. James
Lowrie, who has long been proliiinent as one of the
most efficient funeral direors in the two cities.
The business was established in OEtober, I872, by
the firm of Fairman  Lowrie, originally locating on
Ohio St eet, from whence removal was made in I876
to the present location. Mr. ILowrie has been for
several years the sole proprietor of the business,
which he conduEts upon methods which comniend
him to the favor and confidence of the community.
He occupies premises I8XI20 feet in dimensions,
where he carries full lines and complete assortments
of coffins, caskets, and undertakers' supplies of every
description, and he is prepared to furnish everything
necessary for the decent and orderly conducqing of
funerals, filling all orders in a prompt, satisfactory
and efficient manner. Mr. LLowrie was born in Allegheny County March I7, I837. When the civil war
came on he became a member of the One Hundred
and Twenty-Third regiment of Pennsylvania volunteers, in which he served nine months, and he
afterwards served an additional six months in the
One Hundred and Tenth Pennsylvania Volunteers,
in the army of the Potomac. He is now an influential member of Post No. 88 of the Grand Army of the
Republic. In all relations of life he holds a deserved
reputation as a worthy and representative citizen.
LITERATURE.
MEN AND WOMUN WHO HAVE DISTINGUISHVD
THUMSEFLVVbS IN THE LITERARY WORLD.
Pittsburgh, although not making any special
claim to fame as a literary center, has nevertheless
been the home of a number of men and women
more or less famous as contributors to the literature
of the past century, outside of the workers on the
local press. Mention has been made, in a former
chapter, of the fat that the first book ever printed
in a Pittsburgh office was the third volume of a
work on "Modern Chivalry." This was the production of Hugh H. Brackenridge, one of the early
members of the Pittsburgh bar, and who was prominently connected with the local events of a century
ago. The first two volumes of the work were printed in Philadelphia before any printing office had
been established at Pittsburgh. In addition to this
work Judge Brackenridge also published a volume
of "Recolle6tions" and contributed frequently to the
press.
Of literary women Mrs. Jane Gray Swisshelm is
probably entitled to be regarded as the most noted
that Western Pennsylvania has produced. Unhappy
in her domestic relations, she nevertheless found
time to devote to the cause of humanity, and as one
of the early abolitionists did much toward the
movement which led to the banishment of slavery
froni the land. She was a prominent champion of
social reforms and a leading light in the woman's
suffrage movement. In addition to a number of aggressive and forcible contributions to the magazine
literature of her day, she published a volume entitled
"Half a Century" in which she tells the story of her
life and work.
The literary women of Pittsburgh have for the
past fifteen years conducted a Woman's Club. The
successive Presidents of the club have been Miss
Fanny C. Kyle, Mrs. Helen P. Jenkins, Mrs. Charles
I. Wade, Miss Armstrong, Mrs. G. H. Taylor and
Mrs. W. J. Prentice, all of whom have written for
publication. Mrs. Wade, formerly President and
still an active member of the club, is perhaps the
best known of the literary ladies of Pittsburgh now
living, being a regular contributor to the press under the nont de fplmne of "Bessie Bramble," and furnishing articles which are models of diction, logical,
and dashed with a subtle humor which makes them
enjoyable reading.
There is no name among the local literary lights
which is so widely known as that of Stephen Collins
Foster, song writer and composer. An old time
philosopher once said "Let me write the ballads of a
people and I care not who makes their laws," and
Stephen C. Foster produced more popular ballads
and melodies than any other American. He was
born at Lawrenceville in I826, educated at Jefferson
College at Canonsburg, and at first engaged in mercantile pursuits. His genius, however, soon showed
itself and he finally devoted himself to song writing
and composition. The most notable of his songs is
the "Old Folks at Home," better known to many by
the name of "The Swanee River." Others which
will be we]l remembered and which are still
sung are " Old Uncle Ned," " Oh! Susanna,"
"Old Black Joe" and "Beautiful Dreams." He died
in New York in I863, his body being brought to
Pittsburgh and interred in the Allegheny Cemetery.
Of literary men who have temporarily resided in
Pittsburgh none were more brilliant than the late
Richard Realf. He was of English birth, but came
to the United States some time in the fifties. He
led an adventurous and somewhat erratic life, took a
prominent part in the border troubles vf Kansas,
and afterward worked on the daily press in different
cities. As a poet his productions are notable for
force and beauty, and one poem, "leonainie," of
which he is now known to have been the author, was
published as the writing of Edgar A. Poe, and accepted as genuine by a majority of the critics.
Realf's collnection with Pittsburgh is principally
cormmemorated by his "Hymn of Pittsburgh" which
is reproduced elsewhere in this volume.
Andrew Carnegie, one of Pittsburgh's millionaire
manufacturers, has made his name notable in literature by his well-known volume "Triumphant Democracy," and has also been an occasional contributor to magazine literature.
In the field of local history Isaac Craig, George
H. Thurston, A. A. Lambing and Judge J. W. F.
White have all done excellent service. Mr. Thurston has also made many valuable contribution to
poetic literature.
There are doubtless many other names which are
in every way worthy to be mentioned in a detailed
history of the literature of Pittsburgh, but the space
at disposal in this review precludes further elaboration of the subject.
TRADE TERRITORY.
THE PRODUCTIVE REGION OF WHICH PITTSBURGH
IS THE DISTRIBUTIVF CENTER.
In the consideration of the future prospe6ts of a
city in a commercial sense, one of the first essential
inquiries is naturally direted to the extent and charater of the territory from which it is reasonable to
expect trade to gravitate to the city under consideration as a center.
In many branches of manufa6ture Pittsburgh is
fortunate in the possession of a territory covering
every part of the Union, and even including an important export trade, but in the purely mercantile
lines the Pittsburgh and Allegheny merchants are,
of course, for the greater part dependent upon the
immediate trade territory of the two cities, embracing Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Eastern Ohio. As to this territory, some valuable statistics are to be found in a pamphlet issued by the
Chamber of Commerce in I884, and entitled "The
Mercantile, Manufauring and Mining Interests of
Pittsburgh."
According to that authority the trade terrirory
embraces the Ohio counties of Columbiana, Harri.
son, Jefferson, Mahoning, Stark, Trumbull, Tuscarawas and Wayne; the Pennsylvania counties of
Allegheny, Armstrong, Beaver, Blair, Butler, Cambria, Clarion, Clearfield, Crawford, Mlk, Fayette,
Forest, Greene, Indiana, Jefferson, Lawrence, Mercer,
Somerset, Venango, Washington and Westmoreland,
and the West Virginia counties of Brooke, Hancock
and Marshall. These counties, which have a combined area of I9,697 square miles, according to
the census of 1880 had a population of I,578,670, and
contained IOO,540 farms of the value of $470,764,000,
with produs of the value of $54,354,ooo annually,
In these products were included 2I,5II,400 bushels
of corn, I7,830,300 bushels of oats, IO,I67,200 bushels of wheat, and the wool clip amounted II,590,780
pounds, as well as large amounts of other produdts.
The manufa6tures of these counties, exclusive of
mining, in I880 engaged 8,825 establishments, with a
capital of $I38,307,0oo, employing 88,I82 men and
with produts valued at$207,94I,000. Uponthese
figures the complier of the volume thus remarks
in regard to the trade territory of Pittsburgh:
" That portion of the country which derives its
mercantile supplies from Pittsburgh, as contradistinguished from the manufaAuring interestswhich is at once dependent upon and tributary to
Pittsburgh -has never been properly defined, described or presented in an authentic m~anner; and,
we may adid, its value has never been appreciated by
our people. And yet nothing is more easily demon  
strated than that the region relying upon our merchants, and whose inhabitants are constantly corr1municating with us, is highly f avored in many
respecAs. Its diversified industry, its agricultural
resources and development, its natural and artificial
highways, these and the general characRer of the
people, all combine to render its trade and business
valuable. "
" That these may be understood better, we have
grouped together a series of tables complied from
the Quarto EDdition of the Census of the United
States recently issued. W~ie might readily, in im~itation of communities which habitually transcend
reasonable limits in gathering material of this nature, have enlarged the area of the distriizutive
trade of Pittsburgh, or swelled the figures of that
given. Our readers, however, will approve the judgment which limits the former to its recognized
boundaries, and as for the figures they are eloquent
enough in their established, official and seasoned
text. Wle findi both amply su~fficient for all purposesWe may premise that the faits presented have been
carefully collated from widely scattered pages,
buried, we might say, among other statistics of no
concern to our people."
" Our tables are also of value to the city merchant, in enabling him to corre~tly place mercantile operations in strit accordance with the probable demand for commodities in proportion to
population, business, etc. In this careful adjustment of business relations and the complete o ccupation of the natural field of trade, the Pittsburgh
merchant will be guided by the information r,rought
together here for the first time. The country merchant, on the other hand, will receive a hint which,
if a6led upon, will benefit him; in obedience to the
dictates of prudence, he will avail himself of such
advantages as the natural conditions of trade present,
and in all his dealings give his attention first and
foreniost to Pittsburgh. By so doing, he will consult his own interests. Spasmodic and impulsive purchasers from sources not immediate or
permanent never serve as well in the long run as
the adherence to the conservative and accustonied
channels, conversant with all the requirements,
tastes and needs of the consumer."
"But we have also been desirous of introducing the present chapter that we might give
a comprehensive view of the operation of the
national laws designed to foster the development
of our industries on agriculture in general. We
desire to show the nature and value of the meaning of the words, " home market," so familiar
in public discussions on the subje6.  We desire
to bring out the sharp contrast to'De found between the farmers of this region, and those
really dependent on the export trade of agricultural produ6ts. This "home market" has attractions and advantages quite its own, and is duly
appreciated by those who enjoy it. Established
and steady in character and extent, the farmer
of Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio is
sure of always getting a fair price for his produce,
within a day's ride from home.  He is uninfluenced by those sudden and mysterious fluctuations that seize the export miarket so often,
and which, unexpeted and unaccountable, are
doubly aggravating in that they reach the producer early only when adverse, while those that
might be advantageous he hears of only when it
is too late to profit by them. Our agriculturists
seldom find themselves in such a dilemma,"
" To eight of the counties embraced in the
tables, this is a sort of centennial, and what a
hundred years have done is well worth considering. On the 23d of October, I784, by the Treaty
of Fort Stanwix, the State of Pennsylvania acquired the title to all the land north and west
of the Ohio and Allegheny rivers. The other
counties of Pennsylvania analyzed by us, are
somewhat older as to settlement, while the rest
are, by about as many years, younger, so that
the whole region, first fruits of the Revolution,
may be said to have finished the period indicated.
One hundred years of labor, by a people now
numbering eighteen hundred thousand, have
created wealth to the amount of, it may be estiniated, two thousand five hundred millions of
dollars."
" The territory we describe, embraces eight
counties of Ohio, twenty counties of Pennsylvania, and three counties of West Virginia, or a
total area of almost twenty thousand square
miles. No point is further from Pittsburgh than
one hundred mniles. Yet the boundlessness of
Nature's gifts to be found in the region, stamps
it pre-eminently as one of the miost favored on
the globe."
"Our purpose in this chapter is principally to
collate its agricultural resources: that over one
million tons of hay are produced in its boun-ds, for
the quarter of a million of horses kept on farms,
~besides the one hundred and fifty thousand employed in the towns and cities. The wool clipped
annually weighs about eleven millions of pounds.
The county of Washington, Pa., is the leading
county in the United States in this respect. There
are over one hundred thousand farms, worth nearly
five hundred millions of dollars, and producing
annually fifty-five millions of dollars' worth, and
closely identified with the metropolis of the region,
buying from it the multiform articles required in
the household, wearing apparel, tools and mnachinery of all sorts, and selling to the same the results
of its soil. \Ve have not thought it unimiportant,
since the census itself takes cognizance of such
things, to direct attention to the fact that thirteen
millions of dozens of eggs, six millions of bushels
of potatoes and three millions of dollars' worth of
orchard and garden crops are shown in our tables."
" The extent of the home market is still further
emphasized by the fact that the industrial wealth is
not by any means confined to Pittsburgh and Allegheny City.  There are McKeesport, Steubenville
Beaver Falls, East Liverpool and other urban centres of manufacturing, in fact the whole region is
permeated with shops and mills. Exclusive of
mining, there were enumerated in the census nearly
nine thousand manufacturing establishnients, eniploying nearly ninety thousand men. Considering
the wonderful strides made since the census year, it
is entirely withiii the mark to say that the industrial production, exclusive of mining, exceeds two
hundred and fifty millions of dollars per annum."
THE EXCHANGES.
ORGANIZATION-S OF BUSINESS MEN IN AID oF THE
COMMERCE OF TIHE Two CITIEs.
The important influence which call be exerted on
the business of a community by organized effort has
been so ofcen proved by important business centers
that the utility of such associations is no longer an
open question. The maxim thatin unity there is
strength is applicable to nothing more strongly than
to business, and the material interests of the country
has been promoted by no agency to a greater extent
than by the various business organizations of the
leading cities.
The value of such organized association has long
been recognized by the business men and manufacturers of Pittsburgh, and although some of the earlier
efforts to secure such united action proved to be
weak, they nevertheless paved the way for the important and successful organizations which now hold
such a prominent pla le in the commercial community
of the two cities. An associatioli, known as the
Pittsburgh Board of Trade, was organized in I836,
but it was not properly sustained and after some
years of a precarious existence wound up its affairs
in I854, During the next twenty years there were
many efforts niade to revive the organization, but
none of them proved successful until I874, when a
meeting of business men was held in the Germania
Bank Building on Monday, December I4, and it was
voted to forni an organization to be known as the
Chamber of Comnierce, and which has ever since pursued a career of usefulness. It takes the lead in every
ineasure calculated to affe6t the business interests
of Western Pennsylvania, and watches all efforts at
1--  -  --    1- 1  4 -      1   -1 1   a  _ - 4a    -; +,  -i
leglslatolon liKely tO aitect ttose interesLs, elLner
in the Nation, State or City endorsing-that which
upon calm judgment it believes to be beneficial,
and bringing an important influence to bear toward defeating what is bad or nefarious. It has
served, from time to time, an important purpose
in securing the abolition or modification of
freight discrimination inimical to the commerce
of the city, and toward securing for it an equaity
in such matters with other trade centers. One
of the purposes of the organizatioli is the collection and dissemination of statistics, and in pursuit of this purpose the body has issued, from
tinie to time, a number of important and valuable
pamphlets imparting information in regard to
the natural resources, producqions and trade of
Western Pennsylvania. The membership of the
Chamber of Commerce is made up of leading and
representative merchants and manufaturers of
the city, and its efforts in various direftions have
always been for the advancement of the material
resources of Pittsburgh and Allegheny specially,
and t we whole of Western Pennsylvania in
general.
The following are the present officers of the
Chamber of Commerce: Wm. E. Schmertz, President; S. L. McHenry, Secretary; Charles Meyran,
Treasurer; G. Follansbee, Superintendent. VicePresidents.-Geotge A. Kelly, Reuben Miller,
Geo. H. Anderson, John H. Ricketson, Henry
Holdship, James B. Scott. Diretors. S. I. McHenry, Charles Meyran, H. Kirk Porter, John
Bindley, S. M. WNickersham, D. C. Herbst, T. C.
Jenkins, John B. Jackson, S. P. Harbison, R.
Munroe, Chas. W. Batchelor, B. L. Wood, Jr., Wm.
McClelland, Thos. P. Roberts, Morrison Foster,
W. P. Herbert, James Allison, Peter Dick, A. F.
Keating, J. S. Wightman, John F. Dravo, Charles
J. Clarke, J. D. Bernd, J. H. McKelvy, O. McClintock.
The Pittsburgh Petroleum, Stock and Metal
Exchange is another business organization of
iniportance, contaiiiing in its membership nearly
three hundred business men, miost of them interested in the oil industry. The institution was
incorporated as The Pittsburgh Petroleum Exchange, Decemiber 23, I882, was organized July
7, i883, and opened April 2Ist, i884. At first its
business was entirely connected with the petroleum market, but on January II, I886, a meeting
was held at which it was decided to change the
name of the corporation to the Pittsburgh Petroleum, Stock and Metal Exchange and to change
the purpose of the organization so as to include
trading in stocks, bonds and other securities, and
mnetals, and in the month of March following
rules for the listin'g and trading in these commodities were adopted. The  Exchange has a
prominent place among the important business
organizations in the country, and particularly in
connetion with the market in petroleum. The Exchange building, alarge and imposing struture at
II5 Fourth avenue, is shown in the illustration accompanying this article.
The American Tin Plate Association, which has
its headquarters in the Lewis block, is an organization of those interested in the till plate industry,and
was formed for the purpose of promoting American
manufa6ture of tin plates by securing favorable protective tariffs and otherwise. The President of the
organization is W. J. LLewis. John Jarrett is Secretary and Alfred Marshall, Treasurer.
The Western Pig Iron Association is an organization of great influence in connetion with the iron
trade and its operations are not confined to Pittsburgh but include the trade in general. J. J. Spearman,of Sharon, Pa., is President, andJoseph D.Weeks,
of Pittsburgh, is Secretary and Treasurer, with
offices at 59 Ninth street.The American Association of Flint and Lime
Glass Manufacturers is an organization which exerts
an important influence upon that branch of production, the interests of which it carefully subserves.
Its membership is made up of the leading glass
manufacturers of the country, and its officers are:
D. C. Ripley, President; James Gallinder and James
H. McCloy, Vice Presidents; Thos. Evans, Treasurer,
and Andrew H. Bryer and Paul Zimmerman, additional managers. Jos. G. Walter is Actuary, to whom
all communications in regard to the business of
the association should be addressed at 43 Sixth avenue.
The Western Iron Association is an organization
made up of the principal iron manufacturers, and
which has its office at 59 Ninth street. B. F. Jones
is President, James H. Bennett, Vice-President, and
Joseph D. Weeks, Secretary and Treasurer.
The Engineers' Society of Western Pennsylvania
is an organization incorporated March 20, 1880, and
having for its object the advancement of engineering in all its branches, the improvement of its members, and the encouragement of social intercourse
among men of practical science. Civil, mechanical
and mining engineers, geologists, architects, managers and superintendents of railroads, mills and
manufactories, and other persons engaged in scientific and mechanical pursuits pertaining to engineering are eligible to membership in the Society. The
officers of the society are A. Dempster, President;
W. L. Scaife and J. A. Brashear, Vice-Presidents;
A. E. Frost, Treasurer; S. M. Wickersham, Secretary,
and E. B. Taylor, A. E. Hunt, T. P. Roberts and
Charles Davis, Directors.
The Builders' Exchange, having for its object
the promotion of the interests of those engaged in
the various branches of the building trades, is another business organization, which has its office at
59 Ninth street.
Othes business organiza ions are maintained by
various lines of industry, among which may be
enumerated the Pittsburgh Grain and Flour Exchange, at 925 Liberty avenue; the Architects' Society of Western Pennsylvania, at Room 711 Penn
building; the Grocers' Exchange, at 628 Liberty
avenue, and the Retail Merchants' Protective Association, also at 628 Liberty avenue.
Through these and other organizations the bnsiness interests of Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the
various lines of productive and distributive industry
are promoted and fostered, and the individuals engaged in them are correspondingly benefited.
PROMINENT FEATURES.
ITEMS OF INTEREST IN REGARD TO PITTSBURGH
AND ALLEGHENY.- THE SOCIAL WORLD.
There are many prominent features in the two
cities of which space precludes more than a passing
mention, but which enter in an important way into
the promotion of its prosperity and social happiness. The cities contain many attractions in a social, as well as a business way. In them are many
of the finest residences in the country, the men
who have been successful in business pursuits taking a just pride in their home surroundings.
Fifty years ago the principal residences in Pittsburgh were located on the banks of the Allegheny
river, and there are still in that district houses, now
degenerated into dilapidated tenements, which were
the mansions of the Mowrys, the Dennys and the
Schenleys of a past generation. The residence portion of the city has moved east, while many of the
prominent merchants and manufacturers of the city
have their habitations in Allegheny and the suburbs.
Some of these have involved the expenditure of
many thousands of dollars and in their interior decorations and furnishings excel the most luxurious
specimens of Oriental munificence.
It is not only, however, in the mansions of the
rich that the social life of the two cities presents
elements of attraction. The many and varied industries of the two cities employ an army of skilled
mechanics, who are in receipt of good wages, and
the more thrifty of these have built com fortable
houses, and are in full enjoyment of the attractions
of domestic life. An important aid to this worthy
class of the community is found in the building associations, of which there are many prosperous ones
in the city.
PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW.
123
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA EXPOSITION SOCIETY.
The Pittsburgh Exposition buildings, which were
destroyed October 3, 1883, were originally built in
1875 by the Tradesman's Industrial Association, from
whom they were acquired by the Pittsburgh Exposition Society in 1877. In these buildings expositions of the manufactures and industries of Pittsburgh and Western Pennsylvania were annually
given, each succeeding year adding to the value of
the exhibit and the popularity and attendance which
they invited, and the fire by which the buildings
were destroyed put an end to what promised to be the
most popular and remunerative of the annual occasions. Following the destuction of the buildings
several attempts were made to replace them, and
finally arrangements were completed, plans secured
and work began on the wharf of the Allegheny
River, near the Point Bridge. Legal complications
followed, by which the work was retarded, but these
having been satisfactorily settled, the Western
Pennsylvania Exposition Society are pushing the
matter and expect to have the buildings complete in
time to hold an exposition in 1889. The plans accepted are excellent both in their exterior beauty
o design and their adaptation to the purposes for
which they are designed, and the exposition premises will consist of two large buildings, one of them
to be known as Machinery Hall and the other as
Music Hall, the last named of which will be constructed as a permanent building, suited to many
uses, such as large concerts and conventions, and
the two cities will thus be enabled to offer inducements to gatherings which have been previously
compelled for lack of facilties to seek less conveniently located cities.
The directors of the Society are S. S. Marvin,
President; John Bindley, Vice-President; H. Buhl,
Jr., Treasurer; James W. Batchelor, Secretary, and
Messrs. D. C. Herbst, A. P. Burchfield, W. B. Lupton,
H. J. Heinz, E. J. Unger, D. C. Ripley, Joseph T.
Speer, M. Rosenbaum, A. F. Keating and Robert
Pitcairn.
THE ALLEGHENY ARSENAL
This institution is interesting as the representative of the army in Pittsburgh, and has many historical associations with it. As descriptive of it, the
following, taken from a recent issue of the Pittsburgh Leader, fully covers all that can well be said
in a brief review: "A day's travel through Pittsburgh and Allegheny would hardly bring one to a
more beautiful spot than the Allegheny Arsenal, on
Butler street. It was set apart for government use
in 1812 and contains about fifty acres. Since the
time it was secured by the government it has been
constantly improved, and to-day it stands second to
no arsenal in the country. It is under command of
Major McKee and a company of United States soldiers. When passing along Butler street at any hour
in the night one's attention is attracted at the en
trance to the officer's quarters by the slow and
measured pace of the sentinel, while the dim light
under which he walks scarcely throws a shadow beyond the pavement's edge. Every two hours a relief
is brought, and the rattling of muskets and whispered exchange of the countersign warns the passerby that a new sentinel is taking his post. Thus the
weary hours of the night are spent by the soldiers
on duty. At sunrise the monotony is relieved by the' bang' from the reveille gun. This single warning
tells the vast number of people living around the
arsenal that the day has dawned and that they must
be up and doing. One half hour after reveille has
been sounded the visitor can witness the roll call,
the forming and breaking ranks of the soldiers of
the garrison. By this time the sun, in all his glory,
has arisen from the east and is spreading his soothing rays over the green acres of the arsenal. The
dew, which has gathered on the grass during the
previous night, fast disappears, and leaves the plain,
dry sward for the visitor to tread on. On entering
the big stone gate, on Butler street, the view that
spreads out before the eye is simply beautiful. The
green plazza, studd ed with trees, the triangular and
rectangular piles of cannon balls, the barracks and
officers' quarters to the right, and the house that
once served to detain prisoners located in full front
view. Above Butler street is the store house, and
from it there is a continuation of the park to Penn
avenue, where the green fields cease and the stately
brick and stone dwellings arise in their majesty and
continue for miles to the south. As the reveille gun
in the arsenal serves to make known that Aurora is
comin g in all her glory, so a simple'boom' in the
evening tells the people that the great Nox is about
to throw his dark mantle over the goddess of light,
and is once more about to take possession of the city.
This is the routine day after day, and though it may
be monotonous to the soldiers in their garrison,
still there is not a stranger who goes through the
arsenal that is not pleased with his visit, and is
always anxious to repeat it."
MARKETS.
Good markets form an important feature in the
business and domestic life of a city, and Pittsburgh
and Allegheny are especially fortunate in this respect, there being a number of excellent markets in
the two cities. The inhabitants of the borough
of Pittsburgh early showed their appreciation of the
value of a public market, and a meeting of the citizens was held at the Court House on the 8th day of
July, I794 at which it was agreed that a market
house should be placed on the public square of the
borough. Later, at a meeting on July 19 of the
same year, it was  decided to build a second market
house on the bank of the Monongahela river, at the
foot of Market street, the expense of the building
being defrayed by subscription. A later strucure
devoted to a similar purpose was situated on Grant's
Hill, and was known as the Scotch Hill Market
House. This structure was built in two sections,
running from Grant street to Ross, on Second avenue. The Ross street end was never used for the
purpose intended, probably because the business of
the city was not sufficient to require it. The schoolboys made a resort of it and played many a lively
game within and around the building. The market
house was swept away by the fire of 1845, and the
grounds, which belonged to the city, were converted
into the small park now known as the Second Avenue Park.
The present Diamond market buildings were
erected in 1854 by a party of citizens who joined
themselves into a company for that purpose.  Market rents were collected regularly, and the money
deposited in the name of the company. When the
amount reached a sufficient sum to reimburse them
for the money expended they were turned over to
the city, to which they have since proved a profitable source of revenue. Later on the South
Side, Fifth Avenue and Adams markets were
built.
The Diamond Market in Allegheny occupies a
spacious building, admirably adapted to its purposes, located at the southeast corner of Federal
and Ohio streets, and a prosperous business is done
by those who occupy its stalls.
The two cities are admirably located for the procurement of a superior assortment of market pro
ducts, the country surrounding Pittsburgh being
prolific in all the products of the garden and field,
and also furnishing a plentiful supply of feed for
live stock of all kinds. The markets are thus kept
well stocked, both as to quantity and quality, while
prices are as low for this class of goods as in any
city of the country.
SCIENTIFIC AND LITERARY.
There are numerous associations and institutions
in the two cities devoted to scientific and literary
objects, and there are in the cities many gentlemen
who take great interest in subjects of this character.
One of the best known institutions is the Allegheny
Observatory, situated about four hundred feet above
the bed of the Ohio river, on what is known as Observatory Hill, Allegheny City. It is a long, low
building, filled up, for the purpose of making
astronomical observations, with all the necessary
and appropriate scientific apparatus.
The Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania
was organized on the 10th of April, 1879, and has
since rendered valuable aid to the cause of local history by the work it has performed. The objects of
the association are declared in its constitution to be
"the renewing and reviving of old memories and associations, securing reminiscences and relics of the
early pioneers, and all matters of general interest to
an Historical Societ y of Western Pennsylvania. "
Meetings are held on the second Thursday of each
month except June, July and August, in the Common
Council Chamber of the Municipal Hall. Of this
society the President is Hon. C. S. Fetterman; and
Vice-Presidents, L. H. Eaton, Jacob Reese, Thomas
Harper, Joseph T. Johnston and Daniel T. Johnston;
Recording Secretary, Rev. A. A. Lambing; Corresponding Secretary, David W. Miller; Treasurer,
John Fullerton.
In libraries both Pittsburgh and Allegheny are124
PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW.
well supplied. The Pittsburgh Library Association,
whose rooms are located at 6I3 Penn avenue, was
organized in I847, and was chartered by the State of
Pennsylvania in I849. At the time of its last report
the Association had I,142 members and the library
contained I7,956 books. Other library organizations
in Pittsburgh are the Catholic, in the basement of
the Cathedral, the German Library Association, at
the corner of Wood street and Virgin alley, above
the Third National Bank; the Teachers' Library at
516 Market Street, and the Free Reading Rooms of
the Young Men's Christian Association, at Seventh
street and Penn avenue. In Allegheny there is the
Allegheny Public School Library, in the City Hall,
and the Carnegie Public Library, the latter of which
will occupy the beautiful structure just erected at
the corner of Ohio and Federal streets, and will
soon be the leading library of the two cities, ample
provision having been made for stocking it with
books. The library is the gift of Mr. Andrew Carnegie, from whom the library takes its name.
The Young Men's Christian Association, whose
reading room and library is mentioned above, is one
of the most prosperous of such societies in the
Union. The building of the association, located at
the corner of Penn avenue and Seventh street, is one
of the handsomest structures in the city, and was
erected in 1884 at a cost of $100,000. In addition to
the library, the building contains well furnished reception parlors, a first class gymnasium, and other
features usually found in institutions of this character.
Among social organizations the city boasts a
number of clubs, some purely for social intercourse
and enjoyment and others partaking of a political
character. The Duquesne Club, Press Club, Randall
Club and Americus Club are among the more prominent organizations of this character.
THE DRAMA.
The history of theatrical performances in Pittsburgh and of the rise and progress of the drama,
would of itself make an interesting chapter in a detailed history, but space forbids more than the
briefest mention in this place. The directory of
1815 mentions, among the attractions of the place,
"a Dramatic Theatre." It is not known where this
structure was situated, and the item may have had
referencee to the Black Bear Tavern, located on the
Diamond and which was most frequently utilized
for entertainments of all kinds. The first building
known to bave been erected was put up in 1817, on
part of the lot where the Dollar Savings Bank now
stands, and fronted on Third street. This was built
by the Pittsburgh Thespian Society, an amateur association to which a number of the prominent
citizens of that day belonged. Some twenty years
later a famous theatre, known to the menory of
many old play goers to this day as "Old Drury," was
erected whe re the Commercial Gazette building
now stands. Of this theatre J. C. Foster became
manager in 1855, conducting it Upon the stock company principle, and here appeared many of the most
distinguished stars of those days, including Edwin
Forrest, the elder Booth and other celebrities. In the
stock company were several actors who have since
become famous, among others Lawrence Barrett.
In I858 Manager Foster gave up the house and
took the Masonic Hall, across the street from "Old
Drury," opening it as Foster's Gaiet es, with a
variety performance. Meanwhile Old Drury passed
through several hands until on New Year's night,
1869, the last performance was given there and the
building was soon afterwards torn down.
In the early sixties Odd Fellows Hall (now Harris' Theatre) was opened for dramatic purposes as
the National Theatre, and its name was afterward
several times changed, becoming successively the
Apollo Theatre, Concert Hall, and the Lyceum
Theatre before taking its present name.
Other theatres which are remembered by many
were Trimble's Varieties, Harry Martin's Theatre,
and the Melodeon, and there were several smaller
places and concert halls during and immediately
following the war period.
The principal theatres now are the Grand Opera
House, the Bijou Theatre and Harris' Theatre, in
which three the leading companies of the country
may be seen trom time to time, and the Academy of
Music, devoted to variety entertainments.
ATHLETIC SPORTS.
Pittsburgh has long been distinguished, among
its other claims to distinction, for the encouragement it gives to all kinds of manly sports. In the
palmy days of boat-racing, before that species of
contest had taken on the fraudulent features which
so frequently characterize the matches of the present day, Pittsburgh furnished five champions to
the aquatic world, and it has on numerous occasions
sent pair-oared and four-oared crews to other cities
to contest for honors. Of champion oarsmen of
America at different times James Hamill, Henry
Coulter, Evan Morris, William Scharff and John
Teemer were all Pittsburghers.
In the National game of base ball Pittsburgh has
always taken a lively interest. There were several
clubs of amateur players prior to 1876, when a Base
Ball club was organized, becoming a member of the
International Association, playing three seasons, at
the end of which the club disbanded. In 1881, when
the American Association was formed, another team
was organized, and became a member of the Association. It maimtained this connnection until 1887,
when it joined the National League, of which it is
still a member. Mr. William A. Nimick, a prominent business man, is President of the club.
In addition to the above mentioned sports there
ate several organizations devoted to other out door
amusements, including clubs for lawn tennis, cricket,
trap shooting, etc. Almost every variety of taste in
athletic and healthful sports is provided for, and opportunity given for its gratification.
GOVERNMENT DEPARTMENTS.
Of course, a community such as that of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, with its great and growing
industrial activity, must necessarily have a large
amount of business with the United States Government. The fiscal receipts at Pittsburgh amount to
about three millions of dollars per annum. The
extent of the river interests centered here give importance to the offices of Collector of Customs and
Surveyor of the Port, together with the office of an
Inspector of the Steam Service, the medical officers
of the Marine Hospital, etc. The Collector of Internal Revenue is in charge of one of the most important districts in the country, the annual receipts
being over a million and a half dollars. The Pension Office in the city takes charge of over 16,000
pensioners,of Pennsylvania, from the Susquehanna to
the Western border. The business of the United
States Courts here is important in its character and
large in its volume. The postoffice business of the
city has been elsewhere noticed in a separate chapter. The principal United States officers in the city
are: William McKennan, Judge of the United States
Circuit Court; Marcus W. Acheson, Judge of the
United States District Court; George A. Allen,
United States Attorney; Thomas B. Alcorn, Assistant District Attorney; George S. Miller, United
States Marshal; John McGill, First Assistant to the
United States Marshal; W. B. Chambers, Chief
Deputy Marshal; Stephen McCandless, Clerk of the
United States District Court, with W. T. Lindsay as
his Deputy; H.D. Gamble, Clerk of the United States
Circuit Court,with JamesG.Bell as Deputy. In addition
to these officials of the Department of Justice, the
leading representatives of the United States Government are: John B. Larkin, Postmaster; D. O.
Barr, Collector of the Port of Pittsburgh; Captain
W. H. Barclay, United States Pension Agent; and
E. A. Bigler, Collector of Internal Revenue. The
United States Signal Service is represented at Pittsburgh by Sergeant Oscar D. Stewart, who is assisted
by William J. Olds and U. G. Myers.
CLIMATE, HEALTH, ETC.
The climate o f Pittsburgh is somewhat variable,
but in the main conducive to health. In temperature the extremes of heat and cold are rarely
reached. During 1888, the highest temperature was
95 and the lowest 1~ above zero. The highest temperature of which there is any record during the
past eighteen years was I03~, which was reached
July 10, 1881, and the lowest 12~ below zero on
January 8, 1885. The average Pittsburgh temperature is 52~. The highest annual average occurred
in 1887, when 54 was recorded, and the lowest 49~ in
1875. The average annual rainfall is about thirty
inches. The highest velocity of wind on record for
the past eighteen years is about forty miles all hour,
and thatvelocity has been reached but on two or three
occasions. The average daily velocity is about six
miles an hour. The earliest frost that has visited
the city during the past eighteen years was on September 10, 1883, and the latest on June 8, 1879.
In healthfulness of location Pittsburgh and Allegheny are unsurpassed, the death rate of the two
cities being shown by the tables of mortality to be
among the lowest in the country. The advantages
in salubrity enjoyed by this location are set forth in
the following, quoted from a paper by Dr. William
H. Denny, published several years ago, but still applicable:
" Of all the great western towns, Pittsburgh is
the farthest removed from the baneful exhalations
of the swampy Mississippi, and accordingly enjoys
a greater exemption from those diseases which, during the summer and autumn months, prevail even
as high as Cincinnati. Dropsies, dysenteries, diarrhoeas and cholera diseases which are influenced by
causes of a malarious origin, have never prevailed
to any extent. In comparison with Eastern cities,
there is much less pulmonary consumption, less scrofula, and less diseases of the skin. There is scarcely ary
fever and ague, and no yellow fever.  In comparison
with Western cities, including Cincinnati, there is
less bilious fever, less fever and ague, less cholera
infantum, and far less malignant cholera. We are
the intermediate link of disease as well as of commerce. We have less hepatic disease than the West,
and-less pulmonic disease than the East."
ALLEGHENY COUNTY.
ITS GROWTH AND PRESENT IMPORTANCE STATISTICS OF ITS WEALTH AND ITS INDUSTRIES.
Although this volume is intended principally as
an exposition of the progress and advantages of the
two cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny alone, yet
the interests of these cities are so interwoven with
those of Allegheny County at large that a few leading facts in regard to the county may serve to illustrate the excellence of the surroundings of the twin
cities.
The facts in r egard to the orgarization of the
county have been narrated in the historical sketch
with which this work begins. In I790 the population of the county was 10,309; and this was increased to 15,087 in 1800; 25,317 in 1810; 34,921 in 1820;
50,552 in 1830; 81,235 in 1840; 138,290 in 1850; 178,831 in 1860; 262,204 in 1870 and 355,869 in 1880. By
an estimate of the Health Bureau, made July 1st,
1888, Pittsburgh has now a population of 237,000;
Allegheny 96,ooo; the boroughs in the county 75,ooo and the townships 122,000, giving a total population for Alleghny County, estimated on a conservative basis, of 530,000.
The county embraces a territory of 757 square
miles, and by the report of the Secretary of Internal
Affairs to December 31, 1887, it was shown that the
total number of taxables in the county at that date
was 98,773. There were 333,428 acres cleared and 5I,151 acres of timber land   The real estate in the
county was valued at $235,880,005, of which $30,026,97I was exempt from  taxation.  The live stock
interest of the county was represented by 23,226
horses, mares, geldings and mules valued at $1,665,o65; neat cattle I9,044, valued at $470,I73; swine
25,000, valued at $150,000. There were 5.530 farms,
valued at $40,4I2,000, with products amounting in
value, to $3,989,000. Included in these products were
889,ooo bushels of corn, 936,ooo bushels of oats, 408,ooo) bushels of wheat, 808,500 bushels of potatoes,
67,000 tons of hay, 280,000 pounds of wool. 350,ooo
dozen eggs, and orchard and garden products to the
value of $800,000.
All the boroughs in the county and many of the
townships are supplied with natural gas, and in
many of thetu are to be found manufacturing estab
lishments, most of which have their offices in Pittsburgh or Allegheny.  There are in the county
thirty-six iron and steel mills and nineteen blast
furnaces. The mills have a capacity of 780,ooo tons
annually and their average output is about 580,000
tons. The capital invested in this industry approximates $20,000,000, and the number of men engaged
in these mills and furnaces is about 18,000. The value
of the output is about $36,ooo,ooo annually, and the
amount paid out in wages about $13,000,000. There
are also a large number of important manufacturing
establishments in Allegheny County outside of the
two cities, notably several glass houses, tube works,
and manufactories of iron in various branches, as
well as a wide range of miscellaneous manufactures.
COUNTY OFFICERS.
The administration of county affairs is in the
hands of the following named gentlemen: District
Attorney, W. D. Porter; Clerk of Courts, D. K. McGulinegle; County Controller, Josiah Speer; Coroner, Heber McDowell; Commissioners, R. B. Mercer,
G. Y. McKee and Daniel M. Williams; Treasurer,
William Hill; Recorder, William H. Graham; Register, Samuel P. Conner; Prothonotary, John
Bradley; Sheriff, Alexander A. McCandless; Surveyor, Charles Davis; Warden, John B. Berlin; Jury
Commissioners, John Ennis, and Thomas J. Chalfant; Interpreter of the Various Courts, Fred. Luty;
Boiler InspeEtor, William H. Tranter; Gas Inspe6tor,
William M. Ramsey.
THRIVING BOROUGHS.
PROSPEROUS CITIV$ AND VILLAGES WHICH ARU
SCATTIrRED THROUGH AIEGHENY COUNTY.
For a thoroughly comprehensive view of the progress which has been achieved by Pittsburgh it will
be necessary to take into consideration her surroundings. Outside of Pittsburgh and Allegheny
there are within the bounds of Allegheny County
a number of thiving and busy boroughs that
have contributed in an important degree toward the
expansion and developmelit of the industries centering in and around Pittsburgh. A recent article; v +11 n -Piffz2hil. ot
in the Pittsburgh
Dispalck observes,
" It would be very
unjust to give the
entire credit of
Allegheny County's prosperity to
the enterprise of
the two big cities.
The thrifty boroughs are entitled
to much honor in
this direction.
From the earliest
days of the great
industries they
have reached out
a helping hand,
and have doiie
something m o re
than merely accept the overflow
of Pittsburgh's
a n d Allegheny's
populatioli and
wealth. The boroughs have been
a power within
themselves, independent of the
cities." The same
article contains
historical and statistical i n f o r m ation in regard to
the boroughs of
Allegheny County
which we reproduce entire as presenting as complete a view of the subjet as can well be condensed
in a limited space.
M'X_EE BSPORT.
The importance of McKeesport in Western Pennsylvania is second only to Allegheny City. The borough's valuation according to June assessment will
reach $6,ooo,ooo. The little city claims 23,000 population for the city, and it is estimated that it will reach
25,000 by the time the census of i890 iS taken. In I842
itwas only 500. The 23,ooo does not include the
suburbs. Reynoldton, across the Youghiogheny, is an
enterprising town that will soon be to McKeesport
what Allegheny is to Pittsburgh. Boston andGreenock, some three miles up and on the south side of the
-stream, are places of importance and by no nieans at
a standstill. E;lrods and Bissel, opposite the last
named places,Demmler,Duquesne, below and in sight
of McKeesport, and Dravosburg, on the P., V.  C.
line and above, are all flourishing towns where reside
hundreds of men whose work and business are in
McKeesport.
McKeesport was laid out in I795, and within the
past few years, becauRe of her manifold advanlages,
has been taking wonderful strides in iron and steel
manufa6turing. The city is situated I8 miles southoast of Pittsburgh, at the junction of the Monongahela and Yougiogheny rivers, which give her 2,500
miles of splendid water navigation. BY rail she has
diret communication with all parts of the United
S tates at the lowest competing rates, and her network
of railways consists of the Pittsburgh division of the
Baltiniore and Ohio, the Pittsburgh, McKeesport and
Youghiogheny, 1l ased and operated by the Pittsburgh and Erie; and the Pittsburgh, Virginia and
Charleston, which is part of the great Pennsylvania
system. The last mentioned road extends along the
opposite bank of the Monongahela river, while the
others pass through the city. The South Penn,when
built, will run through the Third ward, and the East
Shore, front Pittsburgh to Brownsville, will also enter
the city
A system of water works, owned by the city, with
a large reservoir on the suniniit of the highest hill
in the vicinity, to which is pumped from the Youghiogheny river by powerful engines Io,ooo,ooo gallons
a day, furnishes the public buildings and residences
of every part of the place with an abundant supply
of pure water. Because of the elevatioli of the reservoir, heavy streams of water may be thrown above
highest steeple without the use of engines, thus
greatly reducing cost. The principal thoroughfares
are paved with Belgian block, and at niglit the streets
are illuminated with eletricity and an excellent
quality of coal gas, many of the stores and buildings
being lighted by the incandescent system of eletric
light. The public school buildings, including a
spacious High School, are imposing structures, and
the facilities which they afford are parallel with the
best in the country. One of the most highly prized
institutions here is the McKeesport Free Library.
Horse cars traverse the principal streets.
The city is situated on the second pool of the
Monongahela river, and near the Youghiogheny coal
field, and the best coal lies between the locks forming it, the average vein being 6 to 8 feet, and below
the river bed there is a I2-foot seam that has never
been worked. This coal is particularly adapted for
manufacturing purposes and for making gas is
equaled by no other. Another important item to
manufaturers is that the town is in close proximity
to the Connellsville coke regions.
BRADDOCK.
Braddock is another busy little city. The valuation of the borough for I888 was $2,I87,000, an increase over I887 of $102,0o0. The census taken in
I880 showed a population of 3,3IO. This is the
borough alone. In I887 there were ITI80 registered
voters in the three wards, which would make the
population of the borough about 7,ooo. This does
not include the environs, such as North Braddock
or Rankin, the population of which are as large as
the borough. Mr. McCarthy, the postmaster, says
he serves out mail to at least I4,000 people. Neither
does the valuation given above include the great
Edgar Thomson works or the various industries at
Rankin station, which are all situated in the township.
The magnificent Public library, built in granite,
is Braddock's principal building. It was the gift of
Andrew Carnegie. Several handsome churches,
many hundreds of homes atually built and owned
by mill workers, thriving stores and not a few palatial mansiolis, are among Braddock's possessions.
Streets are. well lighted, both with gas and ele6tricity. Both the P. R. R. and B.  O. R. R. pass
through the town, and the P., V. _ C. R. R., and P.,
McK.  Y. R. R. furnish additional facilities.
Every school boy is familiar with the historical
story of Braddock. It was the field of Braddock's
battle on July 9, I755, where George Washington,
only a lieutenant then, figured so prominently.
HOMIESTEAD BOROUGH.
In I870 Homestead was only a farm. The census
of I880 found a village population of 596. At present writing Homestead is a town of over 6,ooo inhabitants. It was incorporated a borough in I88I,
and is now divided into three wards. This flourishing pnlace ic favonring place is favorably'located on the
south bank of the
M o n o ng ah el a,
seven miles from
its mo uth. The
Monongahela Division ofthe Pennsylvania Railroad,
and the Pittsb u r g h, McKeesport and Youghiogheny Railroad
pass through it.
The station on the
former at this
point is said to be
the most profitable one along the
line. The extensive steel plant of
Carnegie, Phipps
 Co. is located at
Homestead. There
are also two glass
fatories, a planing mill and fire
brickworks, all of
which afford excellent opportunities for the employment of labor,
and accounts for
the remarkable
growth of the
town. The pride
of the citizens is
the two fine public school buildings, costing $I7,A  1   _  4
ooo and $Ig,ooo respectively.  Almost every religious denomination is represented. The Methodists have just completed a church costing $I7,000.
The Presbyterians, Catholics, Baptist, Iutheran
and Welsh congregations also have good church
buildings.  The people support a First National
Bank and two building and loan associations.
The Local Nlzews has been regularly published since
I881 by Mr. M. P. Schooley, and is a fair representative countryjournal. The citizens are enterprising
and public spirited. The Council have recently
authorized an increase of indebtedness to the
amount of $50,000 for the purpose of street improvement, and a franchise also granted a water works
company and an electric light and power company.
TAR1NTUM BOROUGH.
Tarentum is entitled to fourth place among the
boroughs of Allegheny County.  It is 20 miles from
Ailegheny City, on the West Penn Railroad. The
census of I880 only credits it with a population of
I,245. Since then it has increased to about 4,000. Its
growth was phenomenal.  The development of the
natural gas wells in its immediate neighborhood
swelled the population from I,245 to 3,200 almost
within a single year, and that increase became permanent. It is one of the old-time canal towns of thePITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILL USTRATED REVIEW.
126
FUTURE PROSPECTSTHE OUTLOOK FOR FURTHER PROGRESS IN THE INDUSTRIES OF THE, TWO CITIIES.
In the foregoing pages an endeavor has been
made to trace the such salient points in the history
of Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the past as tend to
explain the development of the prosperous condition in which the two cities are found in the present.  Supplementing this historical matter, the
existing cond ition of the manufacturing industries.
and commercial enterprises of the two cities has,
been briefly reviewed, giving such information as
was obtainable in regard to the present status of
production and trade; and something has also been
said in regard to the governme-ntal and social conditions with which the two cities are surrounded.
From the facts as here presented it is easily seen
that the community comprised in the population of
the two cities is one most happily situated in regard to the possession of the means and instrumentalities for retaining prosperity in their material
interests, while at the same time it has availed itself
of all the communal agencies necessary for securing
needed relaxation and enjoyment of the social amenities. This Review, therefore, having thus recorded,
in brief, the events of the past, and pictured, in outline, the development of the present, has no office
left unless it be to close with a few words as to the
probabilities of the future.
In all human progress there are but two elements: Opportunity and the Man. The Bedouin of
the desert is the same to-day as was his progenitor
of a thousand years ago because his surroundings
are of such a character that, they offer no suggestion
of improvement, and his training has been such as
to bring no ambition for advancement.  The story
of American progress would have been impossible
had not the country possessed the natural advantages which afford the means of development, and
these means would have been of little avail but for
the fact that the men who make this great Nation
are endowed with a progressive spirit which leads
them to utilize the means and the forces at hand.
In all the world there is no spot more highly
favored by Nature than is Western Pennsylvania.
Here are to be found, in bountiful profusion, raw
materials for almost every line of production, needing only the hand of industry and the brain of enterprise to make them available. With her coal, her
iron, her oil, and her natural gas, this region has.
advantages for manufacturing such as are possessed
by no other locality. Added to this is the possession
of a temperate and healthful climate, a productive
soil from which supplies for the household are
abundantly procured, and civilized surroundings
offering educational, religious, and social facilities
not surpassed anywhere.
In the supply of fuel, especially, the cities of the
Pittsburgh and Allegheny are most fortunately situated. Whatever theories may be advanced in regard to the permanency of natural gas, it seems an
absolute certainty that there will be no appreciable
diminution in the supply for at least several generations to come, and when the progressive spirit of
the American people is taken into consideration, it
is safe to leave to posterity the solution of its own
problems and to utilize the materials at hand in preparing for them a heritage of progress. The advantages of natural gas fuel have been adverted to in previous chapters, and it is only necessary to speak of
it here as forming, because of its cheapness and
perfect combustion, one of the most important
items among the elements which give assurance of
a continuance of that record of expansion and progress which is a marked feature of the story of
Pittsburgh's progress. In this progress, fuel has
always been the prime factor. Primarily, it was the
plentiful supply of coal in the immediate vicinity
which made Pittsburgh a center of manufactures,
and during the past few years natural gas has performed a similar office in providing the means of
still greater activity.
Another important item in the list of those
which combine to favor the two cities, is that the
vast extent of the industries already built, up has
attracted here a large amount of skilled labor, and
that these skilled operatives have for the most part
become permanent residents and have thus acquired
an interest in the cities and their advancement.
The labor question must always enter largely into
all speculation as to the future of a manufacturing
center; but fortunately such matters, especially
among the skilled artisans, are well managed in
State, but unlike such places, it has shaken off all
lethargy and has become an industrial stronghold.
There are five glass factories within its borders, two
of which make plate glass, and which, altogether,
rank as the largest in the world. Besides these,
there are one paper mill, two weekly newspapers,
seven churches and an opera house.  The town is
divided into three wards, and has water works.
Natural gas is used everywhere as fuel, and was in
use in almost every house there before it had been
introduced in Pittsburgh. The first petroleum well
ever sunk was put down on the outskirts of Tarentum by Samuel Kier, who sold the oil as a medicine
for many years.
ELIZABETH.
Elizabeth is beautifully situated borough lying on
the east side of the Monongahela river, 16 miles
above Pittsburgh. The town was originally laid off
by the late Colonel Stephen Bayard in I787, who
brought out from Philadelphia a company of ship
carpenters, and established the building of vessels
at this point in 1800, and in the following year they
built the schooner Monongahela Farmer, which was
owned by the builders and farmers of the neighborhood, who loaded her with a cargo of flour, etc., and
sailed via New Orleans to the City of New York. In
1803 the brig Ann Jane, of 450 tons, was built here
for the Messrs. McFarlanes, merchants, who loaded
her with flour and whisky and sailed her to New
York.  This vessel was one of the fastest sailers of
her day, and was run as a packet to New Orleans for
some time. From the above period to the present
time Elizabeth has done a large share of building,
and has turned out thousands of tons of boats, barges,
and other river crafts. In 1826 the steamboat building was commenced by Messrs. Walker and Stephens.
When the boat building industry of Elizabeth
was on the decline, the present vast coal business
was just beginning to assume importance in the
vicinity. The Elizabeth Herald originated the expression, " Coal is King, and ELlizabeth is his Capital,"  the correctness of which was generally perceived
and admitted, applying, of course, to the community
as a whole. Here is the logic: Pennsylvania is the
greatest coal producing States; its bituminous exceeds its anthracite output; the Monongahela and
adjacent fields constitute the chief bituminous deposit. Within less than three miles of the center of
the town are eight of the largest mines in the region,
and within these bounds are the principal works of
nearly all the greatest shipping firms engaged in the
river trade. Elizabeth's population is 2,500.
MILLVALE BOROUGH.
Millvale borough, also known as Bennett, adjoins
Allegheny City on its eastern boundary, and is located on the West Penn and Pittsburgh and Western
Railroads. It was formerly the old Allegheny City
Poor Farm, and several buildings of that institution
still remain. The town was incorporated in 1868,
with only a small population, but now has fully 3,500
people within its boundaries. It is well and substantially built and is rapidly growing city-like. The
immense iron and steel mills lately owned by Graff,
Bennett  Co., are located here, and aside from this
the industry of lead pipe making is carried on. Two
foundries. one for stoves and the other for general
casting, two planing mills, three breweries, a tannery, fruit preserving works and fire escape factory
complete the list of industries. Millvale has five
churches--a Presbyterian, Methodist Episcopal, a
German Evangelical and an English and German
Catholic. These are all comparatively new, and each
congregation is large and substantial. The schools,
public and parochial, are in excellent condition
SHARPSBURG BOROUGH.
Sharpsburg's population by the last census was
3,466. It is one of Allegheny's liveliest suburbs.
The West Penn and Pittsburgh and Western railroads bring it within twenty minutes' ride of Federal street, while a handsome iron bridge and a line of
street cars connect it with the Eighteenth ward in
Pittsburgh. Therefore both cities can almost cla m
the town as a part of themselves. It has one large rolling mill, several planing mills, and its stores supply
a large agricultural territory. The rafting business
on the Allegheny river centers here. Sharpsburg is
a suburban residence for many Pittsburgh business
and professional men. Judge Collier, of the Allegheny bench, lives in one of the handsomest mansions of the town.
ETNA BOROUGH.
Etna borough is a thriving community adjoining
Sharpsburg on the southern side. Its population
was 5,334 in 1880. There are two large iron works
and several salt factories. Pine creek furnishes it
with ample sanitary safety. The Butler plank road
and the Pittsburgh and Western Railroad brings the
town into close communication with Butler county
farming interests.
NATRONA.
Natrona is the most northerly town in Allegheny
county. It has 1,400 population, and is a part of
Harrison township. The great Pennsylvania Salt
Works is located in Natrona, and furnishes employment to nearly 1,000 men. Chemicals, soda and silver are manufaxctured at this establishment. It is
twenty-four miles from Allegheny, on the West
Penn Railroad.
CHARTIERS.
Chartiers is one of the rapidly growing boroughs
of Allegheny county. It has six iron and steel mills
and the shops of the P.  L. E,. R. R. The population is above 3,800. It is eligibly located as a place
of residence for the working classes of Pittsburgh.
It has only been since the completion of the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad that Chartiers has
had its growth.
SEWICKLEY.
Sewickley borough is not an industrial center.
It is the most beautiful suburb in Allegheny County.
Business men from Pittsburgh have built their villas
there, and its pretty mansions have made it very attractive as a place of residence. It occupies a rank
in fashionable society second only to the East End.
The Ohio River scenery around Sewickley is magnificent. The population of the town is 2,800.
Many gay little villages-Quaker Vallev, Osborne,
Haysville and Emsworth are also the homes of
Pittsburghers. At one time Sewickley was an important boat building town.
VERONA AND HULTON.
Verona and Hult n are the representative boroughs on the Allegheny Valley Railroad. At the
former is located the shops of that railroad and
three large industrial establishments. The population of Verona is about 2,500 and of Hulton ab ut
I, 500.
CORAOPOLIS.
The youngest sister in the galaxy is Coraopolis
on the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad opposite
Haysville, on the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and
Chicago Railway. Coraopolis contains a fair measure
of ambition and by her position will some day take
a commanding place in the county. She is yet in
short clothes, being about thirty months old. Most
of her people are beginning to realize that it is
time to get out of the chrysalis. It has about 1,000
inhabitants and wants manufactures and a sewer.
It has a building erected intended to be used in the
manufacture of agricultural specialties, and a part
of the machinery has been placed in position. It
has three general stores,a drug store and another
under roof. It has three churches, Presbyterian,
United Presbyterian and Methodist, and it is dollars
to cents that a greater percentage of its population
attend than can be found in any other borough in
the country.
Supplementing this description from the Dispatch, which shows how important, both in a business and social sense, are the surroundings of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, it may be said that in addition
to these boroughs in Allegheny County there are
many others in surrounding counties which contribute in scarcely less degree to swell the volume
of the trade of the two cities. The great Connel lsville region, the center of the most important coke
industry in the world, is controlled by Pittsburgh
capital and managed by citizens of Pittsburgh.
Many of the most important enterprises, both of
mining and manufacturing, not only in Allegheny
County but throughout Western Pennsylvania, are
managed from Pittsburgh, which is thus emphatically the metropolis of this busy region. The natural
gas and oil wells of this region are also principally
owned in Pittsburgh and Allegheny, and in fact, it
may be safely said that the interests of the two
cities outside of urban limits are scarcely less important than those within corporate bounds, and
this tendency to outside investment annually increases.PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILL USTRATED REVIEW.
127
Pittsburgh, and the relations between the employer
and the employed are for the most part satisfactory,
the tendency being toward moderation on the part
of labor and a wise spirit of consideration and conciliation on that o f capital. Such mutual understanding, if maintained, must be of the greatest
benefit, there being nothing more inimical to the
interests of any industrial center than numerous or
prolonged strikes, while nothing is more conducive
to the interests, both of capital and labor, than
harmony of purpose and an appreciation of the fact
that they have many interests in common.
It maybe said of the future of Pittsburgh and
Allegheny that the forces which control her destiny
are the same as those by which her present prosperity has been achieved, to which are added the
advantages accruing from experience and accumulation. It is almost impossible to overestimate the
gain made in any industrial occupation by studying
the lessons of daily experience. By them are
learned new methods of conducting the various
operations by which labor is lightened, speed increased and new processes introduced. This has
been well illustrated in the story of Pittsburgh's
progress. A case in point is furnished by the
history of Pittsburgh's steel industries. The quality
of the product was, at first, very poor, but as time
passed and defects in processes were overcome, an
improvement was made and the Pittsburgh manufacturers had succeeded in producing a quality of
steel with which they were enabled to enter into
successful competition with English manufacturers.
Even when this degree of excellence in the product
had been attained, it was at first difficult to convince
dealers and consumers of the fact, and it is said that
at one time the subterfuge of sprinkling the steel
with salt water, producing a rusty surface, and selling the article as English steel, was resorted to before the equality in quality of the domestic article
was conceded. Upon the question of quality there
is no longer any controversy. Pittsburgh's product
of steel is now recognized as equal to the finest imported article and holds the foremost place in the
American market.
As with steel, so it is with the glass manufacture.
The local product of glass was at first confined to
the cheaper grades of window and green glass. Today, as a result of long continued perseverence in
the improvement of processes and capacity, the glass
houses of Pittsburgh are enabled to turn out a
quality of fine table ware which successfully vies
with the most artistic productions of the most celebrated European manufactories. The same results
of experience apply with equal force to other departments of industry.
Scarcely less valuable, as a factor in future expansion, than the benefits accruing from experience,
are the advantages resulting from accumulation.
Thriving results from thrift, and success is the
father of success. Of this the history of Pittsburgh's
manufactures and business houses furnishes many
examples. Some of the largest of them had their
origin in humble beginnings. Thriving by industry and perseverence they have grown; their
capacity has been increased, their capitil has been
added to, and year by year they have accumulated
larger facilities and an expanded trade, building
newer and more productive factories, and enlarging
their store-houses, and by such growth becoming
enabled to manufacture or to deal under more
favorable conditions.
With regard to the mercantile interests of Pittsburgh and Allegheny it has been frequently remarked by those who have written upon the subject
in former years that these interests had been allowed
to be placed in the background, and had really been
made to suffer as a consequence of the preponderance of the manufacturing interest. Pittsburgh
had earned such fame as a workshop that her merits
as a market had been overlooked. This condition
of things no longer obtains, and during recent
years there has been a marked increase in the volume of trade in wholesale and retail lines of distribution. Within her trade territory, the extent of
which has been described on former pages, Pittsburgh
holds exclusive possession, the retailers and consumers within that territory having discovered that
it is no longer necessary for them to seek a more
distant emporium, for the reason that they can do
equally as well in Pittsburgh as in the seaboard
cities. That this is true is shown by the great
growth in all distributive lines of business which
has been characteristic of the past few years, an expallsion of which every existing indication assures
the permanency, making the continued future
growth of the mercantile business of the city a
certainty.
Pittsburgh's centrality to the rich mineral region
of Western Pennsylvania, her matchless position in
ragard to facilities for the distribution of her products, her wealth of fuel supply, her proximity to a
rich agricultural region, have furnished the means
which have been utilized by a progressive and intelligent people in building up her present preeminent position. These natural advantages still
exist, and the artificial ones are being multiplied and
amplified. Growth has been the characteristic of
her past, and the progressiveness which marks the
prosecution of her industrial development gives
promise of the permanency and expansion of the
prosperity that she now enjoys. The men who have
contributed toward the intelligent utilization of her
natural resources, and have thus secured the marvelous results that are seen to-day, are, many of them,
still alive to see what their expenditure of energy
has brought about; while of others who have gone
the sons survive, inheriting the sturdy strength of
purpose of their sires, profiting by their experience
and their precepts, and improving the opportunities
left to them by the industry of their predecessors.
Pittsburgh has been often spoken of as a conservative city, and this is, in a measure, true; but the
conservatism of the city is of that wise character
which looks before it leaps, which pays as it goes,
and which investigates before it invests. But it is
not conservative in a sense opposed to progress. No
community has done more to build up American
manufactures, to improve their quality and increase
their volume than has that of Pittsburgh and Allegheny. The enlightened manufacturers and business men of these two cities -known to the world at
large under the name of " Pittsburgh,"-have made
that name the personification of all that is greatest
in connection with the development of American industry, all that is progressive in the improvement
of manufacturing processes, and all that is wise in
the adaptation to use of an unparalleled profusion of
resources. This is impressed on the city's past; is
true of her present, and the same spirit of advancement is shaping her destiny for the future. It is
less than a hundred years since the foundations of
her manufacturing supremacy were laid; but there
is no record of any city in the world which, within
the narrow span of a single century, has accomplished
so much in useful production, or has contributed so
much toward the prosperity of the Nation of which
it forms a part. There is no city in the Union
which is more distinctively the representative of
American progress and American enterprise.
This volume will have been written in vain if a
perusal of its pages shall fail to impress the reader
that the development of the resources of the two
cities has been a most remarkable one. A century
ago, and one of them had but just been surveyed in
the wilderness, while the other was a frontier post
in which, a few years before, the Indian war-whoop
had frequently been heard. Even after that, the
town was an inconsiderable village for a number of
years before there was any endeavor to utilize the
resources which abounded in all the region around
her. But from the time that manufacturing began
to engage the attention of the inhabitants there has
been a steady accession of new enterprises, a constant introduction of new ideas, and a continuous increase of facilities, which has brought a deserved
prosperity. The development of the Pittsburgh of
to-day has not been fortuitously accomplished, but
has been earned by the endeavors of earnest and
sagacious men who, seeing the manifold advantages
offered by her incomparable location and surroundings, supplied the energy and the brains which were
needed to compass her brilliant destiny.
But great as her present is, it is evident from the
developments surrounding the two cities, that the
future must be still grander. Year by year, their
workshops increase in number and capacity, new
ones are built, the output of their various products
become larger, and the demand for them covers a
wider field. Not only all America seeks the Pittsburgh make of iron and glass products, but Australia, Asia and even Europe draw upon the resources
of the two cities.
The record presented by the two cities, and
which it has been endeavored in these pages to
briefly present, is one of which their citizens may
be pardoned for regarding with pride. Although
no longer, as said by Richard Realf " swart with the
soot of her chimneys," the age of natural gas having banished the soot from her midst, Pittsburgh
still remains " monarch of all the forges " and bids
fair, for at least many generations to come, to maintain her regal sway over the Empire of Industry.Addison, Judge Alexander, Impeachment of                                      17
Advertisements........................ 133
Allegheny Arsenal................. I...... 123
Allegheny Laid  Out......................  13
Becomes a Borough...............  20
City Government................. 117
Parks.......................  118
City  Farn-i..................... 119
County..................... 124
County Home.    - -............ 119
American Association of Flint and Lime Glass Manufacturers 123
American  Tin  Plate Association................ 122
Anti Slavery Meeting, The  first............... 21
Architects.............. I...  I  I.....  79
Art and  Artists.........  I............. 116
Axes, Shovels, Etc................... 53
Awnings, Tents, Etc..................... 103
Bankilig.........................  73
Base Ball........................... 124
Bench  and  Bar....................... III
Blast Furnaces............ 15, 41, 51
Manufacturers of............  51
Boarding and  Sale  Stables.................. 103
"I
Book Binders.......................  0
Boroughs in  Allegheny County................ 125
Bottlers........................... 10(
Bouquet, Col. Henry.....................   7
Brackenridge's Account of  Pittsburgh............  10
Hugh  H.-Lawyer and  Author........ 121
Braddock, Borough  of..................... 125
Braddock's Field, Battle  of................   6
Bread and  Cracker Bakers...................  91
Brewing.......................                 99
Bridges............................    32
Bricklayers, Etc.......................  81
Brushes and  Brooms...................... 103
Builders' Exchange...................... 123
Building Materials.......................  S2
Butchers' Run  Disaster...................  24
Butchers' and Packers' Tools.................  51
Canal, The Pennsylvania......... I......... 20, 32
Carpenters and   Builders..................  81
Carpets, Etc..........................  72
Carriages, Wagons, Etc....................  72
Cemeteries........................... 120
Chamber of Commerce.................... 122
Chairs...................
Charities..................118
Chartiers, Borough  of..................... 1.26
Cholera.......................... 21, 23
Churches............................ 115
City Officers, Pittsburgh.................... 109
City Officers, Allegheny.................... 118
Climate............................. 124
Clothing.........  I ..  I...  84
Crematory......................... 120
Coal and  Coke     - - - -.................  35
Confectioners........................89
Confectioners' Supplies............. I......  89
Connelly, Dr. John, Agent of Lord  Dunmore........   8
Contractors and  Bililders..................  80
Cooking  Utensils.......................  50
Copper and  Brass......................  55
Coraopolis, Borough  of.................... 126
Corks.............................. 105
County  Government...................... 124
Officers........................ 124
Court Houses and Jails.................... 112
Dental Goods.......................... 10 5
Directory, first in  Pittsburgh..................  IS
Drama, The........................ 124
Dress Making, Etc......................  87
Dressed Beef..........................  93
Drug Trade, The.......................  94
Dry Goods Trade.........................  85
Dunmore, Fort.......................   8
Lord........................  8
Duquesne, Fort, established. - - - -...........   6
destruction of..............   7
Dye Work-room......................... 107
Education........................... 113
Electro  Plating.........                 I............  54
Elizabeth, Borough  of..................... 126
Engineers' Machinists', and Mill Supplies.......... 105
Engineers' Society of Western  Pennsylvania......... 123
Essences, Oils, Etc.......................  95
Etchings, Engravings, Etc................... 116
Etna Borough.........................126
Exchanges, The........................122
Exposition Buildiiigs Burned................. 26
PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW,
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
128
Penitentiary at Riverside................... 118
Petroleum, Stock and Metal Exchange, The Pittsburgh... 122
Photographers......................... 116
Pickled  Goods, Etc..................... 89,106
Pipe and Boiler Coverings, Etc............... 104
Pitt, Fort, built........................   7
Pittsburgh  erected into a borough...............  13
Judge Brackenridge's Account of.........  10
in  1795, description  of...............  15
incorporated as a  city...............  19
Poor Farm..................... 119
Plows and  Agricultural Implements.............  44
Plumbers, Gas Fitters, Etc...................  51
Plumbers' Supplies, Etc....................  52
Police   Department...................... 110
Pontiac, Conspiracy  of....................   8
Pork  Packers..........................  93
Post Office, The........................ 115
Press, The............................  28
Printing and Kindred  Trades.................  29
Printers' Warehouses.....................  30
Produce Trade, The......................  91
Prominent Features..................... 123
Pumps.............................    48
Railroad  Disaster.......................  26
Railroad Riots of 1877.....................  24
Railroads,...........................  32
Railway Appliances....................... 33
Realf, Richard........................ 121
Real Estate  and  Building...................  78
Reform   School......................... 119
Republican  Party  Organized.................  23
Revolution, Pittsburgh's Share in...............   9
River Navigation........................  31
Rolling   Mills.........................  41
Rolling   Mill  Tools......................  53
Roofing............................  80
Rowing............................ 124
Safes, Fire and Burglar Proof.................  53
Salt  Manufacture....................... 107
Scales............................ 53,104
Scientific  and   Literary  Societies............... 129
School Law, Passage of....................  21
Schools............................ 113
Secret  Societies........................ 119
Sewickley........................... 126
Sewing  Machines....................... 108
Sharpsburg   Borough..................... 126
Sheet  Metal Works......................  48
Sheet Metal Tools.......................  48
Shin-plasters Issued......................  21
Show    Cases..........................  71
Ship Buildiiig......................... 16,31
Smoky  City, The.......................  18
Sports, Athletic........................ 124
Stair Building.........................  82
Stamp Cutting  and   Printing.................  31
Stamped  Ware, Etc......................  54
Steamboats......................... 18, 31
Stone..............................  106
Stoves and  House  Furnishing Goods..............  49
Surveys, Early.........................   8
Swisshelm, Mrs. Jane  Gray.................. 121
Swisshelm  Homestead, The..................  16
Tailors, Merchant.......................  F4
Tanks, Cans, Etc........................  48
Tarentum   Borough...................... 125
Teas..............................  88
Tobacco and  Cigars...................... 101
Trade  Territory  of Pittsburgh  and  Allegheny........ 121
Undertakers.......................... 120
Verona, Borough  of...................... 126
Veterinary   Surgeons..................... 103
Virginia, Claime  of......................   8
Wall Paper...........................  81
War  of 1812..........................  18
War  Mexican..........................  22
War of the Rebellion.....................  23
Wars, Indian........................ 5, 7, 9
Washington's  Expedition..................   6
Watches, Jewelry, Etc..................... 101
Water, Gas  and  Electric  Franchises............. 107
Water-works..................I......... 110
Western Iron  Association................... 123
Western  Pig Iron  Association................. 122
Whisky War, The.......................  14
Whiskies, Trade  in......................  96
White Lead, Etc........................66
Work-house,  County.....................1193
Wringers, Etc.........................107
Exposition  Society, Western  Pennsylvania.......... 123
Fancy Goods,.......................  86
Fire  of  1845.................  22
Fire in  Allegheny                 I.................  24
Fire Department.................... 109
Fire Clay Retorts, Etc.....................  83
Five and Nine Cent Goods................... ICO
Floods............................ 21, 27
Florists............................. 1C4
90
Flour........................
Floyd's Order......................  23
96
Food Preparations......................
Forgings aild Blacksmithing.................  49
Foster, Stephen  Collins, Song  Writer and  Composer..... 121
Foundries and Machine Shops............... 41, 45
French  Occupation  of the  Forks..............   6
Furnishing Goods, Notions, Etc...............  86
Furniture, Carpets, Etc.............. I'.                           I I..  69
Future Prospects of the Two Cities............ 1.126
Galvanizing  Works....................  54
Gas  Furnaces........................  53
Gazette, The, Established...................  13
Geographical Advantages - - -............  39
Gist, Christopher, Expedition  of..............   5
Glass House Supplies and  Materials..............  56
Glass Manufacture................... 15, 55
Glass Moulds...........................  61
Glass Sand..........................  61
Gold, Silver and Nickel Plating.........                                          54
Government Departments and Offices..124
Graining...........................  82
Grant, Major, Defeat of................. I 1 7
Grants by English  Crown...................   5
Groceries................. I.........  87
Guns, Ammunition, Etc.................... 103
Great Meadows, Engagement at.............    6
Hardware, Manufacturers and Dealers in..........  50
Hats, Caps, Etc......................... 100
Hauling, Heavy................ I.... 10
Health............. 124
Homestead Borough.................125
Horse Shoeing..................... 103.119
Hospitals, Etc....................
Hulton, Borough  of - - - -................ 126
Hymn  of Pittsburgh......................  27
Indian  Wars.......................                                   5, 7, 9
Indians of Western  Pennsylvania. - - - -.........   5
Insurance...........................  74
Iron  and Steel. - -..................  40
Dealers and Brokers in........... 41, 105
Manufacturers of................  43
Jail, the County.................     I...113
Lafayette, Fort, erected...............  I...  13
General, Visit of.................  21
Laundries, Steam...................... 106
Leather Trade........................  65
Lee, Arthur, on  Pittsburgh...............  10
Libraries............................ 123
Liquor Trade, The......................  97
Literature...................121
Local Transportion......................  33
Locomotives.........................  47
Lumber and  Its Produets..................  67
Maccaroni, Etc.........................  89
Manufacturers, Early.....................  17
Markets........................... 123
Masonry............................ 119
McKeesport................  I........ 125
McNair  Homestead, The................  16
Mechanical Engineers....................  63
Mercantile Agencies..................... 117
Millinery.............................  87
Millvale Boroiigh...................  I.126
Monongahela River Front, Suit for Possession  of......  20
Municipal Governmeiit....................
Music............................. 119
Natural Gas.........................  3 1
Natrona............................ 126
Neville, General Tohn....................  1 7
Ohio Company, Grant to..................   5
Oil Trade, The.........................  61
Oil Well Tools and  Supplies...............62
Orleans, Duke of, Visit to Pittsburgh.............  15
Oven  Building......................  82
Paintiiig, Etc..........................  82
Panic   of  1817-1822....................    19
Paper.............................   30
Paper  Boxes.......................... 108
Paper  Stock...........................   31
Pattern   and   M odel  W orks................... 105129
PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW
PROMINENT ILLUSTRATIONS.
Bird's-Eye View of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, from Duquesne
Heigh  ts........................  2
Col. Bouquet's Redoubt......................   5
The McNair Homestead...................   6
The Swisshelm  Homestead...............................   7
Old Pittsburgh Market and Court House........... 8
Pittsburgh in  1817....................................   9
Court House Completed in  1841...............................  10
Riversid e Penitentiary, from   McKee' s Rock......... 11
Allegheny County Work House, Claremont, Pa.. 12
Smithfield Street, Looking from Fifth Avenue to Liberty...13
The Railroad War, 1877.-Interior of Upper Round House...14
Twenty-Eighth Street and Upper Round House. 14
From Pan Handle Railroad, Showing Washington
Street Bridge, Elevator and Union Depot.. 15
The Railroad War, 1877.--Rear of Union Depot, With Ruins
of General Superintendent Gardiner's Palace Car
in  the  Foreground... 15
The Flood of 1884.-Scene in  Allegheny............ 16
Allegheny County Home.................... 17
Wood Street, Looking from Fourth Avenue to Liberty.... 18
Davis Island Dam....................... 19
Penn  Incline.. 200
United States Government Building, now in Course of Construction.. 21
Pittsburgh Exposition Buildings.-Projected Music Hall... 22
Main Building and Art Gallery............ 2 t
Carnegie Free Library Building, Allegheny.......... 25
Smithfield Street Bridge..................... 26
Sixth Street Bridge. 27
Johnston Building, Penn Avenue and Ninth Street
Gas Derrick No. 1.
"Bridge of Sighs," Connecting Court House and Jail....
Illustration of Making Coke at Works of H. C. Frick Coke Co.
Conservatory, Allegheny Park.
Residenlce of William Waite
Emanuel Building, Second Avenue and Grant Street.
Weyman Tobacco Factory, Duquesne Way...........
Pittsburgh Pumping House, on Allegheny River
Allegheny County Court House.
High School Building.
Views in the Allegheny Parks..
Petroleum  Exchange Building
Pittsburgh Water Works Reservoir
30
3 11. 37
40
81
95
101
110
112
114
118
122
125
Adams, John.
Ahlers, H
Albrecht, F. J..................
Andriessen, A.............
Barnes, Thomas............
Barr,  Albert J.................
Beck, John A..................
Bernd, J. D...................
Bertalott,  Albert................
Brown, S. S., Capt...............
Brown, W. S.................
Buffum, J. C................
Byrum, Harry H,................
Callery, James...............
Chambers, Alexander (deceased).
Cunningham, D. O..............
Cunningham  L. S...............
Delp, S.....................
Devore, Edwin L................
Dixon, C. G.................
Emich, Adam...................
Finch, John C..................
Fite, John...................
Fouse, John G.................
Frank, Samuel.......................
Fuhrer, Joseph.................
Gardner, James. Jr...............
Getty, James, Jr................
Guckert, Frank  J....................
Gutelius, W. H.................
Hagan, W   C..................
Hale, Heniy  G................
Haller, August           st................
Halpin, William................................57
* -.........85...............96................53................28................107................87................96................38................102..........100...............28...............56................58................71...............121................81................76................98................77...............58................99........ 96................68...............28...............69...............85................107................52
Harlow, James H..................
Harnack, A J.................
Harris, Dr L. H...............
Harrison, M. C...................
Hartman, E. S.......................
Hastings, Samuel..................
Heinz, H. J.....................
Hill, George B....................
Hill, J. B.......................
Histed, E. W................
Hoffield,  F...........................
Hoffman, George J.................
Howard, Richard C., Sr...............
*.... 64....... 83....... 94....... 48....... 44
*   -   -.    81....... 90....... 74....... 69..... I. 117....... 89
*.... 72....... 41
Mugele, Frederick...
Munroe, Col. R.......
Munsch, A........
Myers, E. H.......
Neeb, William...
Nesbit, S. A........
Nevin, Theo. W......
Nusser, John H......
Oakley, John Al.....
Obermann, A, W.....
O'Doherty, Daniel....
Ommert, P.........
Pearce, Austin......
Reed, N. P.........
Reinlecke, J. P.......
Richardson, Charles...
Robitzer, John Z. T...
Sampson, Hudson....
Schiedel, Fred....
Schmidt, G. W.......
Schmitt, George J....
Seipp, H. C.....
Smiley, C. A....-..
Smith, Henry.......
Smith, J. P........
Smith, William L.....
Wardman, George....
Wells, A. E........
Wickersham, S. M....
Wise, Joseph.......
Yoder, Lorenzo T....
Zimmerman, J. B........                                                                                                           99............................       4 6............................   107......................... 93...........................       28............       9............. 28
~~~~~.......... 100.......................... 74............................       50............................       98............................      89............................       75............................       28......................... 52............................       94............................       98............................   120.........................  59............................        97............................       99............................      50............................   100............................      85............................       59............................       59...................  28............................       70............................   105.............100............................      89......                         96...............82...............34...............31..............28...............108...............116...............98...............67........ 54...............78...............48...............121...............86...............28............... 3...............08.............93...............104.-......... 106...............98...............99
Hulmes, George H....
Hukill, E. M..........
Irwin, John A.........
Jaegle, Charles J........
Kevan, J............
Kleber, H............
Klein, Max...........
Kress, F. J...........
Laufman, P. H........
Liggett, Thomas........
Long, T. E...........
Lowrie, James;.........
Lynch, H. J..........
Madden, George A....
Magee, E............
Matchett, Alex.........
McCaffrey, Daniel....
McConnell, John A....
McCormick, J. A........
McCullough, John.......
Mugele, Charles P............       I......      I............      I......      I.............      I......       I
Abrams, A. H.-Hats  Caps and Ladies' Furs.  100
Acme Powder Co.-Manufacturers of High Explosives, etc. 102
Adams, S. Jarvis,   Co.-Iron  Founders..  46
Adams  Co.-Flint Glass Manufacturers..  57
AEtna Life Insurance Co., of Hartford, Conn....... 77
Ahlers, H.   C. F.-Merchant Tailors...                   85
Ahlers, H. W.,  Co.-Lumber Dealers..  68
Aiken, James H.,  Co.-Men's Furnishing Goods.. 86
Aiken    Henry-Produce  Commission  Merchants, Fruits,
etc.        91
Aitkenhead, William.Stone Contractor... 106
Albrecht, F. J.-Practical Oven  Builder.....................I.. 82
Albree, Chesler B.Manufacturer of Artistic and Structural
Wrought Iron Work.................. 49
Allegheny Forge  Wire Works................ 50
Allegheny  Insurance  Co.................... 75
Alston  Heckert.-Architects.................. 79
Alta  Friendly  Society..................... 77
American Iron and Steel Works, The.-Jones. Laughlins,
Limited............... I.........   43
American Life Insurance Co...........................      7 6
American Tube and Iron Company.-Manufacturers of
Wrought  Iron  and Steel Welded  Tubing  of Every
Description..... 47
American Water Works and Guarantee Co., Limited.......................... 107
Andriessen, A.-WineS and Liquors.............. 96
Ardary Brothers.-Veterinary Surgeons......................... 103
Armenia Insurance Co., of Pittsburgh.............................  75
Armour  Co.-Jobbers of Chicago Dressed  Beef.........................   93
Armstrong, Brother   Co.-Manufacturers of Corks, Etc... 105
Armstrong, S. P.-Wholesale and  Retail Grocer.......................... o7
Arnold Brothers.-Ship  Chandlers......................... 105
Artisans Insurance Co......................... 715
Atterbury   Co.-Manufacturers of Fancy Colored and  Opal
Glassware..............a                                 59
Axthelm, Ernst-Machinist, Mechanical and Electrical Bell
Hanger, Etc...................... 46
Barnes Safe and Lock Co................... 53
Beck, Washington.-Manufacturer of Glass Moulds, Presses
and Machinery.........*..*    6()
Bellevue Natural Gas Co, The......
Bennett, Wm.P. -Printer, Stationer and Blank Book Manufacturer............................. 130
Benz, L.   Bros -Contractors, Builders, Etc.............................. 80
Berg, F. P -Leather, Hides, Oils and Shoe Findings............................. 64
Bernd, J D.  Co.-Importers and Jobbers in Millinery and
Notions............................. 87
Bertalott, Albert.-Importer and Wholesale Liquor Dealer. 96
Beymer Bauman Lead Company-Manufacturers of Strictly
Pure White Lead................................... 66
Bidwell, D. W. C.  Co.-General Agents DuPont Powder
Co.,  Etc............................. 102
Bigley, N  J.-Miner and Shipper of Coal and Manufacturer
of     Coke............................. 36
Birmingham  Fire Insurance Co..................... 75
Bishop, E.-Blacksmith. Anchors, Chains and  All Kinds
Ol Forgings.................. 50
Boericke     Tafel.-Homoeopathic  Pharmacists  and  Publishers.........................    95
Bonistalli  Bisi.-Spanish, French and Italian Produce, Etc. 97
Boisol  Wagley.-Dressmaking, Art Needlework, Etc, (See
also page 136)..................... b7
Booth, J. B.,    Co.-Brokers in  Iron, Steel and  Furnace
Supplies.......................   4;2
Booth  Flinn.-General Contractors......................... 80
Bovard, Rose  Co.-Carpets, Curtains, Etc....................... 72
Braden, N. J.-Commission Merchant in Cheese and Butter. 92
Bradstreet Mercantile Agency, The.................... 117
Breuninger, L.,  Co -Importers and Wholesalers of Fancy
Goods and German  Books................ 86
Brown, W   H., Sons -CoaL and Coke........................  38
Brown, W. S.-Enterprise Gun and  Machine Works:  Guns,
Am munition  and Sporting Goods........... 102
Brown  Co.-Manufacturer of Awning, Tents, Etc....103
Brush, Charles J.-Dealer in  All Kinds of Kid  Gloves... b6
Buddemeyer, Wm.,  Co.-Cabinet Work and Carving.. 68
Buerkle, B A -Watchmaker, Jeweler, and Catholic Book
Seller..........................  102
Buffum J C.,  Co.-Star Beer Bottling Co. and City Bottling
House........................  100
Bunting, W. A -Scamps and  Stencils: Printing....................... 31
Burford, John-Manufacturer of Copper, Tin and Sheet Iron
Ware
Callery, Jam es   Co.-Tanners................ 65
Canonsburg Iron and Steel Co................ 44
Carlin's, Thos., Soils.-Mallufacturers of Steam Engines, Etc. 46
Casey Brothers.-Coach  and  Wagon  Manufacturers........................ Ij3
Cash Insurance Co., of Pittsburgh, Pa........................  74
Chaffey, W. T.   Co.-Wholesale Teas and  Coffees........................ 88
Chambers, A.   D. H.-Pittsburgh  Glass Works..........................  56
Chambers   McKee.-Manufacturers of Window  Glass... 56
Chartiers Iron and Steel Co., Limited..........................    43
Childs, A. H-.-Commission  Merchants for the Sale of Pig
Iron, etc.........................  42
Christy, Robert.-Druggist....................... 95
City Insurance Co., of Pittsburgh, Pa............. 74
Cloud Foundry Company........................ 47
Cluley, John F.-House and  Sign  Painter............................ 82
Collingwood, Wm.,   Son.-Fire and  Boiler Insurance... 7 7
Collins, H. E.,   Co,-Brokers in Ores and Metals........................ 42'Collor d, James.-Pig  Iron.................. 43
Coyle, Reed B.,   Co.-Real Estate and Loans..........................  79
Crea, Graham   Co.-Manufacturers of Stoves, Ranges, etc. 49
Crescent Glass Works.-Thos. Evans Co., Proprietors........................ 60
Cunningham, D. O.-Manufacturer of Window  Glass, etc.. 58
Curry, George.-Flour, Grain, Mill Feed and Baled Hay... 92
CushiDg  Fox.-Steamship, Real Estate and Insurance
Agents.........................   78
Cyclorama Steam  Lanndry.................. 106
Czarniecki, J. H. A.,  Co.-Pittsburrgh Grease and Oil Co.. 61
Dalzell.-Jame s Dalzell's Son   Co., Limited.-Manufacturers of Lard and  Petroleum  Oils, Etc........................  61
DeHaven  Co., Limited.-Manufacturers of Stoves and Portable Ranges, Hollow  Ware, Etc.......................  49
Delp, S,-Dealer in Barberb' Supplies, Billiard and Pool
Tables, Etc....................... 71
Delp ,  Bell.-Furniture................... 71
Demmler Bros.-Jobbers of Stamped and Japanned Ware, Etc 54
Demmler  Schenck.-Stoves, Tinware and House Furnishing  Goods........................ 49
Devore, Edw. L.-Funeral Director....................... 120
Diamond Linseed Oil Works.-Thompson   Co., Proprietors. 66
Dickson, James E.-Real Estate and Mortgages.........................  79
Dickinson, H, C.,  Co., Limited.-Standard Scales, Etc... 53
Diescher, S.-Civil and Mechanical Engineer......... 63
Dilworth, J. C.-Proprietor Excelsior Manufacturing Co... 48
Dixon, C. G.   Co.-Brick  Layers and  Contractors........................ 81
Dixon, Woods  Co.-Contractors and Builders of Glass
Hou se Furnaces, Etc................. 59
PO RTRAIT I LLUSTRATION S.
INDEX TO REPRES ENTATI VE H OUS ES.It must appear like an enchantment to a stranger
who, after traveling a hundred miles from the settlement across a dreary mountain and through the
adjoining country, where in many places the spurs
~of the mountain still continue, and cultivation does
not always show itself, to see, almost at once, and
almost on the verge of the inhabited globe, a town
-with smoking chimneys, halls lighted up with
splendor, ladies and gentlemen assembled, various
music and mazes of the dance. He may suppose it
to be the effect of magic, or that he has come into
a new world where there is all the reflnement of
the former, and more benevolence of heart.
H. H. BRACKENRIDGE.
LOCAL PROGRESS.
In the fall of the same year the Postoffice was
established in Pittsburgh, and John Scull, the
founder of the Gazelle, was appointed Postmaster,
the office being kept in
the same building where
the Gazelle was published, and performed
his official duties without in any way interfering with his editorial
labors, as maybe inferred
from the fact that the
postal facilities were confined to a mail once a
week from Philadelphia
and return, and that the
postal receipts of the
office for the year ending
October I, I790, amounted to a total of $IIO.99.
Niles' Register for I786
describes the town as
containing thirty-sixlog
houses, one stone house,
one frame house and five
small stores, but that it
had already begun to
well advance in the race
of civilization may be
gleaned from the fact
that the first settled clergyman, Samuel Barr, located here in that year,
and that the erection of
the First Presbyterian
Church, a structure of
hewn logs, had been begun. Perhaps it maybe
considered as another
mark of advanced civilization that the first races
ever held in the city were
advertised in the Gazelle
of September sth to commence on October Igth
of that year and continue
three days. A purse of
$I20 was offered for the
first day, $60 for the next
and a sweep stake composed of the entrance
moLiey for the third day.
In I787 the Pittsburgh
Academy was chartered
and begun operations,
continuing until it was
merged into the Western University of Pennsylvania in I8I9. In 1787
also the first market house was built, located at the
corner of Market street and Second avenue, and
regular market days were appointed.
In 1787 Allegheny was laid out, the original survey being a square of Ioo lots with a large public
square, but the growth of the village was very slow
until within comparatively recent times. The people of Pittsburgh and the surrounding settlements,
which were included with the bounds of Westmoreland Connty, began to find great inconvenience
in being compelled to go to Greensburg to transact
their public business, and as'a consequence of the
petition afterward made by them to the General
Assembly an act was passed September 24, I788,
organizing the County of Allegheny from portions
of Washington and Westmoreland counties, to
which an additional strip from Washington County
was added by an act passed September I7, I789; and
in the spring of 1789 a law was passed authorizing
the county to purchase lots in Pittsburgh on which
to erect a Court House and jail. These stru6tures
were not, however, completed until I794, and in the
meantime court was held in a house on Ferry
street.
Pittsburgh, although still a place of small population, had become an important centre of trade for
the rapidly growing population of the West. The
Indian title to lands embraced in Western Pennsylvania and on both sides of the Ohio had been extinguished by treaty, and settlements had begun at
points still further west, Marietta and Cincinnati, as
well as other settlements, having been founded in
I788. The exaat details of the treaty of peace made
between Great Britain and the United States were
still in dispute, the American authorities claiming
that Detroit was included in the territory of the
United States, and Baron Steuben was sent by General Washington to Quebec to make arrangements
for the possession of the northwestern forts, including Detroit. Sir Frederick Haldiman, then in
command at Quebec, refused to acknowledge the
claim, and nothing further was done in the direftion
of asserting it until I787, when by an act of Congress the etitire country northwest of the Ohio river
and west of the Pennsylvania line was organized
into the Northwest Territory, and General Arthur
St. Clair was appointed Governor.  Detroit, however, still remained in possession of the British
until July, I796, and it was doubtless from this
source that the Indian tribes, who were dismayed
by the rapid advance of white settlements to the
westward, were encouraged in their subsequent
hostility to the settlers; and it is known that Alexander McKee, Matthew Elliot, and Simon Girty,
who had formerly resided in Pittsburgh and had
joined the British, were largely instrumental in the
outrages on the frontier which continued until I794.
In I790 Allegheny County had a population of
IO,309, including, in addition -to agricultural settlers,
a large number of Indian traders, hunters and trappers, who made Pittsburgh the base of their
operations.  In I790 the expedition of General
Josiah Harmar was recruited at Fort Pitt, and a number of companies from Allegheny County and other
parts of Western Pennsylvania were organized, one
of the companies being from Pittsburgh, and known
as the Pittsburgh Blues. In a raid of General Harmar
several Indian villages were burned and crops destroyed, but this seemed only to infuriate the
savages, and the outrages increased in violence. In
April, I79I, troops were sent down the Ohio to Cincinnati, from wh ch place General St. Clair, then
Governor of the Northwest Territory, marched
against the Indians at the headwaters of the Wabash.
He had 2,300 men, but they were for the most part
militia without experience in warfare, and as they
were badly provisioned, many desertions occurred,
arld on the morning of November 4, I79I, when the
army was preparing to march on the Miami villages,
they were sur-rised by a large force of Indians, who
4-4- -__1 4-1
attacked them and compelled them to retreat
after a most disastrous
battle lasting three hours
and  fourteen  minutes,
and in which thirty-eight
commissioned o ffic e r s
were killed upon tbe
fi.eld, 533 non-commissioned officers and privates killed and missing
and 2I4 wounded.
In I762 Major Isaac
Craig, then in command,
was ordered by General
Knox, the Secretary of
War, to erect new fortifications at Pittsburgh. A
structure with bastions,
block house, barracks,
etc., was put up on property belonging to  he
Penns on the Allegheny
in the neighborhood of
Ninth and Tenth streets.
and Penn avenue, the
fort being named Fort
Lafayette. At that time,
according to a cotemporary account, the town
contained about 500 inhabitants, while the industries of the city were
represented by a windmill at the Point, a boat
building establishment,
one clock and watch
maker, two coopers, one
skin dresser and breeches
maker, two tanners and
curriers, four cabinet
makers, two hatters, two
weavers, five blacksmiths, five shoemakers,
three saddlers, one maltfter and brewer, two tinners, three wheelwrights,
one s t o c k i n g weaver,
one rope maker and two
whitesmiths. On the
Ioth of May, I792, Pittsburgh was erected into
a borough by an election
held in pursuance of an
act of Assembly, and
George Robinson was
elected Chief Burgess. The recruiting of troops
for service under General Anthony Wayne against
the Indians was busily kept up through the summer and autumn of I792, and an encampment
was made for the winter on the Ohio, about twenty
miles below the city. The following spring the
descent of the river was made and the army encamiped
at Cincinnati for two or three months, afterward
marching to the spot where Fort Greenville was
established. This was made headquarters for the
army during the winter and until July, I794, when
the army left Fort Greenville, and built Fort Adams,
Fort Defiance and Fort Deposit, and on the 20th of
August following General Wayne, with goo mlen,
attacked a force of about 2,000, consisting of Indians
and Canadians, routing them with great slaughter
and a loss of only thirty-three American officers and
privates killed and one hundred wounded.  In this.battle the Indians received a chastisement so severe,
and lost so many of their leading warriors, that theyDomestic Sewing Machine Co.-J. M. Moffat, General Agent. 108
Duncan, Geo.  Sons.-Manufacturers of Fine Crystal and
Colored Glass  Table Ware............................ 58
Dunlap, John,  Co.-Manufacturers of Stamped and Japanned Ware, Etc..................... 55
Duquesne Furniture Co.-Manufacturers of Furniture, Etc. 69
Duquesne Tube Works Co.-Manufacturers of Lap  Welded
Iron and Steel Boiler Tubes............................ 47
Durbin, H. H.,    Co.-Diamonds, Watches, Jewelry  and
Silverware..................................... 1-02
Dyer, Samuel.-Real Estate and Insurance..........78
Eagle Planing Mills.-M    Simon, Proprietor.........67
Eagle Roofing Co.......................80
Ehlers, A. G.-Plumber, Gas and Steam Fitter, Tin and Sheet
Iron Worker....................... 51
Eichbaum  Joseph,   Co.-Printers, Mercantile Stationers,
Etc..............29
Elliott, J  L, -Photographer........                 6      1
Emanuel, Louis -Druggist.................. 95
Emich, Adam.-Fire  Insurance..........      76
Empire Plow  Co., Limited, The...............4i
Enterprise Drilling Co -Contractors for Gas, Oil and Artesian Wells...................... 63
Enterprise Gun and Machine Works.-W. S. Brown, Prop.. 102
Enterprise  Oil Company, Limited.-Machinery Oils....  61
Equitable Collecting and Commercial Business Co., The..117
Espy, G.   Brother.-Dealers in  Furniture.........70
Evans-Thos Evans Co.-Crescent Glass Works.......60
Excelsior Manufacturing Co.-J. C. Dilworth, Proprietor;
Manufacturers of Oil, Cellar and Faucet Tanks,
Cans,  Et  -.......................   48
Excelsior Planing Mill and Box Factory.-F J. Kress, Prop. 67
Fairbanks  Co. - Standard Scales, Etc. (See also page 133). 104
Faust, Jackson  Co.-Dealers in Stoves, Ranges, House Furnishing Goods, Etc..................49
Fawcett, Thomas,  Sons.-Miners and Shippers of Coal..37
Fawcett  Milliken.-Queensware, China, Glassware, Etc..59
Ferris, G. W. G.,  Co.-Civil Engineers, Inspectors of Structural Iron and Steel............................. 63
Fifth  Avenue Printing Co.-(See W. A.Bunting).......31
Finch, John C.-Wholesale Rye Whiskies, Gins, Brandies and
Wines.98............9
Fischer, Wm.-Dealer in Flour, Grain, Etc..........92
Fite, John.-The Elgin Butter and Cheese House......  91
Flerning  Joseph.-Wholesale Druggist                    g     g ist....     95
Floyd, S. B.,  Son.-Wholesale Flour, Grain, Hay and Feed. 92
Foerster, Emil.-Artist.................... 1l(6
Fort Pitt Foundry.-Mackintosh, Hemphill   Co., Limited. 45
Frazier  Jacobs.-Architects................. 79
Free, Louis,  Bro.-Manufacturers of Cigars and Wholesale
Dealers in Tobacco, Snuff and Cigars......... PA'
Free  Meredith.-General Contractors and Mechanical Engineers.. (See also page 134).............. 64
Frey, Otto.-Wholesale Liquors................ 97
Frick, H. C., Coke  Company..........        37.
Frye, John K.,  Co.-Agricultural Implements, Etc.. (Selo
also page 135)................... 45
Fuhrer, Joseph,  Sons.-Wholesale Wines and Liquors... 99
Fulton Foundry and Machine Shop.-Totten  Co......46
Gardner, James, Jr Manufacturer of Fire Clay Retorts, Etc 83
Garrison, Williams  Co, Limited.-Manufacturers' Agents
and Dealers in Grain, Hay, Straw, Lime, Coal, Sewer
Pipe, E cc...........8
Gaus   Loeffler -Furniture..................................... 70
German American Insurance Co. of New York.............................  76
Germania Savings Bank............................ 73
Getty  Co.-Wholesale Liquor Dealers................................ 96
Gillespie, D  L., Co.-Wholesale Lumber and Ra ilroad  Ties s. 68
Gloekler, B.-Manufacturer of Batchers' and Packers' Tools,
Machinery and  Supplies........................... 54
Godfrey, R. J.-Carpenter and Builder.................................. F0
Gourley, H. I.-Special Agent ot Taintor, Bros    Co, Pub
lishers........................... 114
Grocers' Supply and Storage Co., The............................ 91
Groetzinger, Edward -Carpetings and  Curtains........................... 72
Grusch, Wm.,  Co -Eureka Planing Mill, Sash and Door
Factory........................   6 i
Guffey, J. M.-Natural Gas Operator............................ 34
Guckert, Frank J.-Contractor and Manufacturer of Bank,
Office, Store and  Church  Fixtures, Etc............................ 68
Hagan, W. C.,  Co.-Wholesale Lumber, Etc.............................. 69
Hague, Walter E.-Silver Plating and Britannia Works.............................511
Hale, Henry G.-Merchant Tailor........................... 85
Halpin, Kennedy  Co.-Sanitary Plumbers and Dealers in
Gas and Oil Fixtures........................... 52
Haller, Beck  Co.-Union Salt Works........................... 107
Hamburger, Phillip.-Proprietor of the George W. Jones Distillery................................  97
Hamilton, S.-Pianos and Organs........................... 116
Hamilton, W. H.,  Co.-Flint Bottle Manuf acturers.... 57
Hanny, T. L,.,  Co.-Wholesale Dealers in Produce........................... 92
Harbison  Walker.-Star Fire Brick Works...................... 83
Harlow, James H.,  Co.-Engineers and  Contractors....  64
Harmes Machine Depot.-Steam Engines, Boilers and  Machinery......;..................... 47
Harris, L. H., Drug Co., The................. 94
Harrison, James.-Dealer in Rags, Paper Stock and Old Metals 31
Hartford Life and  Annuity Insurance Co.............................. 77
Hartley  Marshall.-Miners and Shippers of Coal............................ 39
Haslage, William,  Son -Staple and Fancy Groceries and
Japanese Goods............................ 88
HIastings, Samuel,   Son.-Carpenters and Builders....'. 81
Heckel, Bieler  Co.-Manufacturing and Wholesale Jewelers, Etc........................ 102
Heineman, Otto E.-Watchmaker and Jeweler....... 101
Heinz.-H. J. Heinz Co.-Manufacturers of Pickles, Preserves,
Vinegar, Etc........ [See also page 1306]..........  90
Heinz Bros.  Co.-Manufacturers of the Celebrated  Banner
grand " of Pickles, Vinegars, Mustards and Sauces.. 1C6
Heisley  Neely.-Importers and Jobbers in Notions, Fancy
Goods, Toys, Etc.................... 86
Hemphill, G. E.-Dealer in  Lumber.............67
Hill, George B.,  Co.-Dealers in Stocks and Bonds.....74
Hill, James B.-Lumber Yard, Planing  Mill, and Sash and
Door Factory.....................69
Hill, J. C.,   Co.-Wholesale  Groceries, Wood  aiid  Willow
W are..............................    88
Hilleary, G. T. -Artist.................... 116
Histed, E. W'.-Photographer.................. 1-17
Hoffman, George J.- Wholesale Manufacturer of Buggy Tops,
Cushions, Etc.... [See also page 135]......... 72
PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILL USTRATED REVIEW.
130
Hoffstot, Jason M.-Merchandise Broker........... 88    Morgan, P. 4. -Brush and  Broom  Manufacturers - -..103
Holland, S. S.-Druggist................... 95    Moyle, William.-Twin City Installment House; Furniture,
Home Life Ilisurance Company................ 76                               Carpets, Etc...................... 71
Hopper, W. C.,  Co.-Lumber................ 67    Mugele, Fredericlc.-Wholesale, Wines and Liquors..... 99
Horne, Joseph,  Co.-Importers and.Jobbers of Dry Goods,                           Mulhern, Wm. M.-Teas................... 88
Notious, Etc...................... 85    Munden  Addy.-Plumbers and  Gas Fitters........ 52
Howard, Richard C., Sr.-Scrap Iron, Etc.......... 41    Munroe, R.,  Son.-West'Point Boiler Worlzs........ 46
Hubbard  Co.-Pittsbugh Axe, Saw, Shovel, Hoe and Drain                              Murdoch, John  R.  A.-Florists, Etc............ 104
Tool Works...................... 53    Mutual Life Insurance Co., of New  York, The........ 76
Hukill, E. M.-Proprietor and Operator of Oil and Natural                             Myers, E. H.,  Co.-Pork Packers and Curers of " Keystone "
Gas Wells....................... 34                           Brand Sugar Cured Hams, Shoulders, Beef and BreakHulmes, George H.-Grainer for the Trade.......... 82                                fast Bacon........................ 93
Huselton A-utomatic Car Coupler Co.  (See also page 136). 83    National Brewery.-John H. Nusser, Proprietor....... 100
Hussey, C. G.,   Co.-Pittsburgh  Copper and  Brass Rolling                          Neal Brothers -Brokers and Dealers in Pig Iron, Etc.... 43
Mills.......................... 55    Nesbit, S. A.-Bakery..................... 90
Hutchinson - J. R. -Manufacturer of Engines, Etc....... 45    Nicols, P. D.-Iron Commission Merchaiit.......... 42
Irela-nd  Hughes.-Machinists and Blacksmiths, and Man-                             Nimick     Brittaii  Manufacturiny  Co.-Manufacturers  of
ufactureis of Oil and  Artesian  Well Drilling  and                                  Builders' Hardware           [See also page 133]...... 50
Fishing Tools, Etc................... 47    Nimick  Co.-Iron Commission Merchants......... 41
Irwin, H.,  Co -DealeTS in New   York Stocks, Grain, Petro-                         Nobbs, J. B.-Stoves, flardware, Etc............ 49
leum, Mortgages and Local Se3urities........ 74    Noll, Geo. H.,  Co.-Coal alid  Coke............. 3S
Irwin, John A -Bcjok Binder and Blank Book Manufacturer. 30    Norton, A. P.-Real Estate Froker.............. 79
Jarecki Manufacturing Co., Limited.-Brass'A'ork, Pipe Fit                          Northwestern Mutual. Life Insurance Co........... 77
tings, Etc. (See also page 134)............. 52   Nuttall, R. D.-Machinist and Engine Builder........ 46
Jarrett, A  C.-Mortgaga aud Real Estate Broke-r...... 78    Oakley, John  M.,  Co.-Bankers and Brokers....... 74
Jenkins. T. M.,  Co.-Slaippers and Dealers in Coal - - -.. 39    Obermann, A. W.-Cooking Utensils.  [See also page 1341 - - 50
Johnston, James.-Pittsburgh Monumental Granite Works. 106    O'Doherty  Co., Limited.-Wholesale Wines and  Liquors. 98
Johnston, William  G,   Ca.-Printers, Stationers, Binders,                        Ohio Flour Store.-Flour and General Merchandise                               90
RLilprs, Electrotypers, Etc, and  Dealers in  Printers'                   Oil Well Supply Co., Limited................... 62
Stock........................ 30    Ommert  Hoffield.-Groceries and Fine Teas........ 89
Jones Jacob H  -Pattern and Model Works......... 105    Oppenheimer, M.,  Co -Wholesale Clothing Manufacturers
Jones  Laughlins, Limi-,ed.-The American Iron  and Steel                                     and Importers aud Jobbers of Woolens......... 84
Works......................... 43    Orr, Wm. B.,  Co -Wholesale Lumber........... 68
Kaerrher, J  B -Hardware.................. 51    Palmer, fhomas.-WaL  I?ape-(.................. 81
Kaufmann, J.,   Bros.-Clothiers and Outfitters....... 84    Patterson, W. W.-   eneral Steamboat Blacksmith, Etc... 50
Kaufman, S.,  Sons.-Manuf Peturers and Wholesale Deal-                             Pennock, I. M.,  Son.-Real Estate and  MDrtgage Brokers. 79
ers in Pantaloons................... 84    Phelan, James -Hosiery,  Gloves,  and Meli's Furnishing
Kenworthy, John.-Furnitu re and  Carpets......... 70                                 Goods......................... 86
Kerr, Allan C.,   Co.-Printers''Warehouse........ 30    Phillips, 0. C.-Boardiiig and ale Stables.......... 103
Kerr James.-Sale and  Boarding Stables.......... 103    Phillips, J.  H.-Belting, Elose aud  Rubber Goods..... 64
X'err, James, Jr.-,Lpothecarv................ 95    Phillips, Nimick   Co.-Sligo Rolling Mflls......... 43
Keviin  J.,   Co., Dealers in  Wbite Sewing Machines.  (See                        Phoenix  Glass Co....................... 68
also page 13-0)..................... 108   Phcenix  Tannery.-Kiefer   Stifel, Proprietors; ManufacKiefer   Stifel -Phcenix  Tannery: MELnufacturers of Oak                                     turerb of Oak  Harness Leather............ 65
Harness Leather................... 65    Piecardo, B.-Manufacturer of Fine Macaroni, Etc..... 89
King Gilleland.-Printen I Furnishing Warehouse.... 30    Pittsburgh  Auction  and   Credit  Co.-Furniture,  Carpets,
Klrp-itrick Co., Limited.-Menufacturers of Fine Sheet                                       Etc.-J  K. Shanahan, Maliager............ 71
Iron an I Steel..................... 43    pittsburgh  Beef Co.-Commission  Dealers in Swift's Chicago
Kleber, H,   Bro.-Pianos, Orgaus, Etc........... 115                            Dressed Beef, Mutton, Pork, Etc............. 93
K'lein, Max -Distiller and Importer.-Solq Pr,)prietor of the                         Pittsburgh  Copper and  Brass Rolling Mills.-C. G. Hussey
II Siver Age I I Rye Whiskies.............. 97                         Co.......................... 55
Klinordlinger, S,  Co.-Wholesale Whisk ies, W [nes, Etc.. 97    Pittsburgh Electro-Plating Co., Limited........... 53
K'nox, J. P.  R. H.-Stone Contractors, Etc......... 106    Pittsburgh Furniture Manufactorv.-M   Siebert  Co.... 70
Koehler  Streng.-Dealers in Iro-n a-nd Steel Scrap - -... 42    Pittsburgh Grease and Oil Co.-J. k. A. Czariiiecki  Co. - - 61
Koenig. J. W,   Co.-Coifectioners' a-ud  Bakers' Supplies,                          PittsbUTgh Insurance Co.................... 75
Flavoring  Extracts, Etc................ 89    Pittsburgh Iron Paint Co -Manufacturers of Metallic Paints,
Kramer  Redman --Ml nufacturers of Fin 9 Cabinet Work,                                       Varnishos, EV3..................... 66
E te.......................... 69    Pittsbu-rgh  Permauent Broiiiide  Eiilarging  Co.-Alexander
Kresq, F  J.-Excelsior Planing Mill aiid Box Factory.... 67                               Little, Mana-er.................... 117
LaBellp Steel Works.-Smith Bros.  Co........... 43    Pittsburgh Pipe Covering and Belting Co., Limited..... 104
Lacock    Fleeger.-Merchant Tailors............ 85    Pittsburgh  Pump  Co..................... 48
Lean  Blair.-Engineers and Contractors.......... 63    Pittsburgh  Sheet Metal Tool Co.,, Limited.......... 48
Leivis Foundry and Machine Co., Limited.......... 47    Pittsburgh Show Case Co -. [See also page 188]....... 71
Lewis    Hyde.-Consulting Engineers; Maiiufacturers  of                             Pittsburgh  Supply  Co., Limited.-Railway, Mill and Mine
Decorative and Crystalized Tinplates......... 63                            Supplies........................ 42
Liggett, Thomas -Real Estate and Mortgages........ 78    Pittsburgh  Castle Shaniioil Railroad Co. -Coal....... 37
Longdon, A. P.-Hardware, Cutlery, Etc........... 51    Pittsburgh Wbite Lead and Oil Works.-M. B. Suydam    Co.,
LongfelloNv, Alden   Harlow.-Architects.......... 79                               Proprietors...................... 66
Love, C. H.-Real Estate, Bonds, Mortgages, Etc....... 79    Porter, H. K.  Co.-Builders of Light Locomotives..... 47
Louder, Charles.-Manufacturer of Essences, Oils, Inks, Etc. 95    Prentice   Hackett.-Building Materials........... 82
Lowrie, James.-Funeral Director.............. 121    Price, William  G.,   Co.-Manufacturers of Plumbers' Iron
Loyal Manufacturing Co.-Wringers.  (See also page 124]..107                                 Ware, Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead and Plumbers' Materials 52
Ludwig  Richter.--Florists and Seedsmen.......... 104    Rabe-nstein Bros.-Pittsburgh Collar Factory; Manufacturers
Lutz Bros.-Pickled Goods, Etc................ 89                              of Horse Collars.................... 108
Lutz, D,   Son.-Brewers of Lager Beer, Ale, Etc -. [See                         Rankiii  Holdship.-Cans, Pails, Etc............ 48
also page 135]...................... 99    Reed Foundry  Co., Limited.-Manufacturers of Stoves and
Lynch, H. J.-Dry Goods and  Notions............ 86                                Ranges......................... 49
Lyons, McKee  Co., Limited.-Manufacturers, Importers and                            Reed, J. R.,  Co.-Watches. Jewelry and  Silvei-ware.... 102
Jobbers of Queensware, Glassware, Lamps and Fancy                          Reed  Mentel.-Painters, and Dealers in Painters' Materials 82
Goods......................... 58    Reiling, C. John.-Iron Railing and General Troii Worker -. 50
Mackintosh, Hemphill  Co., Limited.-Fort Pitt Foundry. 45    Reinecke   Co.-Sanitary Plumbing,.4as Fitting, Hot Water
TvTagee, E,  Co.-Cement, Etc................ 83                             Heating, Etc...................... 82
Marietta Chair Company................... 72    Renwick, Hllis   Co.-Irnporters aud  Jobbers of Millinery 87
Marvin, S. S.,  Co.-Hanufacturers of Crackers, Cakes and                            Rhoads, Joli-ii L., Jr.-Broker and  Commission  Merchant in
Bread.......................... 9)                          Flour, (Irain  and Feed................ 92
Matchett  Co.-Pittsburgh Paper Box  Factory.......................... 108. Rice, Edward.-Merchant Tailor.............................. 81
May, M., Sons - Co.-Proprietors Sixth Avenue Dye Works. 107    Richardson, Charles.-Dealer ill Choice Meats.......91
May, Norman.-Broker ill Real. Estate, Stocks and Mortgages. 79    Riley, Frederick.-Practical Horse Shoer, Machine and Wagon
Mayor, Robert F.-Dealer in Etchingv,, Enlgravinlgs, Etc..........................116  Blacksmith...................... 103
Mc.xbee, E. B.-Vininlg and  Blasting PoNvdler, Etc...... 102    Riter  Conley.-Manuf acturers of Blast Furniaces, Iron BuildMcCaffrey, Daniel.-Flour, Feed and Grain........... 93                            ings, Bridges, Boilers, Oil Tanks, Etc............................ b1
McClinitonl     Co.-Manufacturers  of  Carriages anld  Finle                     Robbins, F. L.-Coal ancl Coke...........................  38
Wagons......................... 73    Roberts, Gieorge.-Steamboat and Machine Blacksmlith, Etc. 50
MTcClure, ",)eo. W.-Merchandise Broker...................... 88    Robinson. R.-Real Estate and Insurance..........  78
McClurg, Jas..  Co.-Manlufacturers of Crackers anld Candies 90    Robitzer, John Z. T.-Wholesale Liquor Dealer....... 98
McCoinnell, John  A.,   Co.-Steam  Pipe and Boiler Cover-                         Rodgers   Brooks.-Sole  agents for the Domle tic  Sewinlg
ings, Etc........................ 104  Machines, Etc...... [See also page 134]......... 108
McCormick, J. A.-General Machinery Depot...................... 106    Rogers, Chatles -M\anufacturer and Dealer ill Patelit Iron
McCracken, H. J.,  Co.-Produce Merchants..................... 92  Capstaiis and  I,ight Machinery, Etc................... 50
McCullough, John -Wholesale Rye Whiskies, Wines, Etc........................... 98    Roller, Fred., Furniture Co........................ 70
McCully, Wm.,  Co.-Mainufacturers of Winclow  gilass, White                       Rombach   Dietz -Manlufacturers of Wood-Seat Chairs and
and Green. Glassware, Etc............... 57                           Rockers......................... 71
McCune  Coulter.-Brokers in  Real Estate, Mortgages and                           B owand, A. H.--Proprietor of the K eystone Joint, E te.. [See
Inlsurance and  General Auctioneers........................... 79  also page 134]............................... 25
McElroy  Co.-Broom  Manufacturer,s and Pa-Der Dlealers..........................103    S3amson  Hudson.-Fuiieral Director: Cremuatory.............................. 120
McFall  Co.-Manufacturers of Packing Boxes...........................~--.  67     Schaefer, J       C         --W atches, Diamonids, Jewrelry, Etc.]         01
McGowan, Thomas.-Produce Commission  Merchant........................ 91.Schiedel, Fred.-Manlufacturer anld  Dealer in  Ornamental
McIntire. Johliston.-Carpen ter and Builder......... 80                            Glass.......................... 58
McKeesport Ironl Works.-W. Dewees Wood Company.-Man-                    Schmidt, G. W.-Wholes ile Wines, Liquors and  Cigars... 97
ufacturers of Sheet Iron................  44    Schmitt, George J -Ngent for the Anheuser-B3usch  Brewing
McKibben, James.-Heavy  Haulinlg................. 103                           Association and the Gerke Brewving Company.......................... 99
McKinney Manufacturing Co.-Manufacturers of Strap and...............Schuclhman   Mahler.-Grocers...............88
T Hinges, Steel Butts, Etc...................  51    Schlilte, A. J -Miner anld Shipper of Gas and Stearn Coal............................ 39
McQuiston, Jas.,   Co.-Galvanizing  Works...................... 54    Schwebel. Joseph.-Dealer in  Flour, Grain, Mill Feed and
Mercantile Protective Bureau............................. 117                  Salt........................................ 93
Metropolitan Plate Glass Insurance Co........................  77    Scott, James B., , Co.-Importers of Tin Plates aind Mletals:
Mey,er, Arnold  Co., Limited -Furniture.......... 71                             Tiii-ners' General Supplies.............. 42
Miller, H.,  Bro.-Furniture............................... 70    Scott, J.F. J. L.-Pittsburgh Stair Building and Wood TurnMiller, W. G.-Commission Merchant................. 92                         ing Shop.............................. 82
Mills, W. F.- Groceries.............................  87    Seibert, M.     Co.-Pittsburgh Furniture    Manufactory.. 70
Minnemeyer, H. W.,  Co.-Union Malleable Iron Works.......................... 51    Seibert z W7hite.-Pattern Model Works...... 5  0PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW.
131
Siepp, H. C.-Allegheny Forge   Wire  Works.                          50
Sellers, F.,  Co.-Agents for N. K. Fairbanks  Co., Manufacturers of Lard, Oils and Soaps; and for Fairbanks
Canning  Co.. 94
Siebert, John.-Dealer in Ch oice Family Groceries, Produce,
Provisions,  Etc............................. 87
Simon, M.-Eagle Planing Mills............................ 67
Sixth Avenue Dye Works.-M. May, Sons  Co., Proprietors. 107
Sligo Rolling Mills.-Phillips, Nimick    Co.............................  43
Smiley, C. A.-Fine Hats, Furs and Umbrellas....................... 100
Smith Bros   Co.-La Belle  Steel Works............................  43
Smith, Henry,   Sons.-Merchant Tailors.........................  85
Smith.-The J. P. Smith Lamp, Glass and  China Co........................ 59
Smith, Lee S.-Pittsburgh  Dental Depot............................ 105
Snee, John  A. -Oil Producer.................... 61
Solon, Order of.-See R. J. Godfrey....................80
Somers, Brother   Co.-Wholesale Butter, Cheese, Eggs,
Green and Dried Fruits and  Produce..........................  92
South-West Natural Gas Co., The...........................  34
Speer, Alexander,   Sons.-Manufacturers of Plows, Culltivators and  Agricultural Implements....................... 45
Speer White Sand  Co.............................. 61
Stewart, T. B. -Coal Dealer............................. 39
Stutz, S.-Mining and  Mechanical Engineer............................. 63
Suydam, M. B.,  Co.-Proprietors Pittsburgh White Lead
and Oil Works..................... 66
Swearingen, Clarence H.-Manufacturers' Agent............................... 86
Swindell Construction Co.-Engineers and Contractors; Regenerative Gas Furnaces............................ 64
Swindell, William,  Brothers.-Builders of Regenerative
Gas  Furnaces............................. 53
Swindell   Otterson.-Wall Paper, Etc................................  81
Taylor, R. F.-Dealer in Furniture and Household Goods..70
Thompson, James A.-Flour, Feed, Grain, Hay, Salt, Etc..93
Thompson   Co.-Diamond  Linseed  Oil Works...............................  66
Tidioute Chair Co., Limited............................. 72
Totten    Co.-Fulton  Foundry and  Machine  Shop.............................  46
Tretheway, S.,  Co., Limited.-industry Rolling Mill Tool
Works............................. 53
Turner, Charles A.-Sole Manufacturer of Turner's Traction
Belt Grease, and Dealer in Engineers', Machinists' and
Mill Supplies............................. 105
Twin City Installment House.-William  Moyle, Proprietor. 71
Union Central Life Insurance Co..............................  75
Union Malleable Iron Works.-H. W. Minnemeyer  Co.,
Proprietors......................................  51
Union Planing  Mill Co............................. 68
Union Salt Works.-Haller, Beck   Co,  Proprietors -............................    107
W aite  Rowlands.-Colntractors  and  Builders..............................  80
Wallis, J. I.,   Co.-Artistic Sheet Metal Workers.............................  48
Walter, W. G.-Flint Glassware Designer and Mould Maker. 59
Waverly Coal and  Coke  Co............................. 38
Weigold, Charles D.-Furniture, Bedding and House Furnishing  Goods............................ 71
Wells, A. E.,  Co.-Manufacturers of and Dealers in Bedding, Spring Beds, Carpets, Oil Cloth, Curtains and
Shades............................. 70
Welsh, Thomas,   Co.- Real Estate.............. 78
West, N.,  Co.-Agents for Paper Manufacturers.............................. 30
West Point Boiler Works.-R. Munroe  Son...................... 46
Western Supply Co., The-Lodge Supplies and Uniforms.. 107
Westmoreland and Cambria Natural Gas Co., The....................... 35
Weyman  Brother.-Manufacturers of Tobacco and Snuff. 101
Wharton, Bakewell  Co.-Jobbers in Heavy and Light
Hardware.............................  51
Wheeler, Henry.--Manufacturer of Paints; Dealers in Artists'
and Painters' Supplies, Etc..............  67
Wickersham, Samuel M.-Iron Broker............................ 105
Wightman, Thos.,  Co.-Glass Manufacturers.............................. 57
Wilson, A.  S.-Carpenters and Builders................................ 81
Wilson-Snyder Manufacturing Co.-Fort Pitt Steam Pumps,
Pipes, Valves and Fittings, Etc............48
Wilson, W. R.-Mining and Consulting Engineer............................. 64
Wilson  Phillips.-Produce Commission Merchants............................. 91
Wise, Joseph.-Original Bee Hive 5 and 9 Cent Store..... 100
Witherow, James P.-Engineer and Contractor.............................. 63
Woelfel  Linke.-Eureka'rannery; Manufacturers of Harness Leather...................... 66
Wolff, Lane  Co.-Importers and Dealers in Hardware and
Cutlery.........................   51
Wood.-W. Dewees Wood Company.-McKeesport Iron
Works.....................................    44
Woodwell, Joseph,  Co.--Dealers in Hardware.-                        51
Yoder, Lorenzo T.-Manufacturing Confectioner, Etc.... 89
Zimmerman, J. B.-Manufacturer of Zimmerman's Foods. 96
Zoller, William,  Co.-Pork Packers, Etc..........94
Allegheny  Manufacturing Co., The................. 134
Bair  Gazzam, Limited.-Engine Builders and Machinists. 134
Blair, J. H.-Fire Brick, Tile, Etc..................... 134
Boisol  Wagley.-Dressmaking, Art Needlework, Etc.. [See
also page 87.]..................... 136
Elstner, J. M.   Co.,-Publishers................. 133
Fairbanks  Co.-Standard Scales, Etc..[See also page 104]. 133
Free  Meredith.-General Contractors, Etc. [See also page 64]134
Frye, John K.,  Co.-Agricultural Implements, Etc.. [See
page     45]......................... 135
Gooch Freezer Co.,-Cincinnati, O.............. 138
Heinz-H. J. Heinz Co.-Manufacturers of Pickles, Preserves,
Etc. [See also page 90]...........          -  136
Hopper Brothers  Co.-Dealers in Furniture  Etc...... 135
Hoffman, George J.-Wholesale Manufacturer of Buggy Tops,
Cushions, Etc..... [See also page 72].................... 135
Huselton Automatic Car Coupler Co.-[See also page, 33]... 136
Jarecki Manufacturing, Co., Limited.-Brass Work, Pipe
Fittings, Etc.... [See also page 52]................... 134
Kevan, J.,  Co.-Dealer in White Sewing Machines.. [See
also page 108]......................... 135
Kinsey, E. F., Designer and Engraver on  Wood.......................... 135
Lloyd, H., Son   Co.-Manufacturers of Iron..................... 131
Loyal Manufacturing Co.-Manufacturers of the Erie Wringers.   [See also page 107]...............134
Lultz, D.,  Son.-Brewers of Lager Beer..[See also page 99.]135
Manchester Saw  Mill Co.............................. 134
Miller, D. Knox.-Architect................................ 135
Nimick    Brittan  Manufacturing  Co.-Manufacturers  of
Builders' Hardware......... [See'also page 50]........ 133
Obermann, A. W.-Cooking Utensils.. [See also page 50.].. 134
Pittsburgh Show Case Co.-[See also page 71 ]....     133
Preston  Humphreys.-Pig Iron, Etc............ 135
Queen City Printing Ink Co.,-Cincinnati. 0.........136
Rodgers  Brooks.-Domestic Sewing Machines, Etc.. [See
also page 108]...............                        134
Rowand, A. H -Proprietor of the Keystone Joint, Etc -.[See
also    page  52.]..................... 134
Wallace  Cote.-Lumber........              133
Wettach , Co.-Tanners.            134.......
ADVERTISERS' I NDEX.For sale by the leading Hardware and Stove Dealers of Pittsburgh.
Illustrated catalogue with recipes for makiing all kinds of Cream, Fruit lees)
etc., sent o)n application.
THE GOOCH FREEZER CO.,
i
133
PJI J TSB URGH AND ALLEGHEATY ILLUSTRATEED WE VIEW.
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of St. L+ouis, Mo. (I887).
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The Industries
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The Industries of Kansas City, Mo.
The Centennial Review of Cincinnati.
Pittsburgh and Allegheny Illustrated Review.
New Jersey's L+eading Cities, Iltustrated, (In Preparation).
PITTSBURGH OFFICE:                    GENERAL I
18 Excelsior Building,                319 2
Sixth Avenue and Grant Stre3et.
D. E. McEL WEE,, Generacl Ma.nager.
OFFICES X
Broadw ay,
NEW YORK.
No. 54 NINTH STREET,
Confectioners
CINCINNATI, OHIO.
28 to 38 E. Ninth Street,
M i.UFACTURERS AND ITIHOLESALE DEALERS IN
pige 8ar uood   fTmber,
OFFICE, 971 LlIBERTY STREET,
""I~~~7C4TD               (  (0  9  
N1!120 8( BqITTqF'F'0 60.
Door Loc s,      a oc s,    Ca es
8          Li r     0  u         I owl   0  Co
TH E GOOCH FREEZER COM PANY.
_                  ~~~~~~~~~MANUFACTURERS OF THE CELEBRATED
t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 1'PEERLES "AND " GIANT "
L w  I     I         Ice Cream   7reezers
1 E~     ~ c$1       For Families,
i L L5L 12                ~~~~~~~Hotels and
P IT'FSBURCH, PA.
WALLACE:  COTEI
F" I     S I3 T   A GG1-1I F,A  134
PITTSB URGHf AND ALLEGHENYY ILL USTRATED RE VIE W,
GEO. J. T RE E,
T HE
Allegheny  Manufacturing  Co.,
- MA NUF ACTURES A S A SPECIA LT Y-.,. VARIOUS DESIGNS. ".
Residence, 24 Penn Avenue.
J. R. MEREDITH,
Residpance, 60 Stevenason PtreE t.
F.tEE , ME}REDITH,
GeRelal Gogtlaclols,~~~~~
PUMIPING MIACHII1NERY FOR HIRE.
- OF -
Di~fficult anwd Accurate Ereclizg.    Expanding Water Gonductors,
_,, VFouln(.alions for Hammlers
and HeaJy Machinery.
Absolute Security from Accidents.
$. W                         1BR#N
I O I 8 Penn Avenite,
PITBMrSsBrGsH, Z?A.
Containing New and Valuabie Improvements.
OFFICE AND FACTORY,
lVos. 2 2 and 24 Sa ndu sky StI.,
ALLEGHENY CITY, PA.
PA.
Telephone 2174.
CH A S. JARECKI, Pi es.  Ai BERT H. JARECKI, Secly.
OSCAR JARECKI, Treas... Boring and Tutrning to 8 ft. in Diameter...
BAI Rx , GAZZ7AMI
*.. LIMITED. * *,
Eng-ine Bul ers
AND MACHINISTS,
jobbing, Experimenlal7 and
General7 Vork.
A.
H. ROWVAN D)Lo al  airuf'ing COL
PROPRIETOR.
MAI A UFACTIJREKS OF THE
MXanufacturing  C o.,
LIMITED.
=MT=:E,   A
BRAiVCIT IO` USE: 953 Liber ty Stl eet,
Pittsbwur gh, Pa.
BPA NCZH -HO USE;S att all Priwip ial Pobi^ts in M/e
Pennlsytlvania, -Nerw Yorkc agilc Ohio COil -Re.ions.
0
WOOD-W ORKING MACHINERY BRASS WORK, MALLEABLE
REPAIRED  ADJUSTED,
Shafting, PuGlle,ys, Hano-ers c Cozu'pin'mgs,
-- AND -
GRAY IRON PIPE FITTINGS,
For Steam, Gas, Water and Oil.
67 ISABELLA STREET,
ALLEGHENY,
SIEV TNOTICIE, PAGFE 52.
I.  Ll      d     4on   R         Oil
M\ANUFACTURERS OF THE BE-ST CGRADES
Juniala Clharcoal Mo0oin.
Pipe Cutting ancd Threadirg Tools
and Machines.
Seee Notice, Page 52
86 Tkird and 9I Second Avenuzes.
PITTSBU RGH, PA.
D. L. PATTERSONT.
MNUFACTUAERS OF AND DEALERS
IN ALL KZINDS OF
PALING, LATH, SHINGLIES,
ETC., ETC.
No. 74 Beaver Ave.
OF OAK COLLAR AND WHIP
LEATHER,
And Dealers in Hides, Sheep and Ca,lf
Skins,
270 SPRING GARDEN AVEN UE,
BOILEK  PLA'I'E,
L....
24 SIXTH STREET,
PITTSBURGH, PA.
Allegheny City, Pa.
ALLECH ENY.
PITTSBURGH, PA.
IN ALL STANDARD SHAPUS
AND SIZES.
GRO UND C LAYS, ET C.,ivairp apd:ayr,
*.. OtFFICE...
B3issell Bl3ook,
ALL MANNER OF HYDRAULIC WORK,... OFFICE'. * * -
810 HIamilton Building,
PlITTlSBURGH, PA.'relephon e
PITTSBURGH,
ERIE WBINGE4S,
Eagle Building, Sandusky St.,
ALLEGHENY, PA.
GEAR AND RACK CUTIING, MILLING, ETC,  OIL AND  GAS WELL SUPPLIES,
Rodgers Brools,~~~~~
A  TA7  iCO l%ete   wI  o
TAN N ERS
BAR, SHEET 
IeqSington  Iron  IWlork$.
SECOND AVENUE,PITTSB URGH AND ALLEGHENY ILL USTRA TED REVIEW.
135
--- AGRICULTUFtALz IM:PLEEnIEDNTS. -
32 and 34 Ohio Street,                     ALLEGHENY,
Sole Agents for Remington Clipper Plows.
A4, ZIN.    nox          er,'2 GH ITEGT9
ROOM 57.
NO. 95 PIR-PI-I
DAVIS SEWING MACHINE A SPECiALTY.
Established It83.
PRESTON  HUMP?HREYS,
Blooms, B'illets  Slabs,
B ESSE M ER FOU N DRY
- AND -
FOaRGE PIG IatON.
Old Iron and Steel Rails, Muck Bar,
Open Hearth Melting Stock, Etc.
aos s s=77 R,
- SPELTER AND TIN. -
42 -Lewis B1oc7k,
PI TTSB UR GH, PA.
GEO. J. HOFFMAN,
-WHOLESA.LE MA-NUFACTUBER ( FF[1PPER) DR[:1  Fil)
-DEALERS IN -
Furniture, Carpests, Bo-dding,
Stoves and Ranges.
E verything that pertains to th-e proper
ftrnishing of-a house for cash or
easy payments.
307 Woocl Street,
PITTSBURGH, PA.
Buggvr Tops, Cushions,
APRONS, RUGS, c.
58 and 60 Anderson Street,
ALLEGHENY CITY, PA.7%.--
fr-lc-mw                                        NM-gllr-          , m  111'
(R
morm-03 9I If  5ALMF-A    ~~       p~~idziga;;~Zmimd
gs
i
I
i
l
I
PITTSB URGH AND ALLEGHE-VYY ILL UST-RATED REVIEW.
136
~ O) U  R
PRESERVES.
OUR "KEYSTONE;BRAND"
Of Pi-eser-ves and Jellzies?S, Absol-tlely
Purtze.
NOT1HIING B UT1' Hl'H BIST SllELtC-. TION OF RIPIe FRUIT AND
GRANULA'TID SUGAR
IS USJED.
-O~~URI
CELERY SAUCE.  
The Delight of Epicures.
IT POSSESSES ALL THE IYERVE PROPERTIES
OF THE FRESH CELERY PLAIYT,        I
--- C)  ~ -
t-~    TT
QU LiK-  
SWVEET PICKLES  
One of Ike xlosl T5oolksome CondSimvenls knowun lo Connoisseulrs.
THEY ARE MILD, PLEASANT, APPE-i
TISING AND HEALTHY.  
W. S. TTISTELTON, PREIESIDENT.                                                J. 310-RTO-N I-IATL, GE-NtEIUAL. AGEN.T.          r
H4sel~~~ et o,,toipatle  Gar (oipler  0;.    0,e371aig
GENERAL OFFICE, RooM  11, BISSELL BLOCK........... 04
~~~~~~~DRESS MAKING) ART NEEDLE
PI TTSE UR GH, PAZ.                                                                              wnn     RS Tn
wvim    r 1%J
P. O. Box, 638.
See IEditorial Notice, page 33.
F. P, Robinsoit Co.'s Cleanfasl IBlackSlockings.
]E~NDORSIED by J. V. Pattoll, Supt. B.  O. -R. R., Pittsbur-lh Division,; J. T. johnsoll,
Supt. Pittsburgli - Westeril R. R. alid leased lines; Wrm. tlt,Sp.-i
Sharpsville R. R. Co,; ai-id Tlhos. M. Kilig, formerly3 Vice-Presidelit - -
P.  WV. R. R. Co. aild Leased Lilies.
IE30 W    I   IF)I---'I rBD'Wl'Fl        UR         N    S
AGAIN VICTORIOUS!
We have jilst received FOUR? Medals from
the Cincinnati Centennial Fxposition.
eel ieever Exhi bil ed our w Coned-znzenets have i-ecei'vel
fAee Hi-h,rsl Awards, aned D71lonlas~.
BUY THIEMN AN5D YOU WTILL ETIDOIRSE THIEM.
Hi J. HEINZ MO, Pittsburgh, Pa.
iII
i
1i
Jlla-d
FRUIT BUTTERS.
We Invite the Honest Criticism
of the Public on Our
Fruit Butters.
T'HIY ARIe HOMIE MADFe AND JUSTLY
APPRIClATV'D FOR FINI-NJSS OF FLAVOR.
618 PENN AVENUE.
THiE    UEEN  GIT"  PRINTING  INK CO.
MIAN UFA CTURPERS OF
II I. I - in GI  of  Fri,, n in       anI,I ho   ra ailnG         n  Izs  
CCI2:y:NA2T=I,7 0Dwere compelled to respec the American power, and
exhibited a di3pos.tion f,vorable to peace. This disposition was prompily reciproca ed hy cur government, and accordiilgly, oil the 3rd of August, I795, a
treaty was made by General Anthony WVay.e at Fort
reenville with ail the warlike tribes, by which
peace with the Indians was permanently secured to
all the settlements on the Ohio.
While Wayne and his troops were thus employed
in the West, the settlers of Pittsburgh had not been
idle, but had been steadily advancing in the comforts and conveniences of civilized life, while many
events had occurred calculated to raise interest in a
frontier community. In I 793 John Scull printed in
the Gazelte office the first book ever printed and
published west of the mountains. It was the third
volume of Judge Hugh H. Brackenridge's work entitled "Modern Chivalry," the two first volumes of
which had been printed in Philadelphia. On May
20, I793, a court of Oyer and Terminer and General
Delivery was held at Pittsburgh by the Chief Justice
and Judge Yeates. The only criminal case at that
term was that against Captain Samuel Brady, who
had been indi6ted for killing certain Indians near
the mouth of Beaver Creek in I79I. The evidence
plainly showed that the Indians were the aggressors
and that Brady and his party were pursuing a predatory and murderous-band when the killing occurred,
and as a consequence the Chief Justice charged the
jury to acquit Brady, which they did without leaving
their seats.' The case is interesting as being the first
homicide case ever tried by the courts of Allegheny
County. The first steam engine was brought to
Pittsburgh in I794, but it was nearly twenty years
afterward before an engine was manufactured here.
An increase in mail facilities was made that year, a
line of mail boats being established to run from
Wheeling to Limestone. From Wheeling to Pittsburgh and back the mails were to be carried on
horseback. The primitive mail boats were manned
by a crew of one steersnian and four oarsmen. Another interesting event of this year was the organization of the volunteer Eagle Fire Company. There
had previously been a small fire engine at Fort Pitt
in I763, which had been placed there by Colonel
Bouquet for the protection of the garrison from pos
sible incendiarism by the Indians, but this me chine
was doubtless a very primitive affair. The Eagle
Company was supplied with an engine about the
size of a hand cart, which was brought in pieces by
Conestoga wagons from Philadelphia. The machine
was supplied with water by buckets, and John Johnston, whose descendents have long been, and still
are prominent in the publishing business in the
city, was the first engineer. The first court house
was completed in I794 and was located in Diamond
Square, and in the rear was a stone jail; while on
the other side of the court house the market was for
many years situated. Justice was administered in
this court house until I84I, when removal was made
to new quarters.
TH  HIWHISKY WAR.
The passage, upon the 3rd of March, I79I, of an
act of Congress imposing a duty upon spirits distilled in the United States, produced great indignation throughout the South and West. Whisky was
in general use, and there were in those days neither
temperance societies nor prohibition parties, and
the distillery was regarded by the new communities
as being as essential to prosperity as the grist mill.
Indignation meetings were held at various points,
and endeavors were made to secure a repeal of the
tax. A public meeting was held inJuly, I79I, at Redstone Old Fort, now Brownsville, at which it was
resolved to select representatives to a convention to
be held at Pittsburgh in September. This meeting
was held September 7, but on the day prior to its
assembling Robert Johnson, collector of revenue for
Washington and Allegheny counties, was attacked
at a point on Pigeon Creek by a band of armed and
disguised men, dismounted from his horse and
tarred and feathered. Warrants were issued by the
United States District Court in Philadelphia against
persons supposed to be implicated in that affair,
and a deputy marshal was appointed to serve them.
The deputy became alarmed at threats which were
made, and he sent the processes by private messenger, who was seized, robbed of his money, tarred
and feathered, tied and left blindfoided in the
woods. Many other acts of violence were committed,
and on May 2, I792, Congress passed a law for the
calling out of the militia to execute the laws, to
suppress insurrection and to repel invasions.  A
law was also passed reducing the tax on distilled spirits and greatly modifying the terms of payment of
the tax. A meeting was held in Pittsburgh August
2I, I792, atwhich a preamble and resolutions denouncing the law were adopted. At the September
term of court held in Pittsburgh seventeen persons,
who had been indicted for assaulting witnesses who
had testified against the Washington County law
breakers, were placed on trial, and nearly all of them
convicted and punished by fines. September I5 the
President issued a proclamation commanding all
persons to refrain from combining to obstruct the
operation of the excise laws. In April, I793, Wells,
a revenue collector residing in Fayette County, was
waited upon by a mob and compelled to deliver up
his commission and his books and publish his resignation under threats that his house would be burned
down should he refuse compliance. In January,
I794, William Richmond, who had given information
against the rioters, had his barn burned, and Robert
Shawhan, a distiller in Allegheny County, who had
offended the rioters by his compliance with the
revenue law, had his premises destroyed by fire..
Every man operating a still was threatened with a
similar fate if he should pay the tax, and the insurrectionists began to strengthen themselves by regular organization into societies, one of which was
organized in Allegheny on the Isth of April, I794.
The United States Court at Philadelphia issued
processes against seventy-five non-complying distillers, fifty of whom were in the counties of Bedford, Fayette, Westmoreland, Washington and Allegheny. In July the Marshal served the writs against
the defendants in these cases and performed his
duty without opposition until he came near the
Mingo Creek settlement, when he found considerable hostility. The men whom he had served with
the writs had followed him, but on the Isth of July
he served the last writ, which was directed against
William Miller, who lived fourteen miles from Pittsburgh in the direction of Washington, Pa. The
next day a party of Ioo armed men approached thehouse of General Neville, revenue inspector, which
was located half way between Pittsburgh and Miller's house, but they were fired upon and six of them
were wounded. The next day the rioters gathered
at (-ouch's Fort, near the inspector's house, for the
purpose of renewing the attack. General Neville
was absent, but Major Kirkpatrick, with eleven
soldiers from Pittsburgh, occupied the house. The
rioters attacked the place and one of them was killed.
A more violent attack was then made, the house was
burned and the inmates compelled to surrender.
Fortunately, however, the prisoners all managed to
escape before the following day. The insurrectionists had adopted the name of " Tom the Tinker,"
as a signature to their various proclamations and notices threatening outrages, and tlius became known
as " Tom Tinker's men."
The leaders were David Bradford, a Washington
County lawyer, and John Holcroft In June they
had committed a number of offenses in Washington
County, many men who had either been connected
with the execution of the law or had complied with
its provisions were beaten, tarred and feathered, tied
to trees and otherwise maltreated. On July 25 the
mail from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia was attacked
and robbed, and on July 28 David Bradford and six
others of the insurrectionists addressed a circular
letter to the officers of the militia, calling for volunteers to meet at Braddock's Field. A force of 7,000-men was gathered in August, and these marched
-against the fort at Pittsburgh with the intention of
securing arms and military stores from the arsenal,
but the preparations made by Major Butler were so
complete that they abandoned the intention, although they succeeded in greatly terrorizing the
inhabitants of Pittsburgh, who feared that the town
-would be destroyed. A meeting was held on the I4th
of August at Parkinson's Ferry, now Monongahela
City, at which a committee of sixty. with power to
call another meeting, and a sub-committee of fifteen
to confer with commissioners appointed by the
United States and the State of Pennsylvania, were
appointed. In the meantime, the news of the gath-ering at Braddock's Field having reached President
Washington, a proclamation was issued, calling
upon the insurrectionists to disperse and retire
peacefully to their homes on or before September
I. At the same time he called for troops to be raised
in Pennsylvania, Maryland,Virginia and New Jersey,
to be ready to march at short notice, and Governor
Mifflin, of this State, ordered the immediate equipment of Pennsylvania's quota, amounting to 5,200
men. A Commission appointed by the President,
composed of Senator Ross, Attorney General Bradford and Judge Yeates, of the Supreme Court of
Pennsylvania, on the part of the United States, and
Chief Justice McKean and General William Irvine as
State Commissioners, were sent to Western Pennsylvania to endeavor to arrange the difficulties. Conference with committees of the insurrectionists proving ineffective, President Washington, on receiving
their report, issued an order on the 2sth of September, commanding the forces to proceed to Western
Pennsylvania. The troops, consisting of volunteers
from Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey and Pennsylvauia, were placed under command of General Henry
Lee, Governor of Virginia, the Pennsylvania division
being under the personal command of Governor
Miffin. The army arrived at Uniontown October
3I, and a few days later moved forward and went into
camp near Parkinson's Ferry, from which the main
body marched to Pittsburgh, while a detachment
was sent to Washington, Pa. The presence of the
troops had an immediately quieting effect upon the
insurrection, and a large number of pIisoners were
taken inWashington and Allegheny counties. On
the 20th of September the inspeAion offices at Washington, Greensburg and Uniontown were re-opened,
and about the same time the army retired. The
Commander-in-Chief remained in Western Pennsylvania for a considerable time, and was authorized by
President Washington to issue a proclamation of
pardon to those p rsons connected with the insurreztion, except such as were guilty of offenses
against the United States, and who were then in
custody or under recognizance to answer for such
offenses. A body of Virginian troops remained at
Bentley's Farm for the winter, detachments beilg
stationed at Pittsburgh and Washington, and in the
following spring the last of the volunteers returned
to their homes. In August, I795, general amnesty
was granted to all who had beeii concerned in the
troubles, except those who had been indicted or convicted, and the whisky insurrection, the first serious
internal difficulty the new republic had had to contend with, was over, having been suppressed without bloodshed, although a money cost of $670,000
had been incurred. Many among the volunteers
who had served under General Lee in the suppression of the rebellion became attracted by the advantages of Pittsburgh, and became citizens of the place.
FROM I794 to ISoo.
One of the important events of the year I794 was
the putting in operation of the first blast furnace in
the city. Mr. George Anshutz, a native of Alsace,
emigrated to the United States in I789, and in 1793
built a blast furnace in what is now a portion of
Pittsburgh, the exact location being near Shady
Side Station, on the Pennsylvania Railroad. This
furnace was put in blast in I794, Mr. Anshutz at the
time believing that the red shale abounding in the
neighborhood was ferriferous. When it was found
that there was no iron ore in the vicinity an attempt was made to securne  ore from Roaring Creek,
on the Kiskiminitis, which was boated down that
stream and the Allegheny to Pittsburgh. It was
found, however, that with the primitive means of
transportation then available the adventure could
not be made profitable, and the furnace went out of
blast.
The first rope walk west of the Allegheny Mountains was started in this year, the ground occupied
by it being that upon which the Monongahela
House now stands. The enterprise was established
by Colonel John Irwin and his wife, and was prosperous for a number of years afterwaTd.
In I795 McKeesport, the second village to be
established in Allegheny County, was laid ou- in lots.
The original occupant of the site of: that town was
David McKee, a Presbyterian, who was driven from
Scotland by the persecutions which then distracted
that country. and went to the North of Ireland,
where again meeting with bad treatnient, he came
America in I755. He crossed the mountains and
settled and built a cabin at the mouth of the Youghiogheny, being accorded the protection of Aliquippa, the Indian Queen, whose village was at that
place. He established a ferry, for which he afterward, in I769, obtained a charter, and continued to
reside with his family at the homestead until his
death in I795. His son, John, who succeeded to
the property, laid it out into 200 lots, of which he
sold I87 the same year. The lots were sold at $20
each, and to avoid disputes over the selection of
the most desirable, a lottery scheme was inaugurated, by which the location of each purchaser's
property was determined.
An article in the Pennsylvania Gazateer for the
year I795 gives the following description of the
town: " Pittsburgh, a post town in Pennsylvania
and the capital of Allegheny County, is situated
upon a beautiful plain at the junction of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers. It consists of several
streets crossing each other at right angles. The
number of dwellings, by a late enumeration, is 200,
besides a jail, a Presbyterian and a ILutheran
church, an academy, two breweries and a large distillery. The adjacent country is hilly and the soil
generally rich. Great abundance of coal is found
in the vicinity of this town, particularly on the opposite side of the Monongahela. It is advantageously situated for carrying on extensive trade with
the Western country, and has therefore become the
thoroughfare to Kentucky, etc. It has lately been
fortified and has troops stationed here." The num
ber of houses, as stated in this extract, seems to
have been over estimated, for in the following year,
in connection with the tax assessnient, a local
census was taken, in which the population of Pittsburgh was given at I,395 and the number of houses
at I02.
In I796 the city had its first royal visitor in the
person of the Duke of Orleans, afterward King
Louis Phillipe of France. The outbreak of the
French Revolution had made him an exile, and he
came to this country, remaining here for two or
three years, and while in Pittsburgh was entertained by General Neville, whose son, Morgan Neville then a boy of thirteen years, being afterward
on a visit to France during the reign of Lvouis
Philtipe, was made the recipient of many attentions
from the monarch in gratitude for the kindness
shown him while here. In the same year General
O'Hara, who had procured a government contract
to supply Oswego with provisions, inaugurated a
system of transportation by boats and teams from
Oswego, bringing salt from that place, which he sold
at $4 a barrel, or half the price which had previously
been paid for salt brought in wagons over the
mountains.
While there are traditions of glass manufacture
before that date, it is still generally understood thatthe first glass works were established by General
James O'Hara and Isaac Craig in 1797 on the south
side of the Monongahela, opposite the mouth of
the Allegheny. Major Craig retired from the firm
the following year, and the premises were leased to
a firm styled Eichbaum, Wendt  Co. Further particulars of this establishment will be found in a
later chapter on glass manufacture. The year 1798
is notable as that which a war galley, known as the
President Adams, was launched at Pittsburgh.
This event occurred on May I9, and Major Craig,
writing six days later, said that the vessel was then
at anchor in the Allegheny, and further remarks:
" She will be completely equipped in a few days,
and will, I am confident, be as fine a vessel of her
burthen and construction as the United States possesses. The keel of the second is laid and other
materials all prepared." The " second " referred to
by Major Craig was the " Senator Ross," launched
in the following April. These galleys were intended for service against the Spaniards along the
Lower Mississippi, and their construction was followed by a considerable business in the building
of sea-going vessels. In I799 one of the earliest of
the military organizations of the city was formed,
consisting of a cavalry company, of which Dr.
George Stephenson was captain.
The end of the Eighteenth century foui d Pittsburgh still a small place, the census of I8oo showing that the town had but I,565 inhabitants, but it
had already acquired a considerable degree of business importance as a center of shipment for goods
to points in the West, and had also reached some
prominence in produftive pursuits. Of interesting
items of historv not heretofore enumerated in this
chapter, and occurring before the year ISoo, that
concerning the first schoolmaster may be mentioned.
The name of this individual is lost to fame. He is
mentioned in the diary of James Kenny, a Quaker
trader, who was at Fort Pitt in I76I, who says that
he was hired by the inhabitants, who subscribed upwards of i-6o to pay him. The teacher was a Presbyterian, and as there was no regular minister in the
settlement, he was required to read the litany and
prayers on Sundays to a congregation composed of
persons of varying religious views. Mention has
been made of the organized Protestant churches of
Pittsburgh, but these were antedated in religious
services by the Roman Catholic priests, who came
here to minister to the French soldiers who occupied
Fort Duquesne, and a regular chaplain was stationed
at the fort during the entire period of French possession. When the English occupied Fort Pitt they
were accompanied by a chaplain, the Rev. Mr. McILagan, who was attached to the 42nd regiment.
Masonic lodges were held at an early date, there
being records to show that a military lodge had a
session as early as I759. This lodge is supposed to
have been attached to the Royal Irish regiment
then at Fort Pitt. The first regular lodge was No.
45, which held its first session on St. John's Day,
December 27, I785.
The region round about Pittsburgh had been a
favorite hunting place for the Indians, and there
was still an abundance of game, which, supplemented
by the richness of the soil and the ample supply of
timber, made the surroundings very attraffive to
those contemplating settlement. The tendency of
emigration westward had been greatly accelerated
by the treaty of Greenville in I794, and with these
settlements Pittsburgh maintained a considerable
and lucrative trade. Though still a mere village,
the obstacles to growth had been removed, and the
time had fairly comne when the citizens and settlers
could pursue undisturbed the development of the
wonderful natural resources of Allegheny County.
Of the old Pittsburgh of the Eighteenth century
a few traces remain, by which the wonderful progress which the city has since made is strongly
emphasized. Three of the most interesting of these,
the old block house, or Redoubt, and the McNair
and Swisshelm homesteads, are pitured in illustrations to this work in preceding pages. The Old
Block Houc e, built a century and a quarter ago, has
been briefly referred to at its proper chronological
place in the narrative, and is an especially forcible
reminder of the days when Pittsburgh was a frontier
military post, threatened by the arms of France and
the hostile savages. The McNair homestead, situated
near Wilkinsburg, is associated with many historic
recollecions. It was built in I790 by Ann McNair,
and remains in possession of the family, being now
occupied by Miss Kelly, a grand-daughter of Mrs.
McNair. It was in the early days a fashionable resort, and it was here that Marquis Lva Fayette was
received and entertained upon his visit to this city.
Although occupied for nearly a century, it is still in
a good state of preservation, and is a fair representative of the better class of the dwellings of the early
days of the city. The Swisshelm homestead is
probably still older than that of the McNairs. It is
said that the original occupants of this house were
massacred by Indians, and it passed in the early days
of the present century into the hands of the Swisshelm family, one of the members of which, Mrs.
Jane Gray Swisshelm, afterward attained a leading
distincion as one of the greatest literary figures of
Western Pennsylvania. There are a number of other
buildings, the remains of what were the mansions
of the last century, but the three mentioned are the
best preserved, and more intimately conneted historically with the events of the early days of the city
than any of the others, and have therefore been
seleed for subjets of illustration.
THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF T'Hi- TWO CITIES$
FROM I800 TO THE PRESENT TIME.
That part of the history of Pittsburgh embraced
in the EDighteenth century was principally devoted
to the clearing away of obstacles, while the period
that has elapsed since its close has been reniarkable
for the improvement of opportunities.  The Pitts--
burgh of to-day is. the offspring of the Nineteenth
century; marked with the charateristics of the age
of improvement, and an example of the highest
development in modern progress and industry.
There was still, at the opening of the century, much
clearing away to be done and many foundations to.
be laid, but these were not hampered by disputes as
to dominion or impediments offered by savagery,
The Scotch-Irish families, who had formed the
majority of its early inhabitants, had been augmented by accessions from all the neighboring States,
and the community, though small, was a thrifty one.
I800 TO I8IO.
In I800 a Frenchman named louis Tarascon embarked in the ship building business, and built a
wholesale and retail warehouse, ship yard, sail loft,
anchor and blacksmith shop and all the necessary
outfit for equiping vessels for long voyages. From
this yard were turned out a schooner of 250 tOns,
"The Anlity", and a ship, "Pittsburgh," of 250 tons
in ISoI; a brig of 250 tons, "The Nanina," in I802; a
300 tOnl ship, "The l,ouisiana," in I803; and a 400 ton
ship, "The Western Trader," in I804. The "Amity"
carried a cargo of flour to the West Indies and the
"Pittsburgh" to Philadelphia, from which port she
afterward sailed; and the "Louisiana" sailed wilh a
cargo of coal to New Orleans, and thence to Marseilles, France, where the captain had a great deal of
trouble and barely saved his boat from confiscation.
The marine authorities of that port had not heard
of Pittsburgh, and it was a difficult matter to convince them that the vessel had come from a port
2,000 miles inland. In I800 Joshua Walker started a
boat yard at Elizabeth and a number of vessels were
built there, some of which were also seagoing,
although the main business of this yard was building keel boats. Many additions were made to thieriver fleet, and this increase of transportation facilities had a salutary effect upon the business of
Pittsburg.  Prices for table necessaries were very
low in those days, beef being from three to five cents
a pound; pork, three to four cents; mutton, four to
five cents; venison, three to four cents; flour $I.25
per cwt.; potatoes, twenty-five cents per bushel;,butter ten cents a pound, and turkeys 40 cents eoch.
A French traveler, Dr. Michaud, who came to Pittsburgh in 1802, says of the town:  "The houses are
almost all of brick, and there are almost 400 of them,
the greater part of which are built on the bank of
the Monongahela; and it is on that side that the
commercial portion of the town is built. As many
of the houses stand separately and at considerable distance apart, the whole surface of the triangle
is actually occupied, and they have already begun to
build on the hills which command the town."
An affair that created a considerable amount of
political excitement in Pittsburgh in I802 was the
impeachment of Alexander Addison, President
Judge of the Judicial Distri6t.  He was a strong
Federalist, and had incurred the enmity of the leaders of the other party, and upon the accession of the
Democrats to power, a ter the election of Jeff rson,
conflics of authority between himself and his Democratic associ-te judge, Lucas, led to disagreeinents
even on the bench, and Lucas, although a lay member of the court, frequently differed with the Judge
on the p ints of law, and at one time, read a written
argtiment against the opinions of the pre iding
judge to the Grand Jury. Judge Addison remonstrated in open court against the proceeding, and
being backed by t e oither associate judge, M,
Dowell, the two constituted a majority and stopped
ILucas from proceeding with his charge. This led to
the proceedings afterward taken against Judge
Addison, first in the Supreme Court, where it was
dismissed, and later in the Legislature by way of
impeachment.  The trial began in the latter part of
the year I802 and. sentence was pronounced by the
Senate in I803, removing him irom his office and
disqualifying him from again holding a judicial
office in the State. This event made the feelings
between the parties very bitter, as Addison was a
man of great ability and unquestioned integrity, and
the proceedings against him were regarded as lpersecution.
An important industry was added to those of the
town in I802, when Jeffery Scaife came to Pittsburgh
and started a shop for tin and sheet iron work.  It
was a prosperous establishment, and afterward,
when steam vessels came into use, did a large business in furnishing steam boats. As stated in a
former paragraph, the newly built "Nanina" and
"Louisiana" carried Pittsburgh coal down the Ohio,
and this is the first record of such shipments, but it
was only as a ballast that the coal was carried, and
it was not until several years later that coal shipments became at all general. In thewinter of I802r3
the first iron foundry west of ihe Allegheny Mountains was established, occupying the ground at the
corner of Smithfield street and Fifth Avenue, where
the post office is now located.  It was started by
Jo eph McClurg, Joseph Smith and John Gormly
and became an important and prosperous establishmc nt. Oth r foundries soon followed, and Pittsburgh early became recognized as an important
manufacturing town.
On July 29, 1803, General John Neville, who had
for several years been the most prominent citizen of
Pittsburgh and its vicinity, died at his home, seven
miles from the city, in what is now Neville Township, and was buried in the churchyard of the First
Presbyterian Church of this city. General Neville
was of a prominent Virginian family, a friend of
Washington, and had been a soldier in Braddock's
expedition and later in LLord Dunmore's expedition
in I774. He was a delegate to the Provincial Convention of Virginia and a gallant soldier in the
Revolutionary Army, and was appointed to the command of Fort Pitt in I775. He was afterward Inspector of Revenue, and held that position during
the whiskey insurretion, and was later appointed
agent for the sale of lands in the Northwest Territory. with headquarters at Pittsburgh.
A census of tbe manufa6tures of Pittsburgh was
taken in 1803, anud their value for the year amounted
to upwards of $35o,oco, included in which was cut
glass, worth $500, 400 spinning wheels at $3 each,
200 COW bells and $5co worth of buckskin breeches.
Of the entire trade of the city $g3,ooo was accredited
as the amount of what was called the barter trade,
bv which term the mercantile business of the city
was described. The making of linsey woolsey was
also an industry of the city in those early days.
January I, 1804, the first banking institution of
the city, and in fat the first west of tbe Allegheny
Mountains, was established, locating in a stone
building on Second avenue, between Ferry street
and Chancery lane. The bank was a branch of the
Bank of Pennsylvania, and John Wilkins was thte
President of the branch, and Thomas I. Wilson its
first Cashier. In this year the amount of taxes
levied in Allegheny County was $4,503, of which the
borough of Pittsburgh paid $772.34. The expenses
of the county for the year were $4,o67.83, of which
the Treasurer's salary was $I25. In this year an at
was passed enlarging the powers of the borough,
and the eleftion which occurred was an exciting one,
246votes being cast for Burgess, of which Pressly
Neville, son of General Neville, received 143, and
James O'Hara I03.
In that year one of the exciting events was a
duel between Isaac Meeson, of Fayette County, and
Henry Baldwin, of Pittsburgh, of which the pretext
was party politics, but the aual cause rivalry between the parties for the hand of a young lady. The
duel was to be fought to a fatal termination, and at
the first fire Baldwin fell, and was thought to be
killed. Meeson's ball, however, had struck a Spanish
silver dollar in Baldwin's pocket and had caused a
slight wound, and the pistols were loaded for a
second shot, when an officer with a. posse arrived at
the scene and terminated the encounter.
In I805 the first stage line was established. It ran
from Pittsburgh to Chambersburg and brought the
mail twice a week. The poll list of voters at the
borough eletion on the second Tuesday in Oober,
I805, iS still extant, and in possession of a citizen of
the East End. The list contains the names of 347
voters. On July 24, I805, a newspaper, called The
Conzmonzeeallh, was established by Ephraim Pentland. It espoused the Democratic, (or Republican
as it was then called), side of politics in opposition
to the Gazelte, which held Federalist views. The
Comi11zonzoeallk was the beginning of a succession of
Democratic journals which form the ancestry of the
Daily Post, which was first issued in I842, and is
still a leading paper of the city.
In I806 the construcion of a turnpike from
Pittsburgh to Harrisburg was begun. In those days
an important publication, which serves as a record
of the early development of the industries of the
city, was Cramer's Almanac. Zadoc Cramer was a
printer, who began business in this city in I80I, and
the alnianac was a feature of his business; and it is
from this authority that we find that in I806 a cotton
fatory- was estab)ished, which the almanac declares
"(can spin I20 threads at a time with the assistance
of a man and a boy." Another important item is
noticed in the statement that Mr. intot had been
engaged some time in building a boat to go up
stream with the assistance of horses.
In I807 the industries of the city were enumerated as follows: "One cotton factory, two glass
works, two breweries, one air furnace, four nail factories, seven coppersmiths, one wire-weaving and
riddle factory, one brass foundry, six saddle and
harness makers, two gunsmiths, two tobacconists,
one bell maker, three tallow chandlers, one brush
maker, one trunk maker, five coopers, thirteen
weavers, ten blue dyers, one comb maker, seven
cabinet makers, one turner, six bakers, three butchers, two barbers, six hatters, four physicians, two
earthen-ware potteries, three straw bonnet makers,
four plane makers, six milliners, twelve mantua
makers, one stocking weaver, two book binders,
four house and sign painters, two portrait painters,
one mattress miaker, three wheelrights, five watch
and clock makers, five bricklayers, five plasterers,
three stonecutters, eight boat, barge and ship builders, one pump maker, one looking glass maker, one
lock maker, seven tan yards, two rope walks, one
spinning wheel maker, seventeen blacksmiths, one
machinist and whitesmith, one cutler and tool
maker, thirty-two house carpenters and joiners,
thirty- one boot and shoemakers, five Windsor chairmakers, thirteen tailors, one breeches maker and
skin dresser, twelve school masters, four school
mistresses, thirty-three taverns, fifty-one mercantile
stores, four printing offices, six brick yards, five
stone masons, two book stores, four lumber yards,
one maker of cotton and woolen machinery, one
clay pipe factory and one copper-plate printing
press."
In I808 the first Roman Catholic Church was
established here, the Rev. W. F. X. O'Brien being
the first resident priest, and the church be'ng under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Quebec. In
I809 a steam flouring mill was erected at the corner
of WTlater street and Redoubt alley by Oliver and
Joseph Evans. In I8IO The Pittsburgh Manufacturing Company, which had been chartered as a
banking and insurance company, issued the first
policy of insurance ever written by a home company in Allegheny County to Williami Wilkins on
1t, 1..t;; r I nol
his homie, which occupied the premises now
covered by the Monongahela House. The value
of the manufactures of
the city for that year, as
returned by the United
States Marshal, aggregated $2,000,000, while
the population of the
town was 4,768 and the
number of houses 64I.
There was a flood in the
latter part of this year,
the water on November
Ioth reaching a height
of thirty-two feet.
FROM 8I8 rT I82O.
The year I.8           0
notable one,-,'-  Mitts-'-'
bnrgh, for in th.c
the first steambo0ttl:la
ever plied the rivers to
the WVest and South was
built and launched here.
Two years previously
Robert Fulton had inaugurated steamboat navigation on the Hudszon,
and the success of that
enterprise led him to
survey the rivers between this city and New
Orleans for the purpose
of testing their availability for steamboat navigation. As a consequence of his investigations he associated with
himself Messrs. Roosevelt and LLivingstone, of
New York, and Mr.
Roosevelt came to this
city for the purpose of
building a steamboat.
It was constructed at a
point on the Monongahela River, near where
the Pan Handle bridge
now crosses, and the vessel as completed had 138
feet keel and was of over
300 tons burden. She was
built at a cost of $40,000,
and was launched in
March. An experimental
trip was made in October, no freight or passengers
being taken, and on October 27th she passed Cincinnati on her way down to Natchez. At the latter
place she took freight and passengers for New Orleans and plied between New Orleans and Natchez
until I8I4, when she was snagged and lost at Baton
Rouge, Lva. In the three years following three
steamers, named " The Comet," "The Vesuvius "
and " The Ctna," were built here and engaged in
the lower river trade.
The fire department of the city at this time
consisted of two companies of volunteers. It appears that the original 1Eagle Fire Company had
been disbanded, as the directory of I8I5 speaks of
another 1Ragle Company formed in May, I8Io. In
I8II the Vigilant Fire Company was organized, thus
doubling the facilities of the city for protection
against fire.
In I8II the Pittsburgh MZercitry was established
by James C. Gilliland, who had purchased the plant
of 7'he Comizo zzweallh, which had for some time
suspended its issue. The other papers then in existence were the old Gazelle, The Federal and the
Tree of Liberty. In the winter of I8II-12 the first
rolling mill in Allegheny County was erected by
Christopher Cowan, a Scotch-Irishman, who had
previously been employed by William Porter, who
was a manufacturer of agricultural implements and
chains. The mill, which had no puddling furnace,
was located at the corner of Penn avenue and Cecil
alley. A description of it soon afterward published
in  Crazer's  Navig-alor says: "Mr. Cowan has
erected a most powerful steam engine to reduce
iron to various purposes.  It is calculated for
seventy horse-power, which puts into complete
operation a rolling mill, a slitting mill and a tilt
hammer, all under the same roof. This establish
ment furnishes sheet iron, nail and spike rods,
shovels, tongs, spades, seythes, sickles, hoes, axes,
frying pans, cutting knives, scale beams, chisels,
augers, etc."
In the war of I8I2 the Pittsburgh volunteers took
a prominent part, one company, the Pittsburgh
Blues, being particularly notable. Before this organization departed to join General William Henry
Harrison's troops, they camped on Grant's Hill near
the ground where the present Court House stands,
and later on the site of the Western Penitentiary in
Allegheny. They were under command of Colonel
James R. Butler, and they earned fame and commendation for their exploits under Croghan at Fort
Stephenson, Lower Sandusky and elsewhere. Prior
to that they were engaged against the Indian towns
on the Mississinewa River, a branch of the Wabash,
and by their bravery completely routed the enemy
with great slaughter. Besides the Blues another
company of sixty men was contributed to the war of
I8I2, and was commanded by Captain Jeremiah
Ferree. Nor was this contribution of men the only
aid given by Pittsburgh to the success of American
arms in the war, as Perry's fleet on Lake E;rie was
outfitted from this city, the rigging and cordage of
the fleet being made by Messrs. John and Boyle
Irwin, the Pittsburgh manufa6turers, and the cannon, howitzers, shells and balls were supplied from
the Pittsburgh Iron Foundry. The demands of the
armies kept Pittsburgh busy during the continuance
of the war, and in addition to these supplies a number of industrial establishments had been started,
including an edge tool and cutlery faory and steam
works for making shovels, spades and scythes, a
lock facory, a fa6ory for files and door handles, two
steam engine works and a steel fa6tory. The first
white lead faory of the city was established in I8I3
by Anthony Beelen, and by the following year, I8I4,
the fatories had become so numerous that Pittsburgh had already secured recognition as a
" smoky city," as Mr.
Cramer says in the Navigalor of that year: "As
every blessing has its attendant evil, the stone
coal is produtive of considerable inconvenience
from the smoke which
overhangs the town and
descends in fine dust,
which blackens every
obje; even snow can
scarcely be called white
in-Pittsburgh. The persons and dress of the inhabitants in the interior
of the houses as well as
the exterior experience
its effets.  T he tall
steeple of the Court
House was once painted
w h i t e, but alas, how
changed! "
In I8I4 The Pittsburgh
Manufaturing Company
was merged into the
present Bank of Pittsburgh, which was chartered in that year and
began business on November 22nd with William  Wilkins as President and Alexander
Johnstone, Jr., as Cashier. That Pittsburgh had
reached to an important
degree of culture is
shown by the fat that
a pianoforte faory had
been started in the city.
This establishment i s
mentioned in an advertisenient published June
I st of that year by Charles
Rosenbaum, who  says:
"The subscriber respefully informs the inhabitants of Pittsburgh and
its vicinity that he has
lately established himself as a pianoforte
maker in this town on
Fourth street, between
Market and  Liberty
streets, where he will
make all kinds of pianor    d-,   +, dtlr   1
fortes, viz. square ones, from  $250 to $350, also
when bespoke, upright and grand pianos of various
qualities and prices. He has now on hand some of
the best kinds, which he invites amateurs to call and
examine." In this year also a concert, the first of
which there is any local record, was advertised by
Francis Masi. In addition to the Bank of Pittsburgh, the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank was
chartered in this year with John Scull, of the Gazette,
as President and George Lucky as Cashier.
In I8I5 th i first Pittsburgh directory was published. This publication claimed a population for the
city of g,ooo, which, however, was proven to be an
excessive estimate by a subsequent enumeration,
and it was shown by the directory that there were
at that time thirty-five slaves in Allegheny County,
of wh m one was in Pittsburgh, fifteen in Pitt
Township, three in Elizabeth, one in Mifflin, three
in St. Clair, six in Robinson, n've in Fayette and onein Moon. Charity was not forgotten, for the Pittsburgh Humane Society, established May Io, I8I3, is
noted in the volume as having for its objects "to
alleviate the distress of the poor, to supply the
wants of the hungry, the naked and the aged, to
administer comfort to the widow, the orphan and the
sick." Science also had its votaries, for there was
in existence the Pittsburgh Chemical and Physiological Society, also formed in I8I3, and the Pittsburgh
Permanent Library Conipany, established about the
same time. There were eight churches in the city,
of which one was Protestant Episcopal, two Presbyterian, one Roman Catholic, one Seceders, one
Covenanters, one Methodist and  one German
Lutheran. The post office was "opened daily for the
transaion of business," and received mail from the
west on Sunday, Wednesday and Friday evenings,
from the East on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday,
from Bea;- er, Brie and Huntingdon once a week and
from Steubenville twice a week. The rates of postage on letters varried from twelve cents for a
distance of forty miles or less to thirty seven and a
half cents for a distance of over 500 miles. Double
letters, or those composed of two pieces of paper,
were double these rates, the postage being payable
either by the sender or the receiver of the letter.
There were three weekly newspapers, two literary
periodicals, a "dramatic theatre," a Masonic hall,
three market houses, one on the Diamond and two
on Second street, and an academy.  There were a
large number of merchants of various kinds, eight
physicians and twelve lawyers. There were three
steam engine establishments, three foundries in
Pittsburgh and one in Birmingham, at which "castings of every description, from a cannon to a spider"
were "extensively and handsomely executed," and in
addition to these general foundries were an anchor
and anvil factory, a brass foundry, a butt-hinge
factory and a pattern shop. WVilliam Eichbaum had
a wire faory operated by steam, George'Evans 
Co. a steam flouring mill, Whiting  Co. a steam rolling and slitting mill, R. Patterson  Co. a steam
paper mill, J. Jelly a steani cotton factory, James
Arthurs a steam fulling mill, and the town had three
large breweries and one smaller one, two white lead
fatories, a white and red lead fa6tory, two brush
making establishments, a manufaory of woolen
goods, two white and green glass houses, a pottery
and a faory at which crucibles were made.
In I8I6 an a6t was passed on the I8th of March
creating Pittsburgh into a city and hody corporate by
the name and style of the "Mayor, Aldermen and
Citizens of Pittsburgh."  Under that a the Mayor
was elected by the Councils, the first meeting of
which was held July 15, in the old Court House,
when Ebenezer Denny was chosen as Mayor. The
first ordinance passed by councils was one regulating the sale of wood, hay, coal, pot and pearl ashes,
tobacco and tanned bark. In this year that part ot
the city now contained in the Ninth, Tenth and
Twelfth wards was laid out by George A. Bayard and
Joseph Adams, and was for a long time afterward
known as Bayardstown. Lots were sold on perpetual lease at $I.25 to $2.50 per foot. In the saine year
Wiilliam Price laid out lots in the portion of the
city from Ross street to Second avenue, and placed
them on the market.  In January, I8r7, an order of
the Councils for an enunieration of the manufatories of the city was carried out and it was ascertained
that the city contained 248 fa6tories of different
kinds, employing 1,280 hands and producing goods
valued at $I,896,366, and that there were III other
trades employing 357 hands with a product amounting to $700,000.
Prior to this time there had been occasional
dramatic amusements in Pittsburgh, and as before
mentioned, the diretory of I8I5 enumerated a
theatre as one of the attractions of the place.  This
probably was at the Black Bear Tavern on the
Diamond, where the niost of the entertainments
were given prior to I8I7. In that year the building
of a theatre was agitated and the struture was
ereced and completed, occupying the Third street
end of the lot upon which the Dollar Savings Bank
now stands. There flourished a Thespian Society,
composed of a number of the prominent citizens of
the place, and the funds raised from the entertainments were devoted to relieve the suffering poor.
Toward the end of I8I7 the financial troubles,
which resulted from the inflation of the currency
during the War of I8I2-I5, began to be felt at Pittsburgh. During the existence of the war there had
been little' commerce with other nations, and after
the close of the struggle the resumption of commercial relations with foreign countries led to large
purchases by which the volume of specie was contracted and the United States Bank began to call in
its accounts, compelling other banks to do the same,
and as a consequence a period of panic and disaster was precipitated.  In  I 8I7 several factories
closed down, and in the years following there was a
still greater scarcity of work, and the price of agricultural products depreciated, while cloth and other
articles of foreign manufacture were very dear. In
I8I8 an at was passed by the Legislature providing
for the locatioli of the Western Penitentiary, and a
site was selected on ground donated by the town
of Allegheny, and work upon it was soon afterward
begun. On April 6, I8I8, two men named Pluymart
and Enlmons robbed the Farmers' and Mechanics'
Balik. Etnmons was afterward captured, but Pluymart escaped. Emmons revealed the hiding place
of a part of the money, $Ioo,ooo bank notes and
$r,8co specie, and Pluymart, when afterward captured in Ogdensburg, N. Y., had about $s,ooo on his
person. The loss of credit consequent upon this robbery compelled the bank to wind up its affairs in I8I9.
The Western University of Pennsylvania was
established in I8I9, and in this year also the Smithfield street bridge across the Monongahela and the
St. Clair, or Sixth street bridge, across the Allegheny, were constructed. In March of this year
the corporation of the city authorized a company
to light the city with gas. Another event of the
year was the appearance here of the first elephant
ever brought to the city, as noted in an advertisenient in a local paper on June Igth, announcing:
" Columbus, a male elephant, the first ever seen in
this country, to be seen at the New England Hotel
on Wood  street.  Admission twenty-five cents,
children half price." The police of the city had
not become an establishment of great importance,
as in I820 the appropriation for the pay of the High
Constable amiounted to only $Ioo. ln that year the
population of the city had increased to 7,248, and
the times, although much progress had been made
during the ten years, were not propitious for the
industries of the city, owing to the money troubles,
labor being without employment and the wheels ot
industry for the most part idle.
FROM I82I T0 I830.
The financial depreciation was at its worst in
I82I, and business of all kinds was more seriously
affected in that year than at any time since. But
little building was done, and the principal occupation of the inhabitants was hoping for better times.
Among the ordinances passed by the City Council
in that year was one authorizing the trustees of the
different churches to stretch chains across the
streets at said churches on Sabbath days, showing
a pious consideration for the peace of worshippers
which has no parallel in the municipal legislation
of modern days. In the following year the Western
University held its first scholastic session, beginning a career of great usefulness.
In I822, also, a paper, now known as the Pr esbyterian Wanner, which is the oldest religious paper
in the United States, located in Pittsburgh It had
been originally established in I814 at Chillicothe,
O., as the Weekly Recorder, and on its removal its
name was changed to the PittsbZirg-k2 Reco-dfer.
Since that time it has been published under several
names, its present title having been adopted in
I860.
On February I6, 1824, an ordinance was passed by
Councils, providing for the raising of a sum of
money on a loan for supplying
the city with water. The first
lot for an engine house, on the
bank of the Allegheny at Cecil
alley, was bought for $I,425, and
a lot 240 feet square on Grant's
Hill was bought for $3,800 for
the reservoir.  The Western
Theological Serlinary was founded in I825, and two years later
was located in Allegheny. The
first plow works in the city was
established in the same year by
Samuel Hall.
An occasion of general rejoicing occurring in I825, was
the visit of General Lafayette,
who arrived in the city May
2gth. There were still many of
his Revolutionary comrades living in the city, and the citizens
entered into the celebration
with zeal, business being entirely suspended and the citizens turning out in mass to
greet the guest of the Nation.
He was accompanied by his son,
Major George Washington LLafayette, and reached the residence of George Wallace, at
Braddock's Field, on Sunday
evening, May 2gth. The distinguished party came from
Mlizabeth on a four-oared barge,
escorted by numerous boats. On
Mondav morning the Committee of Arrangements and Captain Murray's troop of Light
Horse arrived at Braddock's
Field and escorted the party
from thence to the arsenal,
where the General and his companions breakfasted with Major
Churchill, the commandant, and
from thence a proce0ion was
formed by the turnpike to Pittsburgh. Upon the arrival of the
party at the eastern limit of the
city a salute of twenty-four
rounds was fired and a procession was formed, of which the
General's party, accompanied
by the Mayor, John Darragh,
formed the central figure. A
reception was held at the Darlington Hotel, which
was located on the site of the present First National
Bank, and the distinguished guest expressed his
thanks for the greeting of the citizens in a brief
address. The reception ended with a grand ball
at Rainsey's Hotel in the evening.
In I824 and I825 several ats had been passed
looking toward the location of a route for a proposed canal, and the commissioners having reported, an a authorizing the constru6tion of the
Pennsylvania Canal was passed January 25, I826, and
work was begun upon this important undertaking.
In I827 the Western Penitentiary was completed,
and this struture continued in use until I88I, when
the prisoners were removed from the old building
to the new Riverside Penitentiary. The original
struture was located at what is now the corner of
Sherman avenue and the Allegheny Park.
In I828 Allegheny was incorporated as a borough
and John Irwin was chosen as the first Burgess. In
March, I828, the first steamboat, the Pittsburgh and
AVheeling Packet, ascended the Allegheny River to
Kittanning. A large number of Pittsburgh's citi
zens went on this trip and made it a festive occasion.
A reception was arranged by the Kittanning people,
many of whom had never before seen a steamboat.
A few days later the William D. Duncan made a trip
to Franklin, I40 miles up the Allegheny, in fifty-two
hours. The practicability of navigating the swift
running Allegheny thus having been demonstrated,
steaniboats begun to regularly engage in the upriver trade. The steamboat building business had
become an important one in Pittsburgh, for during
the year I828 there were twenty-two steamboats
built, with an aggregate burden of 4,570 tons.  In
this year, also, the order of Odd Fellows had its
first organization west of the Allegheny Mountains
in the location here of Mechanics' Lodge No. 9,
which opened December 29, I828.
In I829 the Pennsylvania Canal was completed
for traffic, the first boat reaching Pittsburgh on the
2gth of November. For the next twenty-five years
this canal held an important place in the transportation facilities of Allegheny County and Pennsylvania. In I829 the Northern Liberties was made a
borough, remaining under a separate borough
government until its consolidation with Pittsburgh
eight years later. In this year an important lawsuit, affeing the rights of the city to the river
front, was tried at Philadelphia. The Penns, who
were the original proprietors of the Manor of Pittsburgh, had in their plat of lots on Water street
omitted to designate the width of the street. The
general understanding was at the time of selling the
lots on Water street from the Point to Grant street
that the Penns made no claim to the land between
Water street and the river, and the right of the city
to such lands was never questioned. As the land became more valuable, however, Alexander Wilson and
others devised a scheme by which they hoped to get
possession of this property, and induced John A.
Coates, the agent of the Penns, to give them a deed
for all land between Water street and the river. The
nominal consideration for this deed was $Io,ooo, but
no money was paid on the purchase, the amount
being secured by a mortgage upon the property.
Oliver Ormsby, with the consent of the city, had a
hoisting machine located on the tract on the river
bank in front of lot No. I83. Wilson and his associates began a suit against Ormsby to recover possession of the land, and the city assumed Ormsby's
defence, Neville B. Craig, the city solicitor, appearing in the court at Pittsburgh to contest the case.
The suit was tried before Judge Walker in this city,
and a verdi rendered in favor of Ormsby. The
claimants then brought a second suit, making the
city the party defendant, and secured a change of
venue to Philadelphia, where the case came up before Judge Washington in April, I829. It was claimed
by the speculators that the failure to specify on the
map of the town the width of Water street did not
bar the right of the Penns, but that the city was
only entitled to a reasonable and ordinary width of
street, and that therefore the conveyance to them
fromi the Penns passed the property. On the side of the city
it was shown that no claim to
the property had been asserted
by the Penns during the fortyfive years which had elapsed
since that part of the city was
surveyed into lots; that the
wharf had b-en construcqed
without remonstrance by the
Penns or their agent, and that
the surveyor employed by the
Penns had declared, at the time
of the survey was made, that
the entire water front from the
southern boundary of the street
belonged to the city. Notwithstanding this showing the
charge of Judge Washington- to
the jury was clearly in favor of
the speculators and a verdit
for them was rendered. This
result created excitement and
indignation in Pittsburgh, and
the case was afterward appealed
to the United States Supreme
Court, where the judgment rendered by Judge Washington was
reversed and the cause remanded to the E;astern Distrit of
Pennsylvania at Philadelphia
for a new trial. The then pre
siding judge having been of former counsel in the case, it was
transferred to the Maryland district, but was never again tried,
the plaintiffs, being by that
tinle satisfied that there was no
prospe of success, taking a
non-suit, and the city has ever
since been undisturbed in its
claim to the water front.
On June I2, I830, the first
floating dock, which was located
just above the foot of Tenth
street, was tested. The steamer
Ruhawah was placed in the
dock and the water pumped
out, and the boat rose with her
engine, furniture and all the
contents, the experiment thus
proving a great success. The
dock was the invention of
Thomas Cunningham, and the
experiment, being the first of the kind in this country, attracted general attention. The census of I830
showed a gratifying increase in the population of
the city during the ten years, having grown fronm
7,248 in 1820 to I2,542 in I830.
FROM 183 r To I840.
On the 4th of May, I83i, an act of Assembly was
approved creating the infantry corps of Duquesne
Grays, an independent volunteer company, which
afterward was prominent in the military history of
Allegheny County.  Major Rufus Baker, of the
United States army, who at that time was commandant of the Allegheny arsenal, was chosen for
the command of the corps, and they made a march
from Pittsburgh to Greensburg on July 2, and on
October 12 had their first public review parade. In
this year a steam ferry-boat commenced running
from the end of Penn street on the Monongahela
River to a landing on the Ohio above the mouth ofSaw Mill Run. This pioneer f-rry-boat had room
for four wagons, and as stated in a cotemporary
newspaper " as many foot passengers as can ever be
expected to cross the river at one time." This boat,
making the round trip in twenty minutes, was justly
regarded as a wonderful improvement over the
horse ferry which had previously been in use.
In I832 the town of Manchester was laid out by
John Sampson, C. L. Armstrong, Thomas Barlow,
Thomas Hazelton and Samuel Hill. The first antislavery meeting in the history of Pittsburgh was
held this year, the colored citizens of the place assembling in the African Church, and adopting resolutions declaring that the present bondage of the
people of color in the United States was the result
of ignorance, and that they, for these reasons, formed
themselves into an association to be known as the
Pittsburgh African Educational Society. The organization of the Pittsburgh and Allegheny Orphan
Asylum was effected at a meeting held in the First
Presbyterian Church, April I7, I832, and as a result
of this meeting was secured the legislation under
which this worthy charity has since been sustained.
The cholera broke out in the city October I, I832,
+1_  A    -1 4          4-r'   1-l -a,; o    r
the scourge having
been brought here
by a colored man
from   Cincinnati,
and of the victims,
twenty-five in
number, who died
of the disease in
that year, the
greater part were
colored. On Saturday, February 2,
I832, at nine o'clock in the morning, the first pier
of the Monongahela bridge, which
had been erected
in I8I8, gave way,
and the structure,
comprising the
space of two arches,
fell into the river.
Although hundreds crossed the
bridge every Saturday morning,
going to and returning from market, there were fortunately no lives
lost. On the part
of the bridge that
fell there were a
man and boy with
a coal wagon, and
another boy, a pe-destrian. All three
fell with the
bridge, but were
extricated f r o m
the ruins without
h av i n g sustained
the least injury,
and four of the
horses attached to
the wagon were
also saved.
The flood of I832, the greatest ever known in
Pittsburgh except that of I884, occurred in February, and was at its height on the Ioth of that month.
The lower part of Penn and Liberty streets were
flooded and several dwellings were swept away from
both the Pittsburgh and Allegheny side of the river.
The town of Allegheny was almost totally submerged and a steamboat was anchored in Mr. Robinson's garden on Federal street, near the bridge,
as a relief boat. On the Pittsburgh side the water
run up St. Clair street, now Sixth, as far as Market
street, and overflowed the Exchange, the Washington Coffee House and all the other buildings between
Market and the river. Wood streetwas underwater
as far as Second street, and hundreds were rendered homeless. Boats, rafts and floating craft of
all kinds were used to rescue the people of the overflowed district, but fortunately no lives were lost.
The flood destroyed much property, the loss in Pittsburgh and "Allegheny Town" being estimated at
$200,000, while for miles around houses and barns
floated down the Allegheny and Monongahela and
everything that would float was swept from the bottom lands. The flood in that year reached a height
of 35 feet, a record not to be surpassed until February 7, I884, when it reached 35 feet 4X8 inches.
In I833 the theatre which had previously been
used, and whi h was located on the site of the
present Coiitmercial- Gazette building, was razed to
the ground, and in the same place another theatre,
well remembered by many citizens still living as
"Old Drury," was erected. It continued to be used
for dramatic purposes until I870. On July 30, I833,
the first issue of the Gazetle as a daily appeared. In
June of that year the cholera again broke out in
Pittsburgh, and although the experience of the
previous year had caused the authorities to take
vigorous measures for preventing the recurrence
of the disease, there were thirty-three deaths from
it during that visitation. In I834 it again appeared,
continuing in the city from the latter part of May to
August I5, between which dates there were forty-five
deaths from the disease, which finally disappeared
in that year.  In July, I834, the celebrated Davy
Crockett visited Pittsburgh on his triumphal journey
from Baltimore to the West. An important change
was made in the city charter in this year, prior to
which the Mayor had been appointed only by the
city councils, whose choice was restrited to the
twelve aldermen of the city. By the amendments
passed in I834 the office was made eletive, the term
being one year, and Samuel Pettigrew, who had
previously held the office as an appointee of the
councils, was eleted by the people in this and the
followino year.
In I834 the first school law was passed by the
l,egislature of Pennsylvania, after a heated debate
and much opposition, and even after the passage of
the law there were a large number of petitions asking for the repeal of the measure.  The legislators
who voted for it were denounced by their constituents, and many of them failed of re-election, and
it is said that the signatures to the petitions against
free schools presented at the following session,
aggregated one-eighth of the entire voting population of the State. Had it not been for the efforts
of Thaddeus Stevens and Governor Wolf the law
would doubtless have been repealed. There was
less opposition in Pittsburgh to the law than elsewhere in the State, however, and its provisions were
early taken advantage of, and within a few years
each of the four wards had schools in operation.
Another step in progress was made by the passage on the 8th of April, 1835, by Councils, of an
ordinan e authorizing the erection of the first gas
works of the city.  In  1836 there were several
important additions to the manufacturing concerns
of Pittsburgh, includinig two rolling mills. In i837
the first enlargement of the boundaries of the city
occurred in the consolidation with it of the Northern Liberties. A reception was given this year to
Daniel Webster and his daughter, who paid a visit to
the city, and at a dinner in the Exchange Hotel a
large number of the prominent Whigs of the city
assembled to do honor to their chief, who was then
at the height of his fame. The year I837 was one of
inflation. The city of Pittsburgh, the borough of
Birmingham and other boroughs and towns in the
county issued scripts, or "shin-plasters" as they
were called, and an ordinance was passed by Councils dire6ting the Mayor, John R. McClintock, to
sign the scripts, but he refused to do so, and they
therefore failed of acquiring validity.  In this year
the Freikeits Fretztid, which had previously been
published at Chambersburg, Pa., was removed to
this city, and has ever since held its position as a
leading G e r m a n
newspaper. It was
a weekly until
I844, when it became tri -weekly,
changing in 1847
to a daily issue. In
I838 the sur- eys
for the locks and
dams on the Monongahela R; v e r
were begun. In
this year also the
construction of
the second court
house for Allegheny County
was begun. The
s q u a r e bounded
by Fourth, Grant
and Ross streets
and Diamond Alley was purchased
from James Ross,
a member of the
bar, in I834, at a
c o s t of $20,000.
The old court
house on Diamond
Square, which had
been originally
oc;upied, was utilized until the completion of t h i s
structure in I84I.
The first boat
built of iron that
navigated the
Western w a t e r s
was the Valley
Forge, built in
I839 by William C.
Robinson, Benjamin Minis and
Reuben Miller,Jr.,
then proprietors
of theWashington
Iron Works. In
I840 St. Paul's Cathedral was ere6ted upon the site
now occnpied by its successor, the original struure
having burned down in the fire of I845. By an a
passed in I840 the borough of Allegheny was chartered as a city under the style of the " Mayor, Aldermen and Citizens of Allegheny." At the eleion
which ensued General William Robinson, Jr., was
chosen as the first Mayor of the city. During the
ten years ending in I840 Pittsburgh had increased in
population even more rapidly than in the preceding
decade, having advanced from I2,542 in I830 to
2I,I 15 in I840.
FROM 184I TO I850.
The second court house of Allegheny County, of
which mention has been previously made, was completed in I84I. The main building was I65 feet long
by Ioo feet broad and was connected with the jail in
the rear. The main front was divided into a portico
and wings. The principal story contained a rotunda,
60 feet in diameter, four court rooms, each about 40
feet square, and two jury rooms, 20XI8 feet each.
The rotunda was 50 feet high to the base of thedome, which was supported by eight Corinthian
columns. The dome at the base was 37 feet in diameter and was finished at the top with a lantern,
from the highest point of which to the floor of the
rotunda was I28 feet. In the second story were the
rooms for the United States District Court, the State
Supreme Court and the law library. The basement
contained eight rooms for public offices. The structure was a fine one for those days and continued in
use until its destruion by fire in I882.
Pittsburgh had by this time become a center not
only of manufacture, but of distribution, its position
with reference to river navigation giving it superior
advantages in this respe. According to Harris'
Direory there were eighty-nine steamboats owned
in whole or in part in this city in I84I.
The summer of I84I iS notable also as having
seen the inauguration of a branch of industry which,
while not carried on within the city limits, has been
an important fa6tor in the business life of Pittsburgh and controlled by her capital. This was the
introduction of the present system of the manufacture of coke with ovens, the process used prior to
this having been that of open ricks on the ground.
In 184I William Turner, Provance McCormick and
John Campbell employed James Taylor to erec two
bee hive ovens on his farm on the Youghiogheny,
near Connellsville, and after several experiments
the enterprise was crowned with success, and two
boats, with 800 bushels each, were floated down to
Cincinnati, where the cargo was disposed of.
On the Ioth of September, 1842, the first number
of the Pittsburgh Daily Posl was issued, and the
In a n 11 1Ir 1n-x7pr
p ap er has e-ver
since been successfully conducted.
In I843 the Roman
Catholic Church
had increased its
m embership to
such an extent
that it was ereced
into an Episcopal
see with the Right
Reverend Michael
O'Connor as the
first Bishop. In the
same year the town
of Manchester,
which had been
laid out eleven
years before, was
organized into a
borough.
The conflagration which broke
out at noon on the
ioth of April, I842,
has, in consequence of its extent, ever since
been known as
4'the Great Fire."
It began in a building on Ferry street, two squares
from the Monongahela front, and was caused, it is
said, by the carelessness of a washerwoman. At the
time the fire started the wind blew freshly from a
few points north of west, fanning the flames, which
spread rapidly to the eastward. The bell of the
Presbyteriall Church, which was in the immediate
vicinity of the fire, rang the alarm, and the Vigilant
Fire Engine Company, which soon came upon the
scene, by the greatest exertions saved the church
from the flames. There was a scarcity of water and
the appliances of those days for combating fire were
weak compared with those of the present, andi the
consequence was that the firemen soon found the
conflagration beyond their power of resistance.
The Globe cotton factory, which was situated near
the place where the fire started, was soon wrapped
in flames, and from thence the fire spread diagonally
across the square bounded by Ferry, Second, Market
and Front streets. After crossing Market street it
continued on in two different paths, one of which
crept rapidly down on Water street, while the other
took a diagonal course up to Diamond street on the
corner of Wood. Between Wood and Sniithfield
streets the waves commenced receding from Diamond street to Fifth, but from Smithfield street it
swept along four and a half squares until it reached
Grant's Hill and the canal. Here the flames left a
few frame dwellings untouched, while on the other
side of them Pipetown, then one of the suburbs, was
attacked. The Bank of Pittsburgh, the Monongahela House, then the finest hotel building in the
West, the Western University, the Monongahela
bridge, St. Peter's Cathedral and the market house,
as well as a large number of other structures, including over I,ooo dwellings, warehouses, stores,
churches and public buildings, were laid in ruins,
sixty acres of ground had been burned over, 5,000
people had been left homeless and a d image vari ~
ously estimated, but probably aggregating about
$3,ooo,ooo, had been incurred. On this there was
$870,000 of insurance, a large amount in local companies, two of which were wrecked by the loss in
the fire. The steamboats at the wharf were saved by
cutting their cables and dropping down the Ohio to
the windward of the fire. Fortunately there were
but two lives lost in this great conflagration, one of
them being Samuel Kingston, a lawyer, and the
other a Mrs. Maglone. Relief for the sufferers came
from all quarters of the United States and even from
Europe and the legislature appropriated $50,000 for
the sufferers and relieved them of State and county
tax for the year, while the people of Pittsburgh who
had-escaped aided their fellow citizens in a liberal
manner. Unfortunately a large portion of the sufferers were those who could afford it least, and there
were a large number whose entire accumulations
were destroyed in this conflagration.
On July 7, I845, the Sixth Ward, now the Seventh
and Eighth Wards, was added to the city. By a
law passed in that year the distrits of the adjoining townships were authorized to vote whether
they came into the city or not, and in November,
I846, distri6ts Nine and Eighteen were admitted
under the name of the Seventh Ward, now the
Eleventh, and in December large additions were
made, distri6ts One, Two, Three, Five and Six being
admitted as the Ninth Ward, now the Twelfth
Ward, and distris Twenty-five, Thirty-nine, Forty
and Forty-one being also admitted, the Twentyfifth Distri being added to the Seventh Ward, and
the Eighth Ward, now the Sixth, being formed from
the other distrits.
War was declared against Mexico in May, I846,
and in the same nionth the work of recruiting began
in this city. There were raised in the county four
full companies for the First Pennsylvania Regiment, under Colonel F. N. Wynkoop; one full company for the Second Pennsylvania, Colonel William
R. Roberts, as well as recruits for other commands.
The companies of the First Regiment were Company A., known as the Pittsburgh Blues, commanded
by Captain Alexander Hays; Company C., and Company K., by which designation the Duquesne Grays
were known. In the Second Pennsvlvania there
was Company I., and seven other companies of the
same regiment contained Allegheny County volunteers. These troops served with great credit at
Cerro Gordo, Vera Cruz, Palo Alto and Resaca,
and at several other points where the hottest engagements occurred, and many died in the siege of
Pueblo. In all over a hundred of the soldiers died
during the war on the battlefield or in the Mexican
prisons. Of those who were engaged, an organization of veterans has been kept up for a number of
years, but their numbers are dwindling, and there
were but twenty-one of the Mexican veterans in
the Centennial parade, which took place in September last.
The first number of the Daily Disbalck, a journal which is still prominent in the publications of'
the city, appearedin this year. The occurrence of
the war greatly stimulated business in Pittsburgh,
which, on account of its location and advantages,
was made a point of rendezvous and supply, while
the manufactories of the city were also, many of
them, busily employed in the produion of articles
needed for the prosecution of the war. The boat
building industry had largely increased, as there
were sixty-three steamboats, with a capacity of II,084
tons, besides a number of keel boats, barges, etc.,
built in the city during I846. In 1848 Mercy Hospital, a beneficent institution under the charge of
the Sisters of Mercy, and which still pursues its
career of usefulness, was chartered. About this
time a number of railroad projes were formed,
and although there was no railroad conneion with
the city for a few years afterward, work was begun
on the Pennsylvania  Ohio Railroad, now the
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne  Chicago, in the summer
of I848.
The California gold excitement spread all over
the country in I849, and Pittsburgh was one of the
first places to catch the infeion. On the Isth of
March of that year a company of 400 young men,
who had organized themselves in this city under
the name of the Pittsburgh and California Mining
Company, marched to the Monongahela River and
boarded the steamer Consignee, in which they
sailed down the Ohio to the mouth of the Missouri,
and up the Missouri to St. Joseph, where they purchased horses and mules, from which they pro
ceeded across the
plains, arriving et
their destination
on the Ist of August. Many of
them made money
in California, some
remaining there,
some returning to
Pittsburgh, and
some now located
in various points;
and although of
the 400 the greater
part are dead, the
survivors regularly meet in Pittsburgh on the Isth
of March of each
year.
During the decade from I840 to
I850 the city had
considerably enlarged her boundaries by consolidation of outlying
distrits with the
city, and the population, as shown by
the census, had more than doubled, the increase
being from 2II,II5 in I840 to 46,60I in I850.
-FROM I850 To I860.
In July, I85I, the Pennsylvania  Ohio Railroad
was opened between Allegheny and New Brightoni
and was shortly afterward completed to Alliance and
Crestline. The Masonic Hall, which had been building for two years previously, was dedicated in 185I
and remained the headquarters of the order until
the structure was burned in I887. In the same year
another fire occurred, in which St. Peter's Rolian
Catholic Cathedral was destroyed, this event occurring on May 6. In I85I the Pittsburgh Poor Farm
was ereted on a trac of I50 acres purchased at a
cost of $15,000, the building costing $40,0co additional, and these buildings are still part of the institution, although large additions have since been
made.
A notable event of 1852 was the reception to
Louis Kossuth, who arrived here on the evening of
January 22, and was entertained at the St. Charles
Hotel for several days. On Saturday, January 24, a
public reception took place, at which not only the
inhabitants, but also delegations from Beaver, Armstrong, Butler, Lawrence and other neighboring
counties, making in all a gathering of about I2,OCO
people, assembled in front,of the hotel on Wood
street. The great exile was-introduced by William
W. Irwin, and Colonel Samuel W. Black delivered
an address of welcome, to which Louis Kossuth responded. Nothing could exceed the enthusiasmwith which Kossuth was received and entertained,
-and during his stay here there were several balls,
festivals and meetings, the proceeds of which were
-devoted to the Hungarian cause.
During i853 several churches were built in this
city, and in this year also the Allegheny County
Home was ereed and the St. Joseph's German
Orphan Asyluni was established. In I854 the Pennsylvania Railroad was completed to Pittsburgh, thus
opening up to the city through communication by
rail with the E;ast, which had for several years been
reached by the Pennsylvania Canal connefting with
the uncompleted railroad. On Tuesday, July I6,
i854, the city was again visited by the cholera, which
is supposed to have been brought here from the
Fast, and from that day until the end of September,
249 ofthe citizens died from the disease. A recent
newspaper article, referring to that period, says that
the dead were carted away as fast as the life left
their bodies, and that it was no uncommon oc-currence to see a wagon pull up to the door of a
residence and hear the driver shout out " Bring out
your dead." It is also said that one man found five
dead bodies in one house at one time. Toward the
end of September the disease showed signs of abatement, and the entire population united in thanksgiving services on the 2gth of that month. On the
I8th of March, I854, one of the officials of the custom
house, while on his way home, was accosted by a
party of men, gagged, and the keys of the safe taken
from him, and immediately following, the Custom
House was robbed of $Io,ooo. The Western Pennsylvania Hospital, which had been chartered in I848,
and was ereed out of private benefaftions, was
opened in I855. By an amendment to the charter of
the hospital passed in the latter year, a provision
for a separate establishment for the care of the insanet, by- v7irtuei of
sane, by virtue of
which the Insane
Hospital at Dixmont was afterward ereted, was
niade.
One of the most
important political events in the
history of the
Union occurred in
Pittsburgh in 1856.
A national convention had been
called to meet on
the anniversary of
Washi ngto n's
birthday, February
22, to take steps
for the formation
of a political party,
the principal obje6t ot which should be to prevent
the further extension of slavery. At this meeting,
which was held at LLafayette Hall, a number of the
most prominent men in the Union were present,
and it was by this gathering that the Republican
Party of the Union was formerly organized.
In the following winter the low stage of water in
the Ohio, caused by long droughts, made it impossible to send coal down by boat, and as a consequence
there was a severe coal famine in Cincinnati, and on
January 26, I857, a public meeting was held in this
citv, at which several thousands of dollars were contributed by citizens of Allegheny County, and a
large amount of coal was sent by rail to Cincinnati
to be distributed among the poor of that city. On
Thanksgiving evening, I858, the WVeste;n Theological Seminary building, which had been erected in
Allegheny in I837, was destroyed by fire. In I858
Samuel Kier, who was then engaged in making salt,on the Allegheny, began experiments with the refining of petroleum and in the preparation of lamps in
which to burn it, and the result of his experiments
-was the demonstration of the utility of kerosene oil
-as an illuminant. The corner-stone of Dixmont
Hospital for the Insane was laid July I9, I859. The
site, which is nine miles below Pittsburgh on the
Allegheny River, was secured by private contributions, but State funds were also used in the construftion of the building, which cost over a half a
million dollars.
In i860 the Allegheny Couraty Observatory was
founded as a result of individual subscription, and
liberal donations in later years brought the institution up to its present high standard of usefulness.
Although many substantial manufauring, business
and public enterprises had been inaugurated during
-the decade ending in I860, there was a smaller
relative increase in population during that ten years
than in any other in the history of the city. There
were a number of strikes and labor troubles during
the period, and other causes contributed to retard
the growth of the population, and the census of I860
showed only 49,22I inhabitants, against 46,60I ten
years before. Allegheny, however, had grown considerably, and by the census of I860 had I28,702
inhabitants.
PITTSBURGH DURING THE WAR PIRIOD.
The PillsbuWrgh Dispalch on Christmas day, I860,
announced that Secretary Floyd, then at the head of
the War Department, had ordered the shipment of
I50 pieces of cannon, then lying at the Allegheny
arsenal, to New Orleans to be thence taken to Ship
Island for the fortification there. This order coming, as it did, at a time when great excitement and
apprehension of coming hostilities were at the
highest pitch, created intense opposition in Pittsburgh, and the movement was denounced by prominent citizens of both parties, and messages telegraphed to Washington, asking the revocation of
the order. Steps were taken by the citizens to prevent the execution of the order, and the commander
of the Silver Wave, the steamboat upon which it was
intended to ship the sanie, was threatened with the
sinking of his boat if he should attempt to remove
the-cannon. A committee of citizens waited upon the
commander at the arsenal, and requested him to
disobey the order, declaring that it was inspired by
treasonable motives, but he suggested to them that
he could only comply with their request if they
should obtain a rescission of the order from the War
Department. On the afternoon of the 2sth a meeting was held at the Mayor's office, and it was determined to secure the revocation of the order, or in
case of failure, to prevent the removal of the cannon
at any event. A dispatch was sent to Edwin M.
Stanton, Attorney General, asking him to use his
influence in the premises, and another was also sent
to President Buchanan, in which influential citizens
stated that they would not be responsible for the
consequences if the order was not countermanded.
A public meeting was called for Thursday, the 3oth,
and while this was in session a number of the guns,
in charge of a detachment of troops, was sent from
the arsenal to be taken to the wharf. This fa was
discovered by the excited citizens, and it was determined to prevent further progress of the ordnance,
which now had reached liberty street, near Wood.
Prominent business men took the matter in hand,
and through their influence the troops were halted
at Wood street, and time gained for communicating
with the government. Soon afterward dispatches
were received from Mr. Stanton, which satisfied
them that the order would not be executed, and the
troops were permitted to convey the cannon to the
wharf, where they remained until the order of Floyd
was countermanded. This event showed how firmly
conviinced the people of the city were that the South
intended rebellion, and aithough it occurred before
any overt at had been committed by the South, the
wisdom of the preventative measures taken by the
citizens was soon to be clearly proven.
The firing on Fort Sumpter, the news of which
was received at Pittsburgh on Monday, April I5,
i I86I, called into immediate and enthusiastic aivity
the patriotic sentiments of the citizens of Allegheny
County. A mass meeting was immediately called
and largely attended, at which aid was promised,
and a Committee of Public Safety was formed, which
appointed sub-committees to take charge of the
arrangements for providing men and means for the
suppression of the rebellion. A Subsistance Committee was established for the puipose of furnishing
food for soldiers passing through the city, which
dined its first regiment on July 28, i86i, and from
that time on until the end of the war no body of
soldiers passed through the city that was not invited
to partake of its hospitality. This committee was
entirely supported by voluntary contributions and
continued in the aftive performance of its funftions
until January, I866, having during the period of its
organization fed 409,745 soldiers, in addition to
caring for 79,460 sick and wounded soldiet~s at the
Soldiers' Home.
Recruiting for the army began on the Isth of
April, I86I, the very day which brought the news of
the attack on Sumpter, and two days later a full
company, called the Turner Guards, was dispatched
to Harrisburg.  The Committee of Public Safety
aided the cause by publishing a resolution requesting that each ward, borough and township should
form a company of not less than fifty men for home
defense, and that this organization, which should
be a volunteer one, should be used as a nucleus for
recruits for the public service of the country. Sixtyfour companies were formed, and from the ranks of
each many men were contributed to companies and
regiments that went to the front, the organization of
home guards thus proving a- valuable training
school for recruits for the public service.  In the
four years of the conflit over 20,000 citizens of
Allegheny County were enlisted in the service of
Union.
The ladies of the city were prominent in their
r aid to the Union cause, the business of the Subsistance Committee being carried on by the women of
Allegheny County, while large nunibers of societies
were formed for the purpose of preparing clothing
and delicacies for the camps and hospitals, and a
goodly number of
patriotic w o m e n
themselves w e n t
to the front and
did noble duty as
nurses for the
wounded and sick.
In I863 three iron
clads were constru6ted in this
city, on the plan
of Captain Eads,
for service on the
Mississippi River.
There were also
built here Ioo mortar boats, formed
of iron plates nine
feet long, four feet
wide and five-sixteenth inches
thick, pierced with a three inch port hole in each
plate for rifle firing, these plates being shipped by
the car load to St. Louis, where they were put together.  The patriotic measures undertaken included the formation of a Relief Committee, who
took charge of the families of volunteers who had
gone to the front.
On the evening of Sunday, June I4, I863, dispatches were received by Major General Brooks,
then in command of the Department of the Monongahela, from Secretary Stanton and Major General
Halleck, advising him that the city was in danger of
an attack by the rebels, and advising him to put
the city at once in a state of defense. This advice
was followed, and earthworks were thrown up
around the city under charge of government engineers, who had been sent from Washington for that
purpose. Thousands of men were employed in the
workof fortification and the entrenchments made
extended from Saw Mill Run along the hills on the
south side of the Monongahela to the Allegheny and
on the Allegheny side along the Ohio River. It was
firmly believed at that time that the Confederates
contemplated an attack on Pittsburgh, and there is
no doubt that had the battle of Gettysburg resulted
differently, some movement would have been made
against the Iron City.
In Martch, I864, the Pittsburgh and Allegheny
branch of the Sanitary Commission found itself out
of funds, and it was determined to hold a Sanitary
Fair for the purpose of securing means to aid in the
work of caring for the sick and wounded soldiers.
The first obstacle to carrying out this project was the
want of a suitable building in which to hold the Fair,
and it was decided to erret buildings for that purpose to be located on the Public Square in Allegheny. An address to the public was issued,June I
appointed as the day, and promptly on that day thePITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW.
24
the two cities are rendered available for residence
and occupation.
In 1867 a special act was passed providing for the
consolidation of Pittsburgh with surrounding cities.
It was intended to include in this Allegheny City
and adjoining townships, as well as the boroughs
surrounding Pittsburgh, and these were divided into
districts as follows: The Central, or First, which
consisted of Pittsburgh, the borough of Lawrenceville, townships of Pitt, Oakland, Collins, Liberty
and Peebles; the Second, of Allegheny, including
Manchester, boroughs of Duquesne and Sharpsburg,
towns of McClure and Reserve, and a portion of
Indiana, Shaler and Ross townships; the Third, the
borough of Birmingham, East Birmingham, South
Pittsburgh, Monongahela, West Pittsburgh, Temperanceville, Mt. Washington and portions of Lower
St. Clair and Union townships. At the October
election each of these districts was to vote on this
question of consolidation. Notwithstanding strong
efforts made by prominent citizens to secure its passage, however, only the Central district voted in favor of the proposition. This, however, considerably
enlarged the boundaries of Pittsburgh and the
amended charter was granted and the new city government went into effect in 1868.
On August 8 of the latter year the foundation
stone of the new City Hall on Smithfield, rear Fifth
avenue, was laid. In the same year work was begun
on the Allegheny County Work House, and the
borough of Etna was incorporated by act of the
Legislature. In 1869 the Home for Destitute Wonen
was established. An interesting event of the latter
year was the assembling in convention, on November I2, of the old and new assemblies of the Presbyterian Church, which, upon meeting, were declared
by their respective moderators dissolved, after which
they met together and united in services in commemoration of the reunion of the Presbyterians in
this country.
In 1870 the paid fire department was organized,
the seven companies then existing being taken into
the department, the city purchasing the apparatus
and appointing eight men from each company upon
the pay roll. Notwithstanding that the war period
had intervened, the growth of Pittsburgh during
this decade was a remarkable one, the increase being
from 49,221 in 1860 to 86,076 in 1870, while the growth
of Allegheny was propottionately large, the latter
city having from 28,702 inhabitants in 1860 increased
to 53,180 in 1870.
FROM 1871 TO 1880.
The decade that followed was a progressive one.
The Nation had recovered from the horrors of war,
and the whole people throughout the Union were
turning their attention to the avocations of peace
and progress. An era of railroad building was
inaugurated in the West and South, which made demands on the iron and steel manufacturing resources
of Pittsburgh. Established industries expanded,
and new ones sprung into life, and of all the cities
in the Union none were more benefited by the renewed vigor of the Nation than Pittsburgh and
Allegheny. In 1872 amendments were made to the
cith charter, by which the term of the Mayor was
fixed at three years, and changes in many respects introduced, and in that year also, by act of Assembly,
the boroughs of Birmingham, Allentown, East Birmingham, Monongahela, Mt. Washington, Ormsby,
St. Clair, South Pittsburgh, Temperanceville, Union
and West Pittsburgh were added to the city, and
two years later the township of Wilkinsburg was
also annexed. Many of the most prominent charitable institutions of the city were established in
the years 1872, 1873 and 1874, included in the
number being the Home of the Good Shepherd, the
Christian Home for Women, the Pittsburgh Free
Dispensary and the Western Pennsylvania Humane
Society.
On the 4th of July, 1874, Allegheny had the most
destructive fire which is recorded in the history of
that city. The inevitable fire cracker, which always
appears with unfailing regularity on the national
holiday, was the cause, and the flames broke out in
the carpenter shop of Crosswell  Co., on Federal
street, between Sampson street and Margaret alley.
The progress of the fire was accelerated by a high
wind which was blowing, and the whole block was
ablaze before the first engine reached the ground.
A shortness in the water supply added to the difficulties of the department, and before this had been
remedied by shutting off the supply in other portions of the city, the conflagration had spread  on
both sides of federal street, and it took two hours
of hard work, both by firemen and citizens, before
the flames were brought under control. The district burned over extended on Federal street from.
Sampson street to Benton alley on one side, and
from Hemlock street to Pearl street on the other.
Eighty houses in all were destroyed; and the most
of them were dwellings of working people, who lost
all their household goods.  Several firemen and
citizens were injured, but fortunately no lives were
lost. A relief fund was started, which was liberally
contributed to by the people of both cities, and the
sufferers were in that way aided to tide over the
worst immediate results of the calamity.
On June 26, 1874, a terrific rain storm, accompanied by electrical disturbances, occurred, beginning at about eight o'clock in the evening. The
area covered extended sixteen miles north and south
and five miles east and west. Its greatest force was
felt in Allegheny, a water spout breaking in the
neighborhood of Butchers' Run, which was filled
and overflowing with a mad and rushing torrent,.
resistless in its velocity and force, which uprooted
everything in its path, carrying desolation. A large
number of houses were swept away, and whole
families were hurled to a hurried death. From the
Woodvale school-house, about two miles north of
the Allegheny River, extending down the Run and
past Madison avenue, the banks were strewn with
corpses and the wrecks of houses. At Wood's Run,
which empties into the Ohio on the north side, and
Mill Run, which is opposite on the south side,
there was also great loss of life and property. These
streams were also swollen and running in torrents,
sweeping away bridges, dwellings and buildings of
every description, and on Spring Garden Run, up
Spring Garden avenue, there was also much destruction, although the torrent here was not so
strong as at the other places mentioned. The incidents relative to the flood were horrible in theirdetails, and in a large number of cases the inmates
of the houses which were swept away, had locked
themselves in to escape the noise and terror of the
storm without, only to be drowned at their own
hearthstones. Of the victims of the flood I24 bodies
were recovered, many of which were buried without
identi fication. The destruction of property was
also very great. The Little Saw Mill Run Railroad
was badly damaged, three new trestle works of the
road being carried off by the flood and other injuries being done to the road, the loss to which was
estimated at $900,000. The salt works of W. C. 
J. M. Taylor on Walnut street was wrecked with a
loss of $50,000; Gray  Bell's tipples, carpenter
shop, blacksmith shop and thirty coal cars were
destroyed, entailing a loss to that firm of $50,000;
an extensive glue factory on Butchers' Run was
wrecked and other business establishments werealso injured, while the loss in the value of dwellings
and property was immense. A liberal fund was
raised by private and public subscriptions, and many.
thousands of dollars accumnlated and appropriated
for the relief of the sufferers.
The following year was notable as seeing the introduction of natural gas as fuel into two of the iron
works of the city, and although it was some time
afterward before this element came into general use,
the fact is interesting as marking the beginning of
a new era. In 1875 also the great Exposition building was completed, and devoted to the use of the
Tradesmen's Industrial Association, passing two
years later into the hands of the Pittsburgh Exposition Society. In November, 1876, a series of temperance meetings, inaugurating what has passed into
history as the Murphy Movement, was held in the
city. The excitement spread, and at one time during the ensuing three mouths covered by the series
eighteen churches in the two cities were holding
daily meetings in the interest of the temperance
cause. The pledge was signed by 40,000 persons
during the continuance of the meetings.
RAILROAD RIOTS.
In the Spring of I877 there were numerous labor
disturbances in various parts of the country, caused
by a general disposition on the part of the railroad
companies to reduce the existing rates of wages. A
10 per cent. reduction had taken effect June 1St on
the Pennsylvania lines, including the Pan Handleand Forth Wayne, the Cleveland  Pittsburgh and.
smaller branches, and a similar reduction was contemplated on the Baltimore  Ohio and the New
York Central. An organization of the employes of
all the roads centering in Pittsburgh was made
under the auspices of the Trainmen's Union,
and it was arranged that a general strike should
buildings, including Mechanics' Hall, 192X53 feet,
Auditorium, 186X93, Monitor Hall, 150X60, Floral
Hall, 160X80; Bazaar, 180X93, Dining Hall, 180x51, all
covering 73,200 feet of space, were ready for use, and
in addition the entire upper floor of the new City
Hall was granted by the City Councils for the use of
the commission, to be occupied by the Art Gallery
and the Old Curiosity Shop, and out-buildings were
provided for the exhibition of live-stock. The excellence of the cause in which the commission was
engaged, as well as the attractions of the Fair itself,
secured a li beral patronage from the citizens of
Western Pennsylvania, and the total receipts of the
Fair were $363,370.og andthe expenditures $44,I52.II,
leaving a balance in the hands of the Commission of
$310,217.98. It had been provided by the Executive
Committee that if the funds should exceed the
amount required for the necessities of the Commission, the remainder should be applied to some other
benificent institution in Allegheny County, and as a
consequence of this foresight and the speedy close
of the war, $200,000 was saved from the fund and
constituted an endowment fund for the Medical and
Surgical Branch of the Western Pennsylvania Hospital,
There were many calls upon the manufacturing
facilities of Pittsburgh during the war for supplies
needed in its prosecution, and a large amount of
cannon and ammunition was produced here. On the
11th of February, 1863, the first twenty-inch gun
ever made in the world was cast at the Fort Pitt
Foundry, and some idea of the  extent to which
Pittsburgh manufactures entered into the prosecution of the war, may be gathered from the fact that
this foundry shipped during the year ending September 1, 1863, cannon weighing 7,I73,534 pounds and
2,972,916 pounds of shot and shell. Were the minor
incidents connecting Pittsburgh with the war to be
detailed, their narration would of itself require a
separate volume, but it is sufficient to say that no
community in the country more zealously believed
in the Union or more cheerfully and effectively
aided in its preservation than did Allegheny County,
and it was in recognition of this sturdy and devoted
loyalty that the great Abraham Lincoln accorded
to the county the soubriquet of "The State of
Allegheny."
While, during the period covered by the Rebellion, the events of the war were of overshadowing
importance, other incidents of interest were not
wanting. In 1861 the Home for the Friendless was
organized, and in the same year an event of great
interest in connection with the Fire Department
occurred in the introduction of the first steam fire
engine ever used in this city. The Vigilant Company
brought it here, and it was called the Hope Hose
Engine. An experimental trial of its merits, which
took place at the corner of Market and Water streets,
brought out a large gathering of people to witness
it, and the success of the experiment was hailed as
an important step in the improvement of the facilities for defense of life and property. In 1868 the
Pittsburgh and Birmingham bridge was built, and
in the years of the war many establishments, inaugurated to supply a demand caused by the exigencies of the times, were founded, to remain permanent institutions to the present day.
FROM 1865 TO 1870.
In January, 1865, the Pittsburgh and Allegheny
Soldiers' Orphans' Home was opened, and in the
following year a large number of churches and public institutions were established, including the Pittsburgh and Allegheny Orphan Asylum, the Episcopal
Church Home and others, and in this year also the
Union Depot was opened and the new market house
in Allegheny City and the Allegheny City Hall were
completed. In this year also the old custom of calling the hours by the police was abolished. This
custom, which had been brought from England, had
continued in Pittsburgh many years after it had
grown into disuse in many other American cities
In 1867 the boundaries of the City of Allegheny were
largely extended by an act of the Legislature, the
borough of Manchester being added to the city, as
well as portions of Duquesne borough and Reserve
and McClure townships. In the same year, by an
act of the Legislature passed March 26, the property
which had been held by the in-lot holders of Allegheny as a public pasture, was converted to park
purposes, from which the present beautiful Allegheny parks have been evolved. Another important
improvement of that year was the construction of
the Monongahela Inclined Plane, the first of the
useful engineering devices by which the hill tops ofoccur at noon June 27; but thle refusal of the
mzjority of the Pan Handle men to co operate,
caused the strike to fail and the union to be dissolved. It was thought that the trouble had been
settled, in Pittsburgh at least, as the men had gone
quietly again to work and had apparently accepted
the situation. On July- I a IO per cent. reduion
was nlade on the New York Central, and on July I6
an order for a similar reduftion was issued by the
Baltimore  Ohio. The dissatisfaffion that followed
was general among the railroad employes in all
parts of the country, and on July I6 the men on the
Baltimore  Ohio at Martinsburg, W. Va., struck
and blocked the road. The other employes of that
road joined in the strike, and an appeal was made
to the national authorities for troops to protecq
property. The strike became general on all the
leading railroads of the country, and just this time
an order was issued by the Pennsylvania Railroad
providing that on and after the Igth of July thirtysix freight cars, instead of eighteen, as before,
should constitute a train, and that these trains
should have a locomotive at tlle
rear to act as
pusher in aid of
the one drawing
the train, making
what is known in
railroad parlance
as a "double header." This caused
great  discontent
among the men,
who objeted for
two reasons: one of
which was that the
doubling up of
t rains would result
in the discharge
of about half the
freight crews on
the road, and the
other because of
the increased labor and danger in
han dling  trains,
which they regarded as particularly
hard because their
wages had been
reduced. On the
morning of July
I9, the orderwas
to take effet, but
on that morning
there was but a
single freight train
left the Union Depot. It left as a
double-header, but
it was the last that
run until the riots
were over. As fast
as the situation
was explained to
the trainmen they
left the cars and
joined the striking
forces. The story
of the troubled
times that followed
z a  "     _    4-     N.1"r  r,-    CT
cannot be more graphically described than in the
following extrat from a recent number of the
Daily Post reviewing the history of the riots:
"The trouble began with an assault on David M.
Watt, then chief clerk to Mr. Pitcairn, who with a
force of ten policemen attempted to start a train
surrounded by strikers. As Watt stooped to open
a switch he was struck a blow in the eyes by one of
the strikers named Thomas McCall. The officers
promptly arrested McCall, in spite of the mob's
opposition, and conveyed him to the Central station.
After that the disturbance developed rapidly, and
when at eleven o'clock that night Sheriff R. H. Fife,
in company with Mr. Watt, John Scott, solicitor of
the Pennsylvania Railroad, and General A. L.
Pearson, who was to become such a conspicious
figure in the riots, went down to the Union Depot
they found it almost in the possession of the strikers and their allies, who had gathered there by the
hundreds.  When the party returned Sheriff Fife
decided to notify the State authorities, fully appreciating that the disturbance would soon swell
beyond his power to control it. A telegram was
sent to -Governor Hartranft, calling on the State
militia for aid. A similar telegram was also sent to
Lieutenant Governor John Latta at Greensburg, who
replied that he had no authority to act. Governor
Hartranft was absent in the West, and M. S. Quay.
then Secretary of the Commonwealth, who had
received notice at Beaver, telegraphed to Adjutant
General Lvatta and that official ordered General
Pearson, who then commanded the Sixth Division,
National Guards, to place a regiment on guard to
preserve order."
"Pursuant to this order General Pearson notified
Colonel P. N. Guthrie, of the Eighteenth Regiment,
(Duquesne Greys) to gather his regiment together
for duty. This was a-slow task, and it was Friday
noon before they marched into the Union Depot.
In the meantime the gravity of the situation had
increased and the rest of Pearson's division was
ordered out. The strikers' forces were swelled by
the Ft. Wayne men, the Allegheny Valley men, and
finally the Pan Handle men. The brakemen received the sympathy, and in many cases the active assistance of the freight conductors, engineers and fire:nen.
The strikers took possession of engines and rolling
stock indiscriminately. The mob was augmented
from the ranks of outsiders, a considerable element
being tramps and strangers to Pittsburgh. The first
outbreak occurred at the Iast Liberty stock yards,
where Colonel Guthrie's regiment charged with
bayonets on a body of the strikers.  The mob
retreated and nobody was hurt."
"At the suggestion of Vice-President William
Thaw, A. J. Cassatt and other officials of the railroad
company, General Pearson telegraphed to General
I,atta for reinforcements.  Latta ordered General
Robert Brinton, of the First Division, Philadelphia
troops, to report at Pittsburgh for duty, as well as
the divisions commanded by Major Generals Gallagher, Huidekoper, Beaver and White, in the western
part of the State."
"Meanwhile all efforts to secure a compromise
between the warring element. had failed. President
Scott, of the Pennsylvania road, had replied to a
telegram from the late James P. Barr, urging him
to come here and try to effect a settlement, that no
settlement was possible with their property in the
hands of the mob. The strikers, with the energy of
desperation, became more and more lawless.  A
clash with the civil and military authorities was
inevitable."
"The bitterest feeling was against the Philadelphia troops, and a warm reception was awaiting
them. The mob had heard that the Philadelphians
were drunk and boasting of what they would do
when they reached Pittsburgh. The home troops,
with the exception of Colonel Guthrie's regiment.
were posted at Twenty-Eighth street and vicinity."
"On Saturday afternoon at two o'clock, the first
train of Philadelphia troops arrived, followed closely
by the others. There were 650 men in all, and from
the depot they took up the fatal line of march that
ended in the slaughter at Twenty-Eighth street.
"The troops of Brinton were to support Sheriff
Fife in making arrests. When the stone throwing
by the mob commenced, the lines were facing
Libertv and Twenty-Eighth street. Almost immediately the troops began to fire, as it was afterward
learned without orders, and when the smoke cleared away a half a dozen lay dead a-d twice as many
wounded. Private
Neumeister, of
Comf any E, Nineteenth Regiment,
was among the
killed, and he was
the only Pittsburgh  soldier
killed during the
riots. A number
of the killed were
innocent  spectators on the hillside. The pistols
of the mob also
did good execution, fifteen soldiers being wounded in addition to
the one who was
killed."
"From that hour
pandem oniumn
reigned in the
city, and th e
scenes that were
enaded will live in
the memory of
t h o s e who witnessed them. The
desperadoes began
their work by destroying private
property, and the
reign of the torch
succeeded the rain
of the musket.
The Philadelphia
troops were besieged in the
round house on
Saturday n i g h t,
where they were
fired at by the mob
and an effort was
made to burn them
out. Car after car
was fired in that
locality, and sent
whirling towards
C-,l _        C ~_ _2__     
the round house. At one o'clock on Sunday a brass
field piece was trained on the round house and
the mob prepared to fire it. Then the slaughter
began again. At the first attempt to fire the cannon fifty soldiers fired, and after the discharge
eleven forms were seen lying by the guns. When
the attempt to fire the gun was finally given up
nobody knew how many lives had paid the penalty
of the desperate undertaking."
" Brinton's troops were literally burned out of
the round house and forced to retreat in the face of
the mob. At eight o'clock on Sunday morning the
march out Penn avenue began, which resulted in
the death of four soldiers and the wounding of fourteen more, with many citizens who were wounded
by the terrible fire of the gatling guns. The mob's
unreasoning spirit of vengeance against General
Pearson and Sheriff Fife will be remembered, as
well as the unavailing efforts of the citizens' committe on Sunday to restore order."
"At four o'clock on Sunday afternoon the Union
Depot and surrounding buildings began to burn,
and in a half an hour were totally destroyed. This
was followed by the burning of the grain elevatorand the Pan Handle depot and many lesser buildings. It was late on Sunday night before the fury
of the mob had spent itself, and the better element
began to prevail. The scenes of lawlessness that
prevailed all over tbe city no pen can describe."
" The parade of the military and civil authorities
helped to overawe the lawless element, and with the
utmost vigilance of the civil authorities, backed by
the militia, by Wednesday the city was almost restored to its normal quietness "
"The Pittsburgh riots were diretly the outcome
of the feeling existing here at that time against the
Pennsylvania Railroad Company, augmented by a
long train of abuses which the men complained of,
and precipitated by the adoption of the doubleheader system. The riots, as far as officially concerned, cost the lives of twentv-tbree citizens and
soldiers. The number wounded was never ascertained, but it was over Ioo The total loss to property was $4,I00,ooo. The county of Allegheny paid
back to those who lost property in the riot, including the Pennsylvania Railroad claim of $i1ioo,ooo,
the total of $2,700,000."
The years I878 and I879 are notable as being
those in which the ele6tric light and the telephone
were first put into use in the city. There had been
an eleric light machine on' exhibition in 1877, but
while it created interest, it did not secure patronage
until two years later, when the first eletric light
was used in one of the manufaturing establishments in the city. In I878 the Edison and Bell telephones were brought to the city, but, like eletric
lighting, the advantages of these useful instruments were but poorly appreciated, as there were
but eighty instruments introduced in the twelve
months following their first appearance in the city.
Still, although slow in taking advantage of these
new adjuncts of civilization, their introdution
marked the advent of the age of elericity which
has since been utilized in the business and domestic
life of this city to as great an extent as in any community of its size in the country. In April, I880, the
government building on Smithfield street was begun, and although it has been eight years in hand it
is still a long way from conipletion. This slowness
is particularly noticeable in Pittsburgh, from the
fact that the new Court House, a much larger and
more costly and massive struure, although begun
four years later, is now completed and occupied.
A railroad accident of more than ordinary horror
occurred near this city on Saturdav night, Otober
9, I880, There were great crowds at the Union
Depot that night awaiting their trains to go home,
the number being unusually large, in consequence
of the attendance at the Exposition, and also at the
great Democratic parade which had occurred that
evening. At II:52 P. M. the first secion of the Walls
accommodation, every coach of which was heavily
loaded, left the depot. At the Twenty-eighth Street
Station the section was forced to lie over to allow a
section of the Fast Lvine, going east, to pass. In
the interval of waiting the conductor proceeded to
take up the tickets. In the meantime the second
seion of the Walls accommodation left the Union
Depot. On the rear coach of seffion No. I the
usual red light hung, but the engineer and firemen
of seffion No. 2 claimed that they did not see it
until it was too late. The great crowd around the
train hid the light from view, and as a consequence
No. 2 plunged into the rear car of the first seftion,
which was split in twain and driven upon the car
ahead and telescoped. The gauge valve to the boiler
of the engine was snapped off, and a number of those
who had escaped death from the collision were
scalded to death by the escaping steam. The details
of the wreck, as narrated by eye witnesses, were full
of horror, and twenty-eight dead and dying were
taken from the wreck, and more than fifty were injured, some of the latter afterwards dying from
their injuries, while many were maimed for life.
Though numerous casualties had occurred during the decade, its net results in the development of
the two cities were of the most gratifying character.
Important additions had been made to their produive resources, many improvements had been introduced in the methods of manufa6lure and an
increase for Pitsburgh from 86,070 people in I870 to
I56,389 in I880 was secured; wllile Alleglieny in the
same time had grown from 53,I80 to 78,682 inhabitants.
I88I To I888.
This narrative of the leading events of the history of Pittsburgh and Allegheny has now rt ached
to a comparatively recent period. The occurrences
of the past eight years are familiar to most citizens.
Some, which attraed attention and interest at the
time of their happening, are" not likely to survive in history. Other events there are, however,
which fairly claim a place in the perianent records
of the city. Of these one of the most prominent is
the burning of the court house of I84I, and the
ereftion of the present massive and imposing structure in its place. The court house of I841, while it
had been considered, for many ye irs after its erection, amply sufficient in accommodations for the
use of the county for possibly a century, had been
outgrown by the population and increasing business.
The question of replacing the building by a larger
one had already enter-ad into the discussions of the
journals and the citizens of the county, and its destruftion only hastene d an event which would have
occurred, under any circumstances, within a few
years. The fire broke out on Sunday, May 7, I882,
and despite the efforts of the fire department, the
building was so much injured that the demolition of its ruins became necessary. Most of the
records of the courts and departments were in fireproof safes and thus saved, but some of the older
court records were destroyed. The subsequent proceedings in regard to the eretion of the present
magnificent struture will be found in a later
chapter. It will suffice to cay here that ground for
the new building was broken September Io, I884,
the first stone was laid in the foot course July II,
I886, and in April, T888, the complete buiiding was
turned over to the Commissioners, by whom it was
furnished and miade ready for the courts and departments of the county, the last official o-cupant moving into the new struture September Io, I888, aild
its dedication formed a principal feature of the centennial celebration of the creation of Allegheny
county on September 24 J888.
On the morning of Otober 3, 1883, the Pittsburgh Exposition buildings in Allegheny took fire
and were totally destroyed, and with them a large
number of valuable exhibits.  The conflagratioii
occurred at an early hour. A few hours before the
gates had closed upon an interested crowd of visitors
who had attended the Exposition on Oober 2, to
the number of 27,030. In a few minutes after the
fire was discovered in Machinery Hall, the vast
strudture was a mass of flames from end to end. In
less than half an hour nothing remained but a heap
of smouldering ruins, the destru6tion wrought involving a-loss of $750,ooo, and what promised to be
the most successful yearly session of the history ofthe Exposition was brought to a sudden end.
In February, 1884, the highest flood-tide ever
known in the history of the two cities occurred,
accompanied by the greatest property loss ever
occasioned by any casualty which has been experienced here. The snows of January had been very
heavy, and the end of that month and beginning of
February brought thawing weather and rains of
great severity. Both the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers began to rise early Tnesday morning,
February 5, and on Thursday morning, February 7,
the highest point in the history of liver overflows
was reached: 35 feet, 4X8 inches.  This was, it is
true, only a few inches above the high-water niark
of I832, but the opportunities for damage were
much greater, as the portion of the two cities subjet to overflow had been covered with valuable
buildings and property, in the period of more than
half a century intervening between the two great
flcods. When the inundation reached its height, the
scene in the flooded distriSts was appaling, and the
nights, during the continu-nce of the flood, were
rendered specially dismal, as the city was left in
darkness after the submerging of the Pittsburgh
Gas Works, on Second avenue, on the afternoon of
Wednesday, February 6. On Thursday the streets
between the Allegheny and Penn avenue were all
under water, the first stories and cellars in that
vicinity being flooded. Penn avenue was navigable
in skiffs from the railroad crossing at Thirteenth
street to Water street. Two feet of water stood in
the salesroom of Joseph Horne  Co., in the Library
Hall building. On Water street, at Wood, the water
reached to First avenue, and from Ferry street the
Point was inundated at varying depths. The cellars
on Fifth avenue, Market and Liberty streets were
all flooded. Communication with the bridges to
Allegheny had to be niade by wagon or boat. In
Allegheny the situation was, if anything, worse. All
that part of the city south of the Fort Wayne railroad track, back from the approaches of the bridge to
Seminary Hill, was under water. This included a
large part of the business setion of the city. In
addition to this, the river front of the Allegheny
was submerged from Herr's Island to Wood's Run.
At the Point and on the river fronts, thousands of
families were rendered homeless for the time, and
their household belongings were swept away. The
manufauring establishments near the rivers were
compelled to suspend operations, and many valuable plants were seriously damaged. Much fear was
entertained that some of the bridges would be swept
away, but fortunately they all withstood the force of
the flood. The railroad tracks, from Lake Erie, on
the South Side, to the Fort Wayne tracks, in Allegheny, were flooded, and transportation was entirely
suspended. Fortunately, and almost miraculously,
no lives were lost in the flood, but the loss and
damage to property was very heavy, and the distress
very great. The inost prompt relief measures were
taken by the city authorities, and the Posl and other
newspapers inaugurated popular subscriptions to
which contributions were generously made, while
through other channels clothing, food and other
necessaries were plentifully supplied, and thus
everything was done to lessen, as far as possible, the
disastrous results of the flood to those who were
least prepared for the losses and deprivations it
entailed. The record made by the rivers that year
still remains high-water mark, and no one who can
remember the disaster then wrought can do otherwise than hope that the rivers will refrain from
further exhibition' of their powers of damage.
The strikes and riots in the Connellsville Coke
region in January and February, I886, affeted business in Pittsburgh to some extent, but the details
of that trouble do not properly form a part of local
history. On August I2, I887, the Masonic Hall, on
Fifth avenue, was destroyed by fire. The cornerstone of the Masonic Temple which is to replace it
was laid September II, I888, byJoseph Eichbaum,
Grand Master of Masons for Pennsylvania.
On September 24 to 26, I888, a grand centennial
celebration of the organization of Allegheny county
was held. The court house dedication, the parade
of the police and fire depaitments, and a procession
of school children occupied the first day; the second
was devoted to a pageant and procession in which
the various trades, the civic and industrial organizations, and the county officials took part; and the
third was military day, and given over to parades by
military companies and the various veterans' organizations.
It is not claimed that the foregoing pages present a complete detailed history of Pittsburgh and
Allegheny, but it has been endeavored to place in
chronological order the leading events necessary to
show the circumstances and surroundings under
which the great, busy, progressive Pittsburgh of the
present has been built up, the obstacles that have
be-n surmounted, the events of which advantage has
been taken and the environments of those who were
her founders and principal builders. Much yet remains to be told. Pittsburgh and Allegheny are
principally noted as industrial centers, the two
forming the busiest workshop of the busiest nation
of the earth, and in succeeding pages an endeavor
will be m de to present the past history and present
status of the industries which give her this recognized pre eminence. Other chapters will be devoted
to the portrayal of the progress which has been made
in municipal and social life, and it is hoped that
these chapters, combined with the foregoing, may
be sufficient to form a creditable review of the past
and a worthy presentation of the present of the two
cities.
HYMN OF PITTSBURGH.
I am monarch of all the forges,
I have solved the riddle of fire;
The Amen of Nature to need of man
Echoes at my desire.
I search with the subtle soul of flame,
The heart of the rocky earth,
And hot from my anvils the prophecies
Of the miracle-years blaze forth.
I am swart with the soot of my chimneys,
I drip with the sweat of toil;
I quell and scepter the savage wastes,
And charm the curse from the soil.
I fling the bridges across the gulfs
That holds us from the To Be,
And build the roads for the banuered march
Of crowned Humanity.
-[RICHARD REALF`, I867.THE PRESS.
PITTSBURGH JOURNALISM IN THE PAST AND PRESENT.-LEADING NEWSPAPERS OF THE CITY.
In American communities, more than in those of
any other country in the world, the sentiments, the
hopes, the aspirations and the progress of the people
find their reflex in the daily or weekly journalism
which represents them. Americans are pre-eminently a newspaper reading people, and no sooner
especially interesting account of Pittsburgh as it
then was, written by Judge H. H. Brackenridge,
(reproduced in a preceding chapter,) and the subsequent weekly issues were equal to the best of
frontier journals in those days, although measured
by modern standards they would be regarded as presenting a woeful scarcity of news and a tedious
superabundance of political discussion. The Gazette
was a staunch Federalist in its politics, and has
throughout the 102 years covered by its history
adhered to practically the same party, becoming
Whig, when the Federal evolved into Whig party,
remaining the editor of the paper, and in the following June the name was changed to the Pittsburgh
Gazette and Manufacturer and Mercantile Adviser.
In 1822 it passed into the hands of D.  M. McLean,
and was published by them until September, 1829,
when Neville B. Craig became proprietor, the name
having in the meantime been again changed to the
Pittsburgh Gazette, and the paper became once more
a semi-weekly issue. It became a daily in 1833, its
first issue as such being dated on July 30 of that
year. It was an evening paper until 1841, when it
was changed to a morning issue. From that time it
does a community reach to the proportions of a
village than there appears some adventurous editor
ready to champion its cause, to exult over its fortunes, to proclaim its interests, and to demand
redress for its injuries. Several years before Pittsburgh attained to the dignity of a borough organization it had its newspaper representative in The
Pittsburgh Gazette, the first number of which was
issued July 29, 1786 by John Scull and Joseph Hall.
The first number of The Gazette contained an
and Republican, when the Whig party was in turn
lost in the organization of the Republican party. A
few years after its establishment Mr. Joseph Hall
retired from its proprietorship, the Scull family
remaining interested in it through successive generations, the paper being published by John I. Scull
and Morgan Neville as a semi-weekly from 1818 to
March 2, 1820, when a return was made to the
weekly issue; and on March 20, Eichbaum  Johnston became  the  publishers, Morgan  Neville
has  gone  through  many proprietary changes.
It passed in 1866 into the hands of Penniman, Reed
 Co., which was changed in 1883 to Nelson P. Reed
 Co., of which Mr. N. P. Reed, the editor of the
present Commercial Gazette, is the head, the other
member being Mr. George W. Reed.  The old
Gazette during its long and interesting history, has
absorbed many other newspaper ventures, including
the Daily Advocate and Advertiser in 1844, the
Commercial Journal in the'sixties and The ComTHE PITTSBURGH PRESS.
ALBERT J. BARR, Post.         CHARLES J. JAEGLE, Beobachter.           WM. NEEB, Freiheits Freund.          HARRY H. BYRUM, Chronicle-Telegraph.
N. P. REED, Commercial Gazette.
W. H. GUTELIUS, Times.        GEO. A. MADDEN, Dispatch.           THEO. W. NEVIN, Leader.          GEORGE WARDMAN, Press.PI TTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW.
29
under which style it still continues. The paper is
Republican in politics, enjoys all modern news facilities, is edited with ability and managed with
good judgment, and is deservedly a favorite with
the German speaking people of Western Pennsylvania and in adjacent sections of Western Virginia
and Ohio.
Pittsburger Beobachter.-Another daily
paper published in the German laungage is the
Pittsburger Beobachter, which also enjoys an extensive circulation and an established place in the
popularity among the German speaking people of
this section.  It is published and edited by Mr.
Charles J. Jaegle, a journalist of experience and
marked ability.
In addition to these representatives of daily
journalism there are a large number of weekly and
class newspapers, each filling an important place in
its special field. The Presbyterian Banner, which
is the oldest religious paper in the United States, is
a recognized power in the denomination which it
represents, and has always borne a deserved reputation for ability. The Christian Advocate is another
religious journal, the organ of the M. E. Church.
7 he United Presbyterian, representing the denomination after which it is named, The Catholic, which
is the organ of the diocese of Pittsburgh, and owned
and published by Jacob Porter, and The Methodist
Recorder, representing the Protessant Methodist
Church, are other religious papers well known in
the special work to which they are devoted. Of
local and society papers prominent ones are The
East End Bulletin, The East End News and The
Alleghenian, while The Labor Tribune, The Commoner and Glass Worker and a number of other labor
papers are published, as well as numerous other
representatives of special interests.
PRINTING AND KINDRIRD TRADES.
The printing trade in Pittsburgh began with the
office of The Gazette, in which, as is common in new
communities, the work of general printing was combined with that of the publication of the paper.  It
was in this office that the first book work in Pittsburgh was turned out, being the third volume of a
work on "Modern Chivalry" written by Judge Hugh
H. Brackenridge, and this office continued to be the
only one engaged in printing until 1801, when
Zadoc Cramer established in business.  From that
office was issued many works which have furnished
much information in regard to the early history of
Pittsburgh, the most notable of which are Cramer's
Almanac and Cramer's Navigator. As the city grew
the number of printing offices of course became
gradually larger, and there are now in the two cities
about seventy-five houses engaged in the printing
business. Of these the most prominent and representative are mentioned in the notices which follow,
as well as of the bookbinding, bookselling, stationery, printers' supply and other business houses
in lines of business kindred to the printers' art. By
these houses work in the several lines mentioned
is done in the most efficient manner.
Joseph Eichbaum  Co.-Printers, Mercantile Stationers, etc.; 48 Fifth Avenue.-Joseph
Eichbaum  Co. is a firm that can date its origin
back to Zadoc Cramer in 1801, but for more practical purposes are satisfied to start with William
Eichbaum (father of Joseph Eichbaum) in 1815;
Eichbaum  Johnston in 1816 (the Samuel R.
Johnston of that firm being the father of the present S. Reed Johnston), Johnston  Stockton in
1824, W. S. Haven in 1850, followed by W. W. Lewis
 Co. Joseph Eichbaum  Co. commenced business March 24, 1881. In the present plant a few old
tools and types are to be found, retained more as
curiosities of the past, and which were in use by
Eichbaum  Johnston. Some of the types are in
good condition, showing the care with which they
have been used. The present firm displaced all
machinery and tools that in any manner conflicted
with the doing of first-class work. To-day their
outfit is as perfect as any establishment of the kind
in the State. The head of the firm, Mr. Joseph
Eichbaum, is so generally and favorably known that
it is unnecessary to make any special reference to
the gentleman or his active business life. Mr.
George P. Balmain is the general business man of
the firm, and Mr. S. Reed Johnston has charge of
the printing department. The firm's trade is so intimately connected with the business interests of
the city of Pittsburgh that it may be said to have
no practical competition.
mercial in February, 1877, when its title was changed
to the Commercial Gazette. The Commnercial had
previously been published for fifteen years by the
Commercial Printing Company and its successors,
and had attained a large circulation and influence
prior to the time of its absorption by The Gazette.
The Commercial Gazette, as now conducted, bears a strong comparison and affords a
striking contrast with its progenitor of the last
century, and its successive changes and enlargements from time to time have been fairly representative of the increasing growth of Pittsburgh,
the fulfillment of its social aspirations and the
achievement of its wonderful destiny. The Gazette
of 1786 represents the day of the pack horse; that of
1889 the era of the telegraph. The paper has the
most complete news facilities, an able staff of correspondents and reporters, and editoral writers who
present in good and forcible English the opinions of
the paper on the topics of the day. Its record as an
able exponent of the principles and policies of the
Republican Party is well established, and as such its
opinions have national weight and are everywhere
quoted as authority.
The Daily Post.-The Commonwealth, which
was a paper established by Ephraim Pentland in
1805, was in 1811 merged into The Mercury, which
in 1841 consolidated with a paper which had been
established in 1824, and known as The Allegheny
Democrat. The union of the papers appeared under
the style of The Mercury and Democrat, changing
the following year to The Mercury and Manufacturer, as a consequence of the absorption of another paper called the American Manufacturer, and a few
months afterward, on the 10th of September, 1842,
The Daily Post was issued, the other papers mentioned being absorbed into The Post, which has since
been regularly and daily issued, and has held a prominent place in the journalism of the city and the
country. The Post was originally issued by the
firm of Phillips  Smith, passing, after various
changes of proprietorship, into the hands of Mr.
James P. Barr, who remained at the head of the subsequent firm of James P. Barr  Co., which was succeeded on September 1, 1886, by the Post Publishing
and Printing Company, of which Mr. Albert J. Barr
is President, and Mr. William Schoyer Treasurer
and Business Manager. The Post has always been
noted for its fidelity to Democratic principles and
its advocacy of Democratic ideas. Being the only
newspaper of that political faith, and being conducted with conceded ability both as a newspaper
and as an exponent of its political opinions, The
Post appeals to a large patronage throughout Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and West Virginia,
and exerts an important influence in its political
party throughout the Union.
The Chronicle Telegraph.-In May, 1841,
R. G. Burford established a weekly paper known as
The Chronicle. In the following September it was
issued as a daily morning paper with a change of
proprietorship, and it passed through several hands
prior to 1863, when Joseph G. Siebeneck became interested in the paper, becoming sole proprietor in
1874, and so continuing until 1884, when the paper
was merged with The Evening Telegraph. The
last named paper had been established in 1873 by
The Evening Telegraph Publishing Company, with
H. B. Swope as the first editor. In 1873 Ralph
Bagaley became the proprietor of the paper, and in
July, 1874, H. H. Byram, Robert H. Campe and C. S.
Huntington purchased the paper, and organized the
Pittsburgh Telegraph Company, Mr. Byram becoming the editor of the paper. In December, 1883,
The Chronicle and The Telegraph were consolidated,
the company changing its style to the Pittsburgh
Chronicle Telegraph Company, with H. H. Byram
as Editor, and Robert H. Campe as Manager and
Treasurer. In the perfection of its facilities, the
enterprise of its management and the ability of its
editorial work, The Chronicle- Telegraph holds a
high place amoug the prominent evening journals of
the country, and is a worthy representative of progressive, clean and reputable journalism.
The Pittsburgh Dispatch. There was a
paper known as The Dispatch, published in I833, by
John F. Jennings, but after a short existence that
venture went to join the numerous throng in the
newspaper cemetery. In 1846 Mr. J. Heron Foster
began the publication of another paper known as
The Daily Dispatch, which, in exact contrast to its
predecessor of the same name, has always been very
emphatically alive, and now, after more than forty
years of growth, is a conspicuous representative of
all that is progressive in journalism. It is enterprising in its management, and has surrounded
itself with all the facilities by which the great
metropolitan journal of the present day gathers the
news from all the corners of the earth, and presents
them in an acceptable shape to its readers. The
Dispatch is primarily and above all a newspaper,
and aims to present the news as it is, reserving its
discussion of opinions for its editorial columns, and
presenting in its news columns the facts of every
interesting event without color or bias.  In its
editorial conduct it preserves a healthy and independent tone. The presentable shape in which it
gives the news has commended it to the favor of the
people, and it enjoys a very large circulation and a
recognized position among the most influential
newspapers of the country. Mr. E. M. O'Neill is
President of the Dispatch Publishing Company,
which was incorporated in June, 1888; Mr. Bakewell
Phillips is Treasurer and Business Manager, and
Mr. George A. Madden is Managing Editor. The
paper has since September, 1883, published a Sunday
edition of sixteen pages, which has a large circulation and a deserved popularity.
The Leader.-The Leader was originally
started as a Sunday paper, its first number appearing on Sunday, December 11, 1864, and this Sunday
edition has been issued every week from that time
to the present, and is a recognized favorite with the
people of the two cities and the surrounding country.
In 1870 The Evening Leader appeared, the publishing
firm first being styled Pittock, Nevin  Co., and afterward changing to the Leader Publishing Company.
There are numerous pecularities in The Leader, but
they all tend to increase its popularity. The most
notable feature of the paper is the thorough independence of its editorial discussions, and the vigor
with which it presents its views. In its typography
there is a peculiarity in the small amount of space
that is wasted in head lines, while in its presentation of the news, a marked feature is the excellent
and effective way in which condensation is secured.
The Leader presenting the news fully, yet concisely,
and its general features being crispness and brilliancy. Mr. Theodore W. Nevin is the editor of the
paper, and his management is approved by a large
and established patronage which is steadily increasing.
The Pittsburgh Times is a later venture
and fills an important place in Pittsburgh journalism, fully occupying the field of a bright, well conducted, comprehensive and popular penny morning
journal. It is regarded as a faithful and enthusiastic
advocate of the principles of the Republican party
of the Nation and it also has a very important influence in the local councils of the party. The success
which has attended the paper has been phenomenal,
a fact which reflects the highest credit upon the
management of Mr. W. H. Gutelius, who is its Managing Editor.
The Pittsbu rgh Press is another paper
which has won its way to an established place in
popularity, and has a very large and constantly
growing circulation. Although a penny paper it is
an eight page quarto, and is distinguished for the
full and complete way in which it presents the news.
It is especially notable for the completeness and
excellence of its local news features, and it is also
distinguished for the emphatic way in which it
speaks its opinion of abuses in the management of
local affairs. The Press is one of the most marked
successes of Pittsburgh journalism and a favorite
with the masses of the people. It is edited by Mr.
George Wardman.
Frei heits Freu nd.-The large German population of Pittsburgh and the country immediately
surrounding it made the city a good field for the
publication of a newspaper in the German language.
The Freiheits Freund was originally established at
Chambersburg, Franklyn County, Pa., in 1834, by
Henry Ruby as a weekly paper, of which Mr. Victor
Scriba was the editor. In 1836 Mr. Scriba purchased
the paper from Mr. Ruby, and in 1837 removed it to
Pittsburgh, where he issued it as a weekly until
I844, when it became a tri-weekly, followed in 1847
by a daily. The following year Mr. Louis Neeb,
who, with Mr. William Neeb, had been connected
with the paper since 1836, became a partner of Mr.
Scriba, and in 1850 Mr. William Neeb purchased Mr.
Scriba's interest, and the firm became L.  W. Neeb,I 889.
HISTORICAL, BIOGRAPHICAL AND COMMERCIAL
A RECORD OF PROGRESS IN COMMERCE, MANUFACTURES, THE PROFFESSIONS,
AND IN S OCIAL AND MUNICIPAL LIFE.
PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA:
J. M. ELSTNER  CO., PUBLISHERS,Wm. G. Johnston  Co. Printers, Stationers, Binders, Rulers, Electrot3 pers, Etc, and Dealers
in Printers' Stock; Penn Avenue, CornFr of Ninth
Street.-As at once the oldest and largest establishment of its kind in Pittsburgh, this house furnishes
by its history a notable example of stability and success. It was founded by Wm. G. Johnston in I857.
His father, who was one of the pioneers of a business in many respects similar, began on Market
Street in I8I8 and retired in 1850, at which time the
widely known firm of Johnston  Stockton was dissolved. Mr. Johnston belongs to one of the few
families residing here in the last century: his grandfather having come hither froni Franklin County,
Pa., in I789; which fact makes thfi family centennial
nearly coincident with that connected with the organization of Allegheny County, so recently celebrated. And we may add further in reference to his
grandfather, who was prominent in his conneAion
with all institutions which in its earliest days pro-. - I    r_    _  --
moted the welfare and
growth of the city, that
he also was its postmaster for the long period
of eighteen years, having
been appointed by Jefferson in I804, and serving through the administrations of Madison
and Monroe. The third
brick house which was
built here was erected
by him about I79o, and
in it the father of Wm.
G. Johnston was born.
The latter, too, had a
historic birth place,
being a house on Market
Street, which Major
Ebenezer Denny built of
the brick of Fort Pitt,
when that structure was
demolished, and hence
he is truly a Pittsburght r
to the manor born.'Whilst we assume that
Mr. Johnston's house is
the oldest of the kind in
its city, we are also aware
of his reluctance to be
assigned a date earlier
than the one we have
named,-that of the
foundation laid by himself; making no claini to
be the successor of a
firm which in truth has
no successor, and believing that his early and
thorough training, and
accurate knowledge of
the business, acquired in
part in the old house of
Johnston  Stockton,
gives hini no title to
such distincion. He has
applied to the prosecution of the business the
results of his knowledge
and experience, with the
gratifying success which
is now apparent in the
existing activity in all
the departments of the
h o u s e. The premises
occupied embrace a
handsome, substantial, well-lighted and commodious five-story and basement building, 6ox80 feet in
dimensions, owned by Mr. Johnston, and which
merits the distinction it enjoys of being, for the use
for which it is employed, superior to any in the
United States; and it is equipped with every convenience and facility, including a complete outfit of
printing, binding, cutting, ruling and electrotyping
machinery, and employment is given to a force
averaging about one hundred hands. In the printing department all kinds of book, job and commercial
printing is done in the most finished style of art, and
equal efficiency is shown in the execution of the
work in the blank book manufa6turing, binding,
ruling and electrotyping departments. The printers' stock consists of all kinds of book,-news and
commercial papers, envelopes, cards, and all office
supplies. Mr. W. G. Johnston, the principal in the
house, is recognized as one of the most successful
and substantial of Pittsburgh business men, and in
addition to his ownership of this business is President of the-Duquesne National Bank, President of
the Citizens Insurance Company, President of the
Pittsburgh Steel Casting Company, and prominently
identified with numerous other institutions and
corporations.
William  P. Bennett.-Printer, Stationer and
Blank Book Manufacturer; 89 Fourth Avenue.-This
prominent and old-established house dates its inception back nearly a half of a century, the business
having been founded forty-five years ago by J. R.
Weldin on Third avenue, afterwards succeeded by
William Glenn, followed by C. F. Peck. Thirteen
years ago, Mr. William P. Bennett, who had pre
viously been in ths employ of Mr. Peck, bought out
the business, and removed it to 94 Fifth avenue, remaining there until I884, when he removed to his
present quarters at 89 Fourth avenue, corner of
Wood street, where he occupies three floors, 30X Ioo
feet in diniensions, of the building. These premises
he has thoroughly equipped with all the most highly
improved machinery used in this line of business,
including fine cutting machines, perforators, stitchers, etc., and gives employment to a force ranging
from twenty to thirty hands In addition to his
general line of business as printer, stationer and
blank book manufaurer, he also does an extensive
business in the manufaure of sample cases for
traveling agents, and also keeps a full line of these
articles constantly on hand, as well as all kinds of
stationery and stationers' supplies, blank books,
etc., also in the manufa6ture of silk badges, embroidered or stamped in gold leaf. This house has a
very large and firmly established trade in the city
and its suburbs, aid throughout its long history has
always maintained the highest reputation for fair
and equitable dealing, and the first class character
of its stock; and these merits have commended the
establishment to public favor.
PRINT.RS' WAREHOUSES.
Allan C. Kerr  Co.-Printers' Warehouser
96 and 98 Third Avenue.-This establishment, occupying a special field, holds a prominent place among
the business houses of Pittsburgh and was founded
in I870. They deal in all kinds of printing material,
including, besides all standard faces, a number of
new, fancy, and unique designs in type-faces prepared to meet the deniands of artistic job-rooms;
cuts, rules, dashes, circles, ovals, leads, slugs, metal
and wood furniture; printing presses, hand and
power; paper, card, lead and rule cutters; mitering
machines, chases, galleys, shooting sticks, galley
racks, composing sticks, type cabinets, cases, stands,
imposing stones, and in fat all apparatus used by
printers from a bodkin to a perfecting press. They
also deal in all kinds of printing paper, news,
book and writing, in all sizes and weights, card-board
and envelopes; news, book eand job inks, bronzes,
rollers and roller composition, and all printers' supplies. Twenty
hands are employed, including traveling salesmen who visit printing
offices in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Eastern
Indiana and West Virginia, over which territory the trade of the
house extends. A large
business is done by
Messrs. Kerr _ Co.
whose efficient management and uniformly accurate methods h a v e
worthily gained for them
a notable and gratifying
success.
King  Gilleland.
-Printers' Furnishing
Warehouse; 80$ixth
Avenue.-This firm, of
which Messrs. A. S. King
and W. A. Gilleland are
the individual members,
was formed in I886. Both
gentlemen comprising
the firm are practical
printers and are therefore fully infornled in all
the details of the business, and in regard to
the wants of the printing
trade. They occupy pre
mises at 80 Sixth Avenue, where they carry at
all times on hand a full
stock in complete assortment of presses, type,.
and all printers' necessities, such as brass
rules, wood and metal
furniture, leads, slugs,
chases, cases, stands,
imposing stones, type
cabinets, and in fat
every description of
printers' supplies necessary to furnish a complete job or newspaper
office. They have built
up a large trade in the
c i t y and all parts of
F- 4'i. -    -I  1   __ A__  " -I -   A 111  
Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia, and maintain
such favorable relations with the leading type
foundries and manufacturers of printers' supplies as
enable them to offer the best inducements, in quality and price, to the printing trade. They are also
special agents for the Central Type Foundry, of St.
Louis, and the Boston Type Foundry of Boston,
Mass., and carry a full line of type from both foundries in stock.  They fill all orders in a prompt and
satisfactory manner, and are governed in their dealings by accurate and and reliable principles which
have commended them to favor and a constantly
increasing patronage.
PAPER.
N. West   Co.-Agents for Paper Manufacturers; II4 and 115 Water Street.-The trade in
paper and paper bags has attained proportions of
considerable magnitude, and a representative house'in this line is that condued under the style of N.',West  Co., at Nos. I I4 and II5 Water street, where
is carried at all times a full and comiplete stock of
printing, straw and manilla wrapping papers and
paper bags, full size and weight, Union, square,
-satchel bottom and special, which by special arrangement, Mr. N. West is enabled to offer to the
trade at manufaturers' prices. This business was
established in I880 by Mr. North West, who is sole
-proprietor, and who had been for several years pre-viously prominently identified with other important
ecommercial enterprises in this city. His annual
sales will considerably exceed $50,000, and his trade
extends to all sections of the United States, from
the Atlantic Coast to the Pacific Slope. In addi-tion to the extensive paper trade controlled by this
house, Mr. West is manufacturer of a patent moth
proof blanket bag, which are highly commended for
the special purposes for which they are intended.'This house is as widely and favorably known as any
in the city in its special line, and offers inducements
to dealers and purchasers generally not readily duplicated by any contemporaneous establishment.
PAPFR STOCK.
James Harrison. Dealer in Rags, Paper'Stock and Old Metals; I02 Second Avenue.-This
old established and prominent house dates its inception back to I865, when the' usiness was founded
by the firm of McElroy  Harrison, who condued
it for four years, when Mr. James Harrison became
the sole proprietor. Mr. Harrison has been a resident of Pittsburgh for the past thirty years, and,
prior to establishing this enterprise, was for several
years engaged in handling wrapping paper. He
now occupies for business purposes a thtee-story,and basement building, 3Oxgo feet, at I02 Second
avenue, where he has every convenience and facility
for carrying on his business upon an extensive scale,
and gives employment to a large number of hands.
He keeps constantly on hand very large stocks of
rags, paper stock and metals, and maintains the
most satisfaory relations with paper manufacturers all over  he East and West. His dealings
with the trade have always been charaterized by
the stritest integrity and reliability, and the prosperity which has attended his business is fully
merited.
BOOIK BI NDIRS.
John A. Irwin. -Book Binder and Blank Book
Manufacturer; I I4 Wood Street. -This business was,established in I868 by Mr. Irwin, and the steadily
increasing success hoe has enjoyed is a practical
cdemonstration of the merit of his workmanship and
the accuracy and reliability of his business methods.
He carries on the various departnients of book binding and blank book manufaure, giving employment
to a force ranging from twenty-five to thirty-five
hands. His premises are completely outfitted with
all the necessary and most improved modern appliances and niachinery appropriate to the business,
and all work turned out at his establishment is
executed in the best and most perfe manner. This
merit has secured for him a large city patronage
Mr. Irwin not only does general binding in all the
most perfet and improved styles of the art, but in
llis specialty of blank book manufacture he prepares
avariet3 of books suited to every descrirtion of
business and of unsurpassed utility.  In resources
and facilities, and in every element which goes to
make up a first class establishment in this branch of
produive industry, the house condued by Mr.
Irwin is without a superior in the city or Western
Pennsylvania, and the visitor to it will fird it a
veritable hive of industry.
STAMP CUTTING AND PRINTING.
W. A. Bunting.-Steel Stamp and Stencil Cutter; 20 Fifth Avenue. This business was established in I869 by the firm of J. F. W. Doiman  Co.,
who were succeeded by Mr. W. A. Bunting in I87I.
The original location was 384 I,iberty Street, but
removal was made in April, I887, to 20 Fifth avenue,
where the business occupies the second floor, 50XIOO
feet in dimensions. Mr. Bunting has a high reputation as a steel stamp and stencil cutter and seal
press and general engraver, and at his works he
manufatures every description of stencils, rubber
stamps, steel stamps, etc., carrying constantly on
hand large stocks of inks, brushes, colors, key tags
and rings, brass alphabets, figures and checks for
all purposes, steel alphabets and figures, wax seals,
German silver, roll brass, sheet copper, cigar, distillers' and other brands, dies, etc. Mr. Bunting
also carries a full line of hand and self inking printing presses, chromo and advertising cards, type and
all kinds of printers' supplies. In addition to a
large local business, an extensive trade is done
through Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia,
where this house has a high reputation for the superiority of its product. Mr. Bunting came to Pittsburgh in I869 from Baltimore, Md., where he was
engaged in the same line of business, and he is at
present interested in the manufature of printing
presses and printers' materials there.
The rubber stamp manufaory of Mr. Bunting
has increased its business so rapidly and the demand for new styles of type is so great that he has
added the art of printing to his establishment, carrying on that branchunder the style of the Fifth
Avenue Printing Co, which uses his own make of
press, with chases 6xgYS inches, 8XI2 inches and
I2XI7 inches.  This establishment has the latest
styles and faces of type, and is prepared to do the
very best line of work.
RIVERS AND RAIIROADS.
PAST AND PREiENT TRANSPORTATION FACIIRrIES
OF PITTSBURGH AND ALI,BGHENY.
The question of transportation is one of primary
importance, both in the location and development
of any town or city which aspires to prosperity. Before the days of railroads, in frontier times, when
the strategic advantages of a location were considered of more importance than the possible development of conlmerce and industry, the leading characteristic of availability related principally to its
advantages for navigation. Thomas Carlyle, the
historian, speaking of the visit of George Washington to Pittsburgh, in his graphic and terse style thus
imagines the sensations of the afterward great General upon arriving at the site of Pittsburgh: " Mr.
George got to the Ohio head (two big rivers, Monongagela from the south and Allegheny from the
north, coalescing to forin a double-big Ohio for the
far West) and thought to himself,' What an admirable three-legged place; might be chief post of these
regions; nest egg of a diligent Ohio company.'"
The fact of its being a " three-legged place " was
doubtless the initial one which settled the future of
Pittsburgh. With river navigation as the most efficient means of transporting men and articles, no
location could be more admirable than one thus
situated. Washington's favorable estimate of the
place was of course formed from a military standpoint, and to the eye of a military man, situated as
the Point was in the centet of a savage wilderness,
no more favorable spot could be found at which to
ere fortifications to serve for means of attack and
defense in the occupation of the country. The
French commanders, Contrecceur and others, no
less than Washington, looked upon the place with a
military eye, and were at once struck with its eligibility; and that it was regarded as the keystone of
the entire situation in the upper Ohio country is
amply demonstratt d by the fierce and frequent
strugles made to obtain and retain possession of
the point at the junction of the rivers.
As time passed by and difficulties in regard to
the occupation of the country, international and
domestic, were settled by arms and the course of
events, the "three-legged" situation of Pittsburgh
was made to inure to its advantage in the prosecution
of the trade and commerce of the city. At first the
means tending to utilize these advantages were crude,
for, with the exception of small oared boats, no one
had yet begun to dream of navigating these rivers up
streani. When the settlements were made in the
West in I788 and before, and for several years afterward, flat boats were used to carry the settlers down
the river to their destination, but they were for the
most part utilized at the journey's end to assist in
building the rude cabins of the settlers, or broken
up for other domestic purposes; while return
freights were at first brought up by pack-trains, and
later by wagons; in fact everything in the way of
commerce was principally conducted overlan'd until
abont the end of the E;ighteenth century. Succeedinz the barges, keel boats came into use, and as
early as May I, I790, there is an account of thirteen
men leaving Chartiers Creek with two boats and
with the flood conducting them into the Ohio. One
of these boats was 47XI2 and loaded with forty barrels of flour for New Orleans, while the other was a
barge for passengers. In I794 regular boats between Pittsburgh and Cincinnati, making the round
trip in about four weeks, were established. The
boats were provided with poles, or sweeps, by which
they were propelled, the upward trip being aided
by ropes, which were carried out ahead of the vessel
and fastened to trees, the crews warping the vessel
by pulling on these ropes, and an advertisement of
that date shows the still unsettled and dangerous state of the country by stating: " No danger
need be appreliended from the enemy, as every person on board will be under cover made proof against
rifle or musket balls and convenient port holes for
firing out of. Each of the boats is armed with six
pieces carrying a pound ball, also a number of good
muskets, and amply supplied with plenty of ammunition; strongly manned with choice hands and the
masters of approved knowledge."
In I794 the line of mail-boats was established
from Wheeling and Iimetown and back every two
weeks, the mails being carried between Wheeling
and Pittsburgh on horseback. These boats were
twenty-four feet in length, steered with a rudder
and manned by a steersman and four oarsmen.
Mention has been made in a previous chapter of
the building of the armed galleys, "President
Adams " and " Senator Ross " in I798 and their
equipment for service against the Spaniards on the
lower Mississippi, and in later years Pittsburgh became prominent as a center of the ship building industry. The building of the steamer " New Orleans " and her successful launching in I3II was an
important event for Pittsburgh, inaugurating an
era of steam and the means of comparatively an
effeEtive transportation between the city and points
on the lower river. But while the introduEtion of
steamboats solved one of the difficulties in regard to
transportation, there vere still insufficient means
for rapid and diredt connection with the citie s of the
E;ast, which formed an important part of the trade
of the city, as many of the supplies needed for the
inhabitants were necessarily procured from Eastern
centers, and these also formed markets for the
products of the city, which it was desirable to reach
in the most expeditious way. For overland traffic
the pack horse was the first agency in use, and trains
of from fifty to one hundred horses each carrying
about 200 pounds of merchandise, were no infrequent speEtacle among the arrivals prior to I790.
In I789 the first wagon load of goods was brought
over the mountains from Hagerstown, Md., to
Brownsville, Pa., the goods being delivered at therate of $3 per Ioo pounds. From that time on there
was a steady increase in the use of the Conestoga
wagon as a medium for freight delivery and the
pack-horse system was abandoned. The method of
hauling by wagons continued until the Pennsylvania
Canal was opened, and even afterward a few were
retained in service up to the time of the completion
of the Pennsylvania Railroad, by which the wagoners were deprived of their occupation.
The first a relating to the Pennsylvania Canal
was passed by the Assembly March 27, 1824. Other
legislation, extending the system, was afterward enacted, and as seffions were completed they were put
in operation, the whole system from Pittsburgh to
Philadelphia being finished in I834.  The canal
proper extended from Allegheny City on the west
side of the Allegheny River to a point one mile
above Freeport, where it crossed the river in an
aquedut, and thence to Johnstown, following the
Kiskiminitas for several miles from its mouth, and
thence by dams and locks, which became numerous
as the canal reached the rising country approaching
the mountains. From Johnstown to Holidaysburg,
a distance of about forty five miles, there was a system of inclines, five in number, over which goods
had to be transported.  From  Holidaysburg to
Columbia another canal was opened, while a railroad
of a primitive order of construction connected
Columbia and Philadelphia. In Allegheny City the
canal connected with the river by a lock near the
arch over which the Fort Wayne Railroad now
crosses. An aqueduct was built
across the river a short distance
above this point, and that portion of Pittsburgh in the vicinity
of Penn avenue and Tenth and
Eleventh streets was then occupied by the canal basin, around
which the boat stores were situated. The tunnel under Grant's
Hill, now utilized by the Panhandle Railway, was originally
cut for an outlet for the canal to
the Monongahela River. The
obstacle offered by the mountains made it necessary in transporting freight to re-handle it
at Columbia, Holidaysburg and
Johnstown, which liecessarily
caused delay and increased the
expense. To obviate this aningenious contrivance, known as a
car-boat, was invented. This
consisted of a hull, into which
movable cars or boxes were
placed.  The cars were about
8xI0 feet, and each had a capacity of six tons.  Fourteen oL
these were arranged in the boat
in two rows. Upon reaching
the incline the cars were lifted
by a crane and put on trucks,
pulled to the other end of the
incline, where they were again lowered into boats,
thus saving much handling. This system, however, was afterward superceded by section boats,
were small vessels, three or four which were
coupled like the cars in a train.  At the incline
trucks were run down under eath the boats, and the
entire lot was thus lifted on to the track, conveyed
across the mountains, again set afloat at Holidaysburg, and thence proceeded to the end of the
journey.
Wi1hile the canal, prior to the introduction of the
railroad systems, was largely utilized for the purpose of freight carrying, it was only in the summer
months that it was patronized for passenger use.
There were passenger boats,the equipments of which
were elegant for those days, and in the summer,when
the disadvantage of slowness was somewhat compensated for by the pleasures of the trip, the canal
route was a favorite one with visitors to the East.
The greater part of the passenger travel, however,
was bv stage coaches. There had been none of
these conveniences prior to I805, in which year the
first stage line between Pittsburgh and Philadelphia was inaugurated. The vehicles were spring
wagons, and afforded very little comfort, but afterward, as the population increased, better accommodations were afforded and the regular stage
coach, with its ten mile stages and fast horses,
made the run to Philadelphia in fifty hours for a
fare of $I7. Both the canal and the stage coach
were doomed to fall into desuetude as the railroad
appeared and usurped the functions of both, giving
greater speed and better accommodation, and by
the rapidity and ease of its connections greatly
expanding the facilities and commerce of the city.
The Pennsylvania  Ohio Railroad was the first
to begin work here, it having been inaugurated in
I848, finished to Beaver in July, I85I, and afterward
extended to the West. A number of roads were
soon afterward organized, and in I852 the Pennsylvania Railroad was completed from Pittsburgh to
Philadelphia, and in I860 the same road gave connection westward to Cincinnati and Chicago. Many
additions have since been made to the railroad
facilities of Pittsburgh, which now enjoys diret
connection with every point of the compass and
through communication and a vast traffic with every
leading business center of the Union. This comprehensive railroad system has been a leading factor in securing the marked and steady increase of
population and prosperity which has characterized
the past twenty years of the history of the two
cities. No more available point for the building up
of a great railroad center could be chosen, the city
being located midway between the East and the
West, and being the center of production and distribution for the iron, steel, coal, coke, glass and a
number of the most important industries, and
therefore furnishing a never-ending supply of
freights which are demanded for the use of the
people in all parts of the country. No city in the
Union, of equal size, supplies to railroads an equal
amount of tonnage, and the great impetus given to
the industries of the cities by the introdu6tion of
natural gas, and the consequent increase in the
volume of producions, tends to make this more
and more a center for railroad traffic.
Pennsylvania System.-In the enumeration of the various railways of Pittsburgh the first
position is properly accorded to the Pennsylvania
Road, by which the city is united with the Atlantic
ports, and which, by the completeness of its equipment, is enabled to offer a more dire6t communication with the cities of the seaboard in a shorter
time than by any other route. Not only is the road
eminently useful to the city by reason of its
through conneion with Eastern points, but it is
also an important item in local travel, its accommodation trains giving rapid and frequent connetion
with the suburban towns and cities, and thus enabling thousands daily to come and go between
their business in Pittsburgh and their residences in
towns and villages along the road. The system of
the Pennsylvania Company, a corporation, which,
while organized under a separate charter from the
Pennsylvania Railroad, is virtually identical with
the latter company, comprises a number of railways, each of which has an important bearing upon
the transportation facilities of the two cities. In
the aggregate the Pennsylvania system, with the
lines reaching East and West, does the greater part
of the transportation business of Pittsburgh, and
the vast amount of traffic done by the system is
shown by the statement that during the year i886
it moved one mile 7,634,505,463 tons of freight, and
carried one mile 908,699,466 passengers. A recent
railroad article in a local newspaper thus comments
upon this showing: " These figures exceed by
millions those contained in the traffic statement of
any railway sytem on the continent. The amount
of its freight exceeds the entire tonnage annually
carried by the merchant marine of Great Britain,
and the improvement in the facilities for its transportation is evidenced by the significant fact that
while previous to 1870 the average rate charged per
ton per mile for the movement of freight was
about one cent and one-half, it was in I886 a little
over one-half cent. This reduction has applied to
through freight and to local freight in proportion."
Of the Pennsylvania Company's lines west of
Pittsburgh the Pittsburgh, Ft. Wayne  Chicago
furnishes not only the most direct line to Chicago
but also inclines a net work of roads covering the
States of Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, and reaching,
by various connections, through the States of Missouri and Iowa. By this road, connecting with the
Pennsylvania Railroad, the celebrated New York 
Chicago Limited Express, making the trip between
these two cities in twenty-six hours, an entire train
of palace cars with all the inodern improvements,
is not surpassed anywhere in comfort or luxury.
The Pittsburgh, Cincinnati  St. Louis
gives not only a second conneftion with Chicago
and the Northwest, but also furnishes a diret line
to St. ILouis, reaching the latter city by I40 mliles
shorter route from New York than any other line.
Ma-  ----SLZ--   1-_   L:41 -:4
The connetions by this road
are also of the utmost value,
furnishing the most available
conneftion with Southern Ohio,
Indiana, Southern Illinois and
Missouri.
The Cleveland  Pittsburgh  Railroad,  another
part of the Pennsylvania system,
gives the shortest conne6tion
with the lakes and with the
steamboat lines radiating from
Cleveland and extending to all
the lake ports. This road is
important as opening a large
market for the coal supply, and
at the same time affording the
shortest and most direct channel
from which to receive the copper and iron ores of Lake Superior and Canada so largely
used in conneftion with Pittsburgh manufatures.
Erie  Pittsburgh.-Also
conneted wth the Pennsylvania
syatem is the Brie  Pittsbrgh
Railroad, giving anothor dire6t
northei n route, and making
valuable conneftions with the
lakes and the lines of railroads
bordering upon them.
The Baltimore  Ohio Railroad is conneced with Pittsburgh by means of its two branches,
one formierly the old Pittsburgh  Connellsville
Road, connefting with the main line at Cumberland
and giving easy access to Washington and Baltimore. The other road is to the West by the way of
WVheeling, at which another conneffion with the
Baltimore  Ohio main line is had.
The Pittsburgh  Lake Erie Road is another important line, affording another outlet to
both East and West, and conneffing at Youngstown
and Cleveland with all the various lines which contribute to the great Vanderbilt system. The main
line of this road is only some sixty-eight miles in
length, but it has opened up to the uses of Pittsburgh's commerce a number of railroads which
would otherwise not be available except for this
conneffion, and the branch of this road, the Pittsburgh, McKeesport  Youghiogheny, furnishes an
additional road up the course of the Youghiogheny
into the Connellsville coke region.
The Pittsburgh  Western, which has its
terminus in Allegheny, has conneffion with lines to
the Eastward and Westward, and is important as
affording a competing road.
The Pittsburgh  Castle Shannon road
conne6ts the city with the coal regions lying due
South, and is therefore an important feeder to the,
commerce of the city.PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW.
33
makes it as cheap as the old style draw-head, and
the cheapest automatic coupler yet invented, while
it is at the same time the most effective. Mr. J.
Morton Hall is the general agent for these couplers,
and he has had great success in introducing them
upon the railroads of the country. Mr. Hall is a
business man of prominence, the General Manager
of the Pittsburgh and Chicago Gas Coal Company,
and has a wide acquaintance among the railroad
officials of the country. The company has the
couplers manufactured on contract, but enjoys ample facilities for supplying them in any desired
quantity to railroads. The device is worthy of general introduction not only  upon humanitarian
grounds, but al o as a matter of economy, being
much cheaper, when the loss of pins is considered,
than the old style. Cuts, showing this device and
the manner of its application, appear in the back
part this book.
LOCAL, TRANSPORTATION.
The topographical situation of Pittsburgh and
Allegheny is such as to present numerous difficulties to be overcome before any system of local passenger traffic could be made entirely satisfactory.
In the early history of the city this fact led to the
building of the houses principally upon the bottom
lands, the hills between the two rivers not being
considered available because inaccessible.  So it
was with Allegheny, the hills back from the town
being regarded as obstacles to its spread, and the
first settlement was confined to the lower ground.
These difficulties were, however, surmounted by the
introduction of the system of inclined planes, and
there are now in the two cities seven of these useful
railways: the Monongahela, on Carson street, near
the Monongahela bridge; the Mt. Oliver, head of
South Twelfth street; the Castle Shannon, Carson street, near Brownsville avenue; Duquesne,
on West Carson street, near Point Bridge; Ft. Pitt,
on Second avenue, opposite Birmingham bridge, on
Bluff street, near McGee street; Penn, Sixteenth
street and Liberty avenue, and Ridgewood, Taggart
street and Brighton Place, Allegheny. The various
railroads centering in the two cities, each run accommodation trains to all points within the vicinity
of Pittsburgh, and there are thus a large number of
those who do business in the cities who live in the
boroughs and villages within a radius of thirty
miles of the city, while for the residents of Pittsburgh and Allegheny and their immediate suburbs,
ample street car facilities are afforded by lines running in every direction, including, in addition to a
large number of horse lines, two cable car lines,
which have only recently been put in operation, but
which will doubtless prove to be important additions to the intermural transportation facilities of
Pittsburgh and Allegheny, and with many contemplated additions, will satisfactorily solve the problem
of rapid local transit.
BRIDGES ON THE TWO RIVERS.
Communication between the various parts of Pittsburgh and Allegheny would be attended with may
drawbacks and delays were it not for the fact that
both the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers are
supplied with bridges, sufficient in number, and
generally excellent in  construction.  There are
eight bridges across the Allegheny river, and five
span the Monongahela, and of this total of thirteen,
two are railroad bridges, and the others are for passenger and vehicle travel.  Included among the
number are several which for massiveness, beauty
and strength, are unsurpassed in any part of the
world, the variety including almost every kind of
bridge architecture which has been approved by
experience.
The Monongahela bridge, which crosses the
Monongahela river at Smithfield street, is what is
known as a Pauli truss bridge, and is owned by the
Monongahela Bridge Company. It was constructed
after the designs and under the superintendence of
Gustav Lindenthal, and was opened for travel in
I882. It is erected on seven stone piers, and its full
length is I,22I feet, the main spans being 360 feet
long, and the two towers rise 160 feet above the level
of the bridge, while the pathway is 61 feet above
the water.
The bridge crossing the Allegheny from Sixth
street on the Pittsburgh side to Federal street on
the Allegheny side, is also an excellent specimen of
bridge architecture, and the most important avenne
of travel between the two cities. It is 1,100 feet in
length and 42 feet wide. The Seventh street bridge,
greatly resembling the Sixth street bridge in genneral appearance, but differing considerably in detail, is also a bridge structure upon the strength and
beauty of which the citizens of Pittsburgh and Allegheny justly take pride. The Suspension bridge at
the Point, connecting Pittsburgh and the West End,
stretches from one side of the river to the other
without being supported by central piers, its construction being similar to that of the great New
York and Brooklyn bridge. It is built entirely of
iron, and has a span of about I,200 feet. In addition
to the above bridges, there are the Tenth street
bridge, leading to the South Side, and the Thirtieth
street bridge in Brownstown, and there are across
the Allegheny, in addition to the Sixth and Seventh
street bridges, the Forty third, the Thirtieth, the
Point and the Ninth street bridges.
NATURAL GAS.
THE NUMEROUS ADVANTAGES, INDUSTRIAL AND
DOMESTIC, ACCRUING FROM ITS USE.
There has been no period in the history of
Pittsburgh when it has been reasonably entitled to
complain of its fuel supply.  With vast and pracically inexhaustible coal beds all around her, and
with ample supplies of iron ore easily accessable;
that she should have become a great and ever-growing center of production of iron and steel products
was manifest destiny, only waiting on the advent of
intelligence for its fulfillment. With civilized settlement the necessary intelligence to render available
these resources was not long wanting, and men of
progressive tendencies soon set in motion the forces
at hand. The advancing increase in the production
of the city was marked by her smokestacks, which
grew in number as the years went by.  The name
Pittsburgh came to be known by was " The Smoky
City," a name worn complacently because the smoke
was regarded as the mantle of prosperity for a city
which aimed to pre-eminence as a manufacturing
centre. But a time came when all this was to be
changed.  Kurt Sorge, Esq., a learned  German
engineer who visited this city about two years ago,
thus describes the transformation:
" From the south side - Duquesne Heights the
eye can penetrate for miles upwards into the valleys
of the rivers forming the Ohio, as also down into
the beautiful bed of the river itself.  The grandeur
of this panorama is only equalled by the feeling of
interest awakened in one at the sight of the six
river shores, closely studded with factories, mills
and works of every conceivable kind; also with
wharves for the active river traffic.  As far as the
eye can reach not a solitary spot can be found, free
from the occupancy of some industrial work or
another; and nowhere else was the fact more clearly
illustrated to my mind, that the bustle, excitement
and activity peculiar to American life can only allot
an infinitesimal proportion of time to the so justifiable enjoyment of life's pleasures.  The immense
number of chimneys and smoke-stacks seen from
this elevation, render an easy explanation of Pittsburgh's cognomen " Smoky City," although the
transparency of the atmosphere is much less infringed upon than would be supposed from the
number of smoke-stacks.  The foreign technicist
is involuntarily possessed of a feeling of awe, nay of
shame, at perceiving this apparently perfected
system of heating and combustion; for it is a fact
that, while the works inside are undoubtedly in full
blast, only very small quantities of smoke are
emitted from above. He, however, soon learns that
this seeming phenomenon is not caused by any
technical perfection in the system of heating, but
by the ideal perfection of the fuel used; for in most
of the factories which the observer views at his feet,
natural gas is being used; and to this circumstance
alone is attributable the freedom from smoke and
the clearness of the atmosphere. I have been assured that prior to the introduction of natural gas
the sun was often invisible for days in Pittsburgh,
while only a few miles away, over the adjacent hills,
it would be shining in all its glory."
The distinguished engineer just quoted was fully
justified in characterizing natural gas as an " ideally
perfect " fuel. Its introduction into domestic use
has conferred untold benefits on thousands of
households; while its utilization in manufactures has
given added impetus to the industrial activities of
the city. It has been aptly said by a scientific writer:
" Fuel is to the steam engine what the main-spring
is to a watch-the source of its power and the measThe Pittsburgh, Virginia Charleston,
now better know as the Monongahela Division of
the Pennsylvania Railroad, runs along the South
bank of the Monongahela River and is principally
used to relieve the main lines of the Pennsylvaria
Railroad of some of its heavy freight traffic while
passing through Pittsburgh.
The Western Pennsylvania gives communication with important points along the North
shore of the Allegheny River, and forms an auxiliary
connection East by way of the Pennsylvania Railroad, with which it connects at Blairsville, about
sixty miles east of Pittsburgh.
The Allegheny Valley Railroad, which
runs to the Northeast, gives Pittsburgh another
route to the lake regions, and also, with its connections, affords a favorite means of reaching the
Eastern seaboard and especially the New England
cities.
The Junction Railroad is important as a
link that connects the several lines and facilitates
the transfer of freight.
These numerous railways are the arteries through
which the vast production of Pittsburgh's mills and
factories reach to every section of the Union, and
they constitute a factor of primary importance in
the emuneration of the facilities of the two cities.
RAILWAY APPLIANCES.
Pittsburgh not only furnishes more tonnage to
railroads than any other city of the Union, except
New York, but it is also an important center of
manufactures entering into railroad equipment.
The largest steel rail industry of the country is comprised in the operations of the mills in and near
Pittsburgh, and here also are made heavy and light
locomotives, and everything of a metallic nature
entering into the construction or equipment of
railways In modern invention as applied to securing safety in railroad operations, Pittsburgh and
Allegheny contain many of the n ost noted establishments in the world. The automatic air brake,
as used on the leading railroads of the world and
applied to both freight and passenger cars, is a
Pittsburgh invention, and its production employs
one of the largest manufactories in the two cities,
and here also are produced many other important
inventions in railway appliances.
Huselton Automatic Car Coupler Company.-W. S. Huselton, President; J. Morton Hall,
General Agent; General Office, Room 11, Bissell
Block, Smithfield Street and Seventh Avenue.-The
very large number of accidents which annually occur
as a consequence of the use of link and pin couplers
on railroads has attracted the attention of inventors,
and has led to the introduction of a number of
contrivances designed to do away with the necessity
of going between cars to couple them. Among
others so attracted was Dr. W. S. Huselton, one of
the most prominent practicing physicians of Allegheny, and who had been for a number of years a
railroad physician, and is now Medical Director to
the Pittsburgh  Western Railroad. The numerous
cases coming under his observation where injuries
had been caused by the couplers ordinarily in use
led him to exert his inventive faculties toward
developing a coupler which should do away with
the risks to life and limb incident to the use of
ordinary couplers. This he succeeded in doing in a
more satisfactory manner than any previous inventor,
and his device is covered by letters patent, and on
May 5, 1885, The Huselton Automatic Car Coupler
Company was organized for the purpose of introducing these devices to the railroads of the country. This coupler combines in a marked degree
the requisites of simplicity, efficiency and durability, is made of malleable iron, in different sizes, and
can be readily applied to either old or new cars
without change of attachments. The perfection of
its mechanism is such that it does not get out of
order and does away with coupling pins and obviates the necessity of going between the cars to
couple or uncouple them. It works with the standard or any ordinary link, and can be coupled to
draw-heads of any style. These couplers have been
adopted by the Pittsburgh  Western Railroad and
leased lines, as well as by a number of other railroads, and are constantly growing in favor in all
parts of the country. It is not only effective in the
protection of train men from accident and injury
while coupling or uncoupling cars, but its simplicityure of its effects. Indeed, fuel may be regarded as
the main-spring of modern civilization, for there is
scarcely a process in the mechanical arts in which
heat obtained from its combustion is not a prime
agent."
The advantages, therefore, which Pittsburgh
possesses in an abundant supply of fuel perfect in
all the requisites of adaptability to the uses of man,
cannot be overestimated.  This wonderful fuel,
known as natural gas, is by no means a newly created element. It is said to have been utilized by
the Chinese many centuries ago, and in more modern days low pressure gas springs have been in a few
cases utilized for lighting purposes in the Rhenish
provinces of Germany. In Fredonia, N. Y., it was
used for illuminating purposes as early as I82I, and
in the development of the oil regions of Pennsylvania gas wells were in many cases struck by drillers. It seems strange, in view of recent developments, that this great natural reservoir of pure fuel
should have gone so long unappreciated and regarded more in the light of an obstacle than otherwise; the presence of the gas sometimes interfering
with the development of oil wells, while those who
were drilling for salt were even more greatly an-  -    A.0 - a;*  n c-c    +al;   -GX F/-f k   ir,,
noyed, the gas in many cases taking fire
and causing serious damage. In what is
now the Grapeville gas district it escaped
from the swampy ground, and George
H. Thurston states that school boys were
in the habit of lighting these exhalations
for amusement. The first practical utilization of natural gas in Pennsylvania was
in the oil regions, where it was adopted
for fuel under boilers, and also used as
an illuminant.
In I875, two of the iron manufaturing
firms of the city, Spang, Chalfant  Co.
and Graff, Bennett  Co., utilized the
gas by piping it diret to their furnaces,
but these experiments, though successful,
were not for several years imitated by
other firms.  The organization of the
Philadelphia Company in I884, and its
subsequent activity in the introduction of
natural gas into fatories and dwellings
was really the pioneer in the present
natural gas era in Pittsburgh's prosperity,
and to George Westinghouse, Jr., the
credit is largely due of inaugurating the
important new departure. The result of
this beginning is aptly summarized in a
recent article in the Pittsburgh Dispatch:
" Four years later sees the entire city
and every important village and borough
in the county using the gas for every purpose for which coal was formerly employed, while a network of pipes, amounting in the aggregate to thousands of
miles, underlies the country in nearly all
directions for a radius of twenty-five
miles from this great industrial center."
" Twenty-five natural gas firms and
companies have offices in the two cities
and the capital stock of several of them
runs up into the millions. One company
alone estimates that in I886 its prodution
of gas was 60,ooo,ooo,ooo cubic feet, or
the equivalent in heat-producing power
of 2,500,coo tons of coal."
II P- 11     - 11         r - _    _  _:I  _!  _1  -,  x         I
" The chief gas-producing territory lies within
twenty miles of the city, and the'gas districts,' as
they are called, are known as the Murraysville,
Grapeville, Canonsburg, Hickory, Sheffield, Baden,
Tarentum and Pine Run fields. Wells in all these
districts supply gas to Pittsburgh and Allegheny
and their suburbs. Other immense gas territories
in Western Pennsylvania supply the manufaturing
towns of Ohio and West Virginia, gas being piped
from them to Youngstown, Wellsville, East ILiverpool, Wheeling, Bellaire, Bridgeport, Martin's Ferry,
Steubenville and other places."
"There are few sorts of manufaturing industries
in which natural gas cannot be used to better advantage than coal, while for warming dwellings it
is universally admitted that there is no superior
fuel. It makes neither dust nor smoke, produces
an even and constant temperature, and is lighted
and extinguished as easily as a common gas jet. It
is a boon to every housekeeper as well as every
manufaurer."
As to the permanency of the supply of this great
product, there are various opinions advanced, but
the concensus of theories upon the subject seems to
be that if the supply is to be at some period of the
future exhausted, it will be so remote as to make
but little difference in the plans of the present and
several future generations.
Under existing conditions natural gas has added
much to the volume and quality of Pittsburgh manufactures. It has cheapened the cost of prodution,
added to the capacity of the industries and has
given to Pittsburgh and Allegheny advantages with
which other cities, not so highly favored, are unable
to compete.
The adaptation of natural gas to the various industries, and the effect of its introduftion upon
those branches of produftion, must necessarily be
treated of in the chapters devoted to those special
lines.
Perhaps one of the most useful effets of the
introdu6tion of natural gas into manufactures and
domestic use, is the discussion which it has evoked
in regard to the future of the fuel problem. The
advantages of gas are manifested in so many ways
that it is a generally expressed opinion that if the
supply of natural gas should become exhausted, the
industries which have employed it in their operation would not go back to coal fuel, with all its
drawbacks, but would have recourse to some of the
numerous cheap and effeftive processes for the manufacture of artificial gas which are being perfeted.
Even apart from any possibility of a diminution of
the gas sopply, there are many regions in which
natural gas is not obtainable, and the communities
affeted are already looking to new gas processes as
a probable and important aid to manufaturing
operations. The introduftion of these processes
would have no injurious effet on the coal trade, as
no method of producing gas can be devised into
which bituminous gas coal will not largely enter.
This is a new field of enterprise, and its possibilities
must enter largely into all intelligent speculation
as to the industrial future of American cities.
E. M. HukiI 1-Proprietor and Operator of
Oil and Natural Gas Wells; 8 Wood Street.-Intimately conneed with the history, first, of the oil
industry, and lately, of the development of the
wonderful natural gas resources of Western Pennsylvania, is Mr. E. M. Hukill, whose affive record in conneffion with this fuel produffion of
Western Pennsylvania gives him a special prominence among the successful and noted men of this
region.  Mr. Hukill is a native of Newcastle
County, Delaware, from whence he removed in I864
to Venango County, Pa., and soon became prominently identified with extensive oil operations in
that produftive region. He developed a large number of oil wells, and from I87I to I876 was a member of the prominent banking house of Reynold,
Hukill  Co., of Oil City, which was one of the
most important banking ccncerns in the oil region.
Mr. Hukill has for the past quarter of a century
made a close study of the formations favorable for
the production of oil, and lately of natural gas, and
by his researches into this interesting subjet has
become an accurate judge of the values of oil and
gas properties. Mr. Hukill has long been known as
one of the best informed and most praftical experts
in everything that pertains to the produftion and
development of oil, and later when the gas interest
began to be prominent, he also devoted much
attention to the subjet of the development of the
gas resources of Western Pennsylvania and West
Virginia and has been engaged on an extensive
scale in the development of gas wells. He organized the Carpenter Natural Gas Company, which
acquired an important property in Westmoreland
County gas wells, which was afterwards sold to the
Philadelphia Company, and since that time he has
developed other gas wells in West Virginia and
C  -   L - - 4 _  *   A   -    1 -
Green County, Pa., and is now largely
interested both in oil and gas wells, the
Pine Run Gas Company, of which he is
President, owning the gas wells from
which leechburgh, Natroona, Freeport
and a number of other towns are supplied with natural gas. Mr. Hukill is a
gentleman of the highest standing in the
business circles of the city, and in social
life as well as in business is esteemed as
a representative and worthy citizen, selfreliant in projection, and upon the principle that every man should be the framer
of his own fortune, having once adopted
a line of action, he pursues it tenaciously
to a definite end. Untiring energy, a high
order of executive ability, and a cultivated intelligence have been the fators
which have secured for Mr. Hukill his
notable business success, while his labors
and enterprise have conferred a benefit
upon the community, as it is to such
men that the development of the resources and the expansion of the pros.
perity of Western Pennsylvania is due.
J. M. Guffey.- 3 Stephenson Building, 43 Sixth Avenue. -Among the names
which are prominent in connetion with
the introduftion of natural gas into homes
and fatories, that of J. M. Guffey deserves
special mention. He has been one of the
mnost aftive of those who have exhibited
their faith in the stability of this fuel by
the investment of capital, the aftive promotion of enterprises for the distribution of the gas, and the expenditure of
energy and industry in bringing home
the be-nefits of this great fuel to the largest number of towns and villages. Mr.
Guffey is now President respeftively of
The Bellevue Natural Gas Company, The
South-West Natural Gas Company, and
the Westmoreland and Canibria Natural
Gas Company, all of which are corpora1,-Y,        n'C;+ 1 n q i 1     P"O;TAOlC  ilrl; t  1ntions of large capital and actively engaged in the
business of gas distribution. Mr. Guffey manages
the business of these companies with marked ability,
and takes deserved rank as a leader in the natural
gas industry.
The Bellevue Natural Gas Company
was incorporated September I4th, I886, for the
purpose of supplying the boroughs and villages of
Bellevue, West Bellevue, E;msworth, Laurel and
Glenfield and distrits adjacent thereto, obtaining
most of its supply of gas from wells on Neville
Island, of which it owns at present four-with an
output of gas nearly as great as when the wells were
first struck. The company has about twenty-five
miles of high and low pressure mains for supplying
its customers, of which all are private houses.
The South-West Natural Gas Company was incorporated March 3oth, I888, and its
mains 8x IO inch wrought iron screw joint and I2
inch wrought iron converse joint pipe, run from
Grapeville, Westmoreland County, following the
coke belt about thirty-two miles to Uniontown,
Fayette County, supplying Mt. Pleasant, Scottdale,
Connellsville, New Haven, Dunbar and Uniontown,with numerous villages and hamlets between the
termini- also supplying a great number of coke and
brick works with fuel for generating steam, etc. In
addition to the 8, Io and I2 inch pipe referred to,
this company has a vast amount of smaller sizes
of pipe in its high and low pressure systems.
The Westmoreland and Cambria Natural Gas Company was incorporated in
March, I886, and has two main lines of seventy miles
of Io and I2 inch and six miles I6 inch wrought iron
pipe, running from Grapeville in Westmoreland
County to Johnstown, Cambria County, Pa., a distance of forty-one miles, supplying the great Cambria Iron Company at Johnstown with all their fuel,
as well as a very large domestic consumption in
Johnstown and adjacent boroughs, as well as Latrobe,
near which its lines pass. The low pressure system
of this company is complete in all its details in
L/atrobe and Johnstown and
vicinity. This corporation owns
and controls 25,000 acres of gas
territory, situated in the great
Grapeville field, the greatest
gas field, perhaps, ever discovered.
COAL AND COKE.
PRODUCTIVE MINES IN  AND
AROUND PITTSBURGH.D,VEULOPMENT OF THE
COKE BUSINESS.
One of the first fats to impress itself upon the observation of the earliest explorers
of Western Pennsylvania was
its marvelous wealth of coal
deposits, which cropped out
from nearly every hillside, and
gave promise of a great industrial future that was to be. Of
course these earlier adventurers
had but little idea of the greatness of the development either
of the country at large, or the
section of it embraced within
the bounds of Western Pennsylvania; but the utility of
these deposits for supplying
the immediate wants of nearby settlements was of course
at once suggested, and the
people who first came to this
region soon began to utilize
the coal so plentifully found
as fuel. In an old volume of
Thomas Hutchins it is said
" Most of the hills on both
sides of the Ohio are filledwith
excellent coal, and a mine was
in the year I760 opened opposite Fort Pitt on the river
Monongahela, for the use of
that garrison."  The locality
from which this coal was obtained was in the neighborhood
of where the Pittsburgh 
Lake Erie depot now stands.
Of course, with the sparse
settlement of Pittsburgh in the
early day, the amount of coal
*  r r_ A_ A1,,,    t.... sh
mined for several yeats must have n cessarily been
very limited, and the most serious problem in connection with mining it was the difficulty of delivering it
from the hills to the valley. Tradition says that this
difficulty was obviated by the early miners by wrapping the coal in rawhides and rolling them down to
the river bottom as the most ready method of getting
the product from the mines to the bank of the river. In
I784 the Penns, for the sum of;G30 a lot, granted to
certain persons the privilege of digging coal in the
hill opposite Fort Pitt, and from that time to the
present theminingof coal has been a regular industry, although it was still a number of years
before the operations extended any further than
supplying the local demand. It is said that the coal
with which the O'Hara Glass Works, the initial
enterprise of its kind in Pittsburgh, was supplied,
was taken from Coal Hill (now Mt. Washington, in
the Thirty-Second Ward of Pittsburgh) and was
hauled down the hill by a sled-car drawn by one
horse. This car was made by two oak saplings,
which served as shafts, and a box, with the capacity
of about fifteen bushels, was fastened to the other
end.
As settlements increased on the lower river, and
the demand grew in the towns along the banks of
the Ohio and further south for a better fuel than the
adjacent forests afforded, those interested in the
coal locations around Pittsburgh began to speculate
upon the possibility of utilizing the river as a means
of transportation and thereby building up a demand
for their product. The first shipinent of coal from
Pittsburgh was made in I803 on the ship "Louisiana"
of 350 tons burden, built in this city, ballasted with
coal and dispatched via New Orleans and the Gulf
of Mexico to Philadelphia, at which city the coalwas
sold for 37Y cents a bushel, or $9 a ton.  The first
boating of coal down the Ohio in flat boats was in
I8I7, and this inaugurated a method of reaching the
lower markets which was utilized in supplying the
wants of the Ohio and Mississippi river towns until
I845. These flat boats, which were built of pine
lumber and were about Ioo feet long, 20 to 25 feet
wide and from 6 to 8 feet deep, were propelled by
the current of the river and guided by long sweeps,
or oars. Added to the disadvantage of slowness of
delivery there was in this method the further objection that the price of the boat was necessarily added
to that of the cargo, as it was impossible to bring
back these boats to Pittsburgh, and the usual methods was when the crews had sold their cargoes of
coal for them to perform the long and tedious journey back to Pittsburgh on foot.
In I845 a beginning was made, the success of
which resulted in the adoption of the present system
of towing coal, a business which has steadily increased from year to year and has become one of the
most important items in the commercial relations
of Pittsburgh with down river cities and towns. In
that year Daniel Bushnell began towing coal down
the Ohio with a small stern-wheel boat, called the
"Walter Forward," the first trip being an experimental one to Cincinnati, and the tow consisting ot
three coal flats loaded with 2,000 bushels each. In
the same year Judge Thomas H. Baird began towing
coal to Hanging Rock, O., with a side-wheel boat
called " The Harlem " and two barges, adding to the
profit of the venture by bringing back return cargoes of pig metal. In the fall of I849 Hugh Smith
began to tow coal to the lower markets with the
steamboat " Lake Erie." During I849 Daniel Bushnell built "The Black Diamond" towboat to tow
coal to Cincinnati and New Orleans, his first trip to
the latter city being made in I850, and from the latter
year the practice of floating coal down the river in
barges guided by sweeps has been entirely abandoned, and the system of "towing" coal, as it is
called, exclusively used. Properly speaking, the
expression "towing," as applied to the manner in
which coal is handled on the Ohio and Mississippi,
is a inisnomer, as the coal is
really propelled, instead of
being towed. A " tow of coal,"
as it is called, is formed of
from ten to fourteen barges
and coal boats. A barge is a
boat constructed similar to the
hull of a steamboat, is 130 feet
long and 25 feet wide and holds
about I3,ooo bushels of coal,
or about 500 tons. A coal boat
is I70 feet long and 26 feet wide,
built like a box with perpendicular sides and a " rake " or
end-slope of about I8 inches at
each end. A boat carries 24,000
bushels, or about goo tons. The
barges cost from $I,ooo to $I,Ioo
each and last from nine to ten
years,. being towed back when
unloaded as " empties." The
coal boats cost about $600 each
and are sold with their loads.
A tow made up of boats and
barges generally contains 24,000
tons, or about 600,000 bushels,
forming a massive floating
island of about one and a quarter acres, representing the excavation of five acres of coal
seam. These boats are all lashed
together and placed in front of
the steamboat, to which the
fleet is firmly attached, and
then the whole starts down the
river propelled by a little
steamer go or Ioo feet in length.
A recent article in The Dispatch, to which we are indebted
for many facts in this chapter,
gives some interesting information in regard to the methods
of handling and the extent of
the coal towing business on
these rivers:
" In handling these tows
there is probably no such boatx
manship in the world as is
shown by the Pittsburgh pilot.
Skill, judgment and nerve are
all called into play as this ponderous bulk sweeps down the
oft-times swollen stream at a
speed of eight or ten miles an
hour along the tortuous channel with few feet of channel or
Kts       r,, {va  --of  
water depth to spare.  There are from  ninety
to one hundred tow boats engaged in towing
coal to down river markets, and there is an
average of from 3,500X000 to 4,000,000 tons, or
Ioo,ooo,ooo bushels a year shipped down the river,
which is almost entirely the product of the Monongahela River mines. The amount transported by
rail is from 7,000,000 to 8,000,000 tons, or about 200,ooo,ooo bushels. This coal field, embracing an area
of I5,000 square miles, from which such values are
taken, and whose estimated total value has been
stated at $75,ooo,ooo,ooo, was purchased by the Penns
over a hundred years ago for $Io,ooo! An authority
on the subject states that $75,ooo,ooo a year in value
could be taken from it for a thousand years and only
exhaust its upper measures."
The extent of the bituminous coal industry centering in Pittsburgh and embracing the territory
within fifty or sixty miles east, south and west of
the city, is the greatest in productive capacity and
value of any district of, similar dimensions in the36
PITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW,
world. In this area there are, including the cokeries,
over 200 collieries, in which are employed between
27,ooo and 28,ooo hands, whose yearly wages amount
to from $11,000,000 to $12,000,000. The co mmercial
value of the output is from $22,000,000 to $25,000,000.
Coal from this district is shipped as far East as New
York and as far South as New Orleans, while the
Western cities are supplied by rail and the lake
ports by rail and water with an important proportion of the product.
The importa nce of the river system as a channel
of distribution of this great product is practically
beyond estimate, coal being transported from Pittsburgh to Louisville, 600 miles, for twenty cents a
ton; from Louisville to New Orleans, 1,400 miles
further, for fifty-three cents a ton; or from Pittsburgh to New Orleans, 2,000 miles, for seventy-three
cents, or 3 1/2 cents per hundred pounds. While the
coal trade of Pittsburgh is by no means confined to
Allegheny County's product, it will be interesting,
in this connection, to quote the most recent statistics, prepared by Mr. Charles A. Ashburner, assistant in charge of coal statistics for the United States
Geological Survey, and recently furnished by him
to the Pittsburgh Dispatch, giving the figures in
regard to the production of coal in Allegheny
County for 1887.
Mr. Ashburner says that the number of mines in
Alleghenly County in 1886 was eighty-five; in 1887,
ninety-three, an increase of eight mines. The production in tons for 1886 was 4,202,086; for 1887,
4,680,924, an increase of 478,834 tons mined. The
average price per ton at the mines in 1886 was
$0.925; in 1887 it was $I.03, and increase of $0.105.
The number of miners employed in the county in
1887 was 10,000. The shipment of coal for 1887 was
4,472,924 short tons; local consumption 125,000 tons;
coke 83,000 tons; making the total production of
the county 4,680,924 tons.
As  compared  with  the  rest of the  State, Allegheny County stands third  for the  number of tons
of bituminous coal produced  for 1887.  Westmoreland County is first, with  a record of 6,074,486 tons,  t
and Clearfield second, with a yearly product of
5,345,528 tons. Allegheny County is second in the
amount of coal shipped to market, since out of
Westmoreland's output 3,001,634 tons were coked in
1887.
There are more mines in Allegheny  County than   a
in  any  other  bituminous  county  in  the  State, onesixth of all the mines in the twenty six counties being  a
located  in Allegheny  county.  This county produces
I5  per  cent. of  the  total bituminous  production  of
the  State  for  1887, which  amounted  to  31,516,856
tons.  The  production  of Allegheny  County for  1887
is further equal to one half the  output for the  same  L
time  of  either Ohio or Illinois, two  and  a  half times
the  production  of  either  Alabama  or  Tennessee,
only 55,896  tons  less  than  the  output  of  West Virginia, and  more than  the  production  of either Iowa,
Maryland,  Indiana  or  Missouri.  Excluding  Iowa
and  Missouri, this county produces  more  coal than
all the  States  and  Territories  West of  the  Mississippi  River  combined.  During   1887  there  were
shipped  from  Pittsburgh  to Cincinnati alone  1,369,336 tons  from  Allegheny  County and  the  surrounding  country.                                       m
With regard  to  the  future of  the  coal industry,
Mr. Ashburner  furnishes  soine  figures  which  give
gratifying assurance that it will be many years, at
least, before there will be any suffering on account
of the shortness of the coal supply. There still re-  of
mains in the county in coal beds over 2 feet thick
2,500,000,000 tons of coal yet to be mined. Of this
amount 1,700,000,000 tons are to be found in the
Pittsburgh coal beds alone. Of the remaining 2,500,ooo,ooo tons 700,000,000 tons exist, the lower productive coal beds of which will have to be mined in
shafts ranging from  200 to 1,000 feet in depth. In
addition to the above interesting facts, Mr. Ashburner explained that, while much of the coal has
been driven out of the local market by the use of
natural gas, yet during 1887, Pittsburgh coal reached
more distant markets and more widely scattered
than in any year before. As a result the railroads
received a larger tonnage and longer hauls, and in  of
this manner were able to make better rates, so that
the increased cost of the coal did not amount to
much.   The local consumption of 125,000 tons of  for
coal per year, in addition to the cheap fuel furnished
by natural gas, also shows in some measure the
growth  and variety   of industries in  Allegheny
County. These figures are gratifying as exhibiting
not only a wonderful present activity but also an
encouraging future for the coal industry of the two
cities.
GAS AND THE COAL TRADE.
The effect of the introduction of natural gas
into the manufactories and dwellings of WestePennsylvania has, as has been stated, brought with
it a largely decreased consumption in the local
field, which has, however, been compensated in
large measure by the expansion of the outside
market. In regard to the future of the coal trade
factor which must enter largely into all speculation
is the growing demand for some sort of artifici
fuel gas which shall, in a measure, place manufacturing centers and large cities elsewhere upon
plane of comparative equality with those commun
ties enjoying the advantage of natural gas. From
this point of view the effect of possible developments in this direction can not be better stated tha
by quoting from the pamphlet on " The Mercantile
Manufacturing and Mining Interests of Pittsburgh,
published by the Chamber of Commerce in 1884
when natural gas was just being generally introduced into the city, but which is equally pertinent
to the subject of the coal outlook now as then:
"The future of the trade looks bright, with the
exception of the home market, in which, at present
the use of natural gas threatens to largely supplan
the use of coal, because of its apparent cheapness
and more especially its managability and thorough
ness of combustion, when compared with the past
cost of the coal used to do the same work. As coal
is used, at least 60 per cent. (some claim 80 per cent.)
Of its fuel value is wasted by incomplete combustion; and therefore the comparison made between
natural gas and coal does not determine anything
more than that the gas could be profitably used,
when 60 per cent. of the coal was wasted. It has
been claimed by Dr. Siemens for years past, that
coal should be manufactured into fuel gas at the
mines and thence transported by pipes to the place
of consumption, and in a communication to the
London Times, Mr. H. T. Edwards, an expert engineer, replying to criticisms of Mr. Ellis Lever upon
this idea of Dr. Siemens, writes as follows:
"' The gas Dr. Siemens referred to was gas fuel,
not lighting gas. Instead of, as Mr. Lever supposes,
large volumes of coke, tar, etc., being produced in
making the gas, which coke, tar, etc., would have to
be hauled to bank and despatched to customers, not
an ounce of coke or a gallon of tar would remain
to be dealt with. All would be turned into gas fuel,
and the only product other than gas would be mere
cinder, for whicb, if the gas producers were at the
bottom of the pit, plenty of room would be found
in the coal working. Properly quenched, no danger
to life or property would be caused thereby. Mr.
Lever will find, if he will study the subject, that
this gaseous fuel will average about 40,000 cubic
feet per ton of coal, as against 10,000 cubic feet of
ighting gas the gas companies obtain, and that the
gas is far more powerful as a heating agent than
ighting gas, and if he will enter into the calculaion he will also find that is. per 1,000 cubic feet
stimated by Dr. Siemens as the possible selling
price, would leave enormous profit to the coal
wner.   For years past I       have predicted  that the
time will come when gaseous fuel from the pit's
mouth will be made to convey itself any distance
that may be required, and solid coal will be rarely
een away from the colliery districts, and that the
change will effect a saving of many millions of
ounds sterling per annum in railway freight, wear
f wagons, and so forth, besides solving once and
forever the smoke question.'"
" Now the best coal in the Pittsburgh seam yields
10,000 cubic feet of illuminating gas per ton of coal.
therefore it will yield, according to Dr. Siemens
and Mr. Edwards, 40,000 cubic feet of fuel gas per
ton, and the cost of mauufacture is trifling when
compared with the manufacture of illuminating gas,
and with the expiration of patents on the plant necessary for its manufacture its cost is not now great,
besides which the improvement by Mr. Swindell in
valves on the Siemens-Martin furnace, together with
Le introduction of a steam jet, have doubled the
pacity of the old producer. For the manufacture
of this fuel gas slack and nut coal can be used as
avantageously as the lump coal. This slack and
nut coal can be bought, delivered at the mills here
for, say, three cents per bushel or eighty cents per
ton; in other words, 40,000 cubic feet of fuel gas for
eighty cents, adding two cents per thousand for the
st of manufacturing and hauling away ashes (it
can be done for one cent in the new producer) $160
for 40,000 cubic feet of fuel gas, or four cents per
1,000. From our premises it would appear th at
competition between " made " gas and natural gas is
quite possible, especially if the production of coke,
with its well defined and recognized uses in metal-.gas lurgy is taken into account."
While speculation on this subject involves a pracith  tical revolution of the coal industry and the precal  supposition of radical changes in handling, etc., it
is by no means idle. The century in which we live
has produced wonders in the adaptation of specific
a principles to the requirements of humanity which
on  make it no longer inadmisible to expect anything
ial  within the range of the possible, while many of the
things which are now everyday concomitants of
human existance were derided as chimerical when
first proposed. It may, at any rate, be confidently
predicted that Pittsburgh and Western Pennsylvania
p-  will benefit by any future developments in the
methods of supplying " the fuel of the future," of
le  which bituminous coal will necessarily be the principal raw material.
THE COKE TRADE.
In addition to the large amount of coal mined
for the purposes of commerce and shipment, there
is an extensive portion of it which is taken from the
mouth of the coal pit direct  to ovens and turned
s,  into coke. Early experiments in the manufacture
of coke mentioned by various writers were those in
1811, when coke was made and used at the Allegheny
Furnace in Blair County, and that of Colonel Isaac
Meeson, who in 1817 used it in his Plumsock Refinery in Fayette County; and F. H. Oliphant in
n  I836 made at his Fairchance Furnace a considerable
g  amount of coke iron.  These early experiments led
to no great extension of the industry, and the great
production which centers in the Connellsville region
may be said to have had its practical beginning in
1859, when  coke fuel was used by Graff, Bennett 
Co. to run their Clinton Furnace.  It is stated, however, in  a  report by Mr. Joseph  D. Weeks, that as
early as I842 coke was manufactured in the Connellsville district, and that two boat loads of 8co bushels
each were taken to Cincinnati by a Mr. Campbell.
For several years the operations of the cokeries
were mainly restricted to supplying a local demand,
L  but the development of the past thirtv years has increased the industry, which now represents one of
the most important items in the business prosperity
of Pittsburgh. While the cokeries themselves are
situated in various parts of Allegheny, Westmoreland and Fayette counties, the business is managed
from Pittsburgh, and it is Pittsburgh capital and
enterprise by which the industry is directed and
managed. The investment in plants represents an
amount which may be approximately stated at $7,000,000, exclusive of the value of the coal lands, and
the annual product of coke in the Connellsville
region will average over 4,000,000 tons.
In speaking of the processes by which the coke
is made in the Connellsville region a recent article
in The Pittsburgh Leader says: " The process of
making coke is an interesting sight to a stranger.
The ovens are built in a long line each being separated from the other by a stone wall. The coal is
put in from the top, an average charge for each
oven being 100 bushels, or about 7,600 pounds.
These ovens vary from eleven to twelve feet in
diameter and from five to six feet in height. The
charge of coal is dumped in at the crown of the
oven and spread on the floor at an average depth of
two feet to burn what is called forty eight hour coke,
and two and a half feet for what is called seventytwo hour coke. The front opening of the oven,
from which the coke is taken when finished, is
nearly closed with brick and luted with loam. The
heat of the oven from its previous coking fires the
charge. As the coking progresses the air is gradually shut off by closing all openings. When the
coke is thoroughly burned the door is opened, the
coke cooled by a stream of water thrown upon it
with a hose, after which it is taken out, and the
yield of coke is from 63 to 65 per cent. of the coal
charged." The amount of coal consumed in this
process will average about 7,500,000 tons. A market
for the coke is found in nearly every State and Territory in the Union where the smelting of ores or
metals is carried on, and the excellence of the Connellsville product, which is recognized as the best
cok e made, gives it a value so great that it is
shipped to points where the cost of transportation
is many-fold greater than the cost of the product of
the ovens. This is especially the case when the
coke is transported to the mineral regions of the
West.
The growth of the coke industry has been rapid.
In I850 the number of establishments in the wholecountry of which there was any return was four; in
I860, twenty one; in I870, twenty-five; in I880, one
hundred and forty; in I882, two hundred and fifteen; in I884, two hundred and fifty; in I886, two
hundred and twenty-two; the decrease being due
to the consolidation of establishments. In the latter year Pennsylvania had I08 establishments, with
I6,3I4 ovens, an.l produced $7,664,023 worth of
coke, or more than two-thirds of the total value of
the coke production of the country. Sixty-eight
per cent. of all the coal coked that year came from
the Pittsburgh and Connellsville districts.
H. C. Frick Coke Company.-H. C. Frick,
President; H. M. Curry, Treasurer; G. B. Bosworth,
Secretary; C. H. Spencer, General Agent; Manufaturers of Connellsville Coke; Branch Office, I04
Fifth Avenue.-Supplementing this general review
of the coke industry, a special reference to the leading exponent of this branch of acivity will be manifestly appropriate. When it is considered that the
total number of coke ovens in operation in the various cokeries of Western Pennsylvania is about I3,)oo, with an annual output of about 5,000,000 tons,
and that nearly one third of the number of ovens
and almost one half this total output is the production of one company, the corporation which thus
controls so large a proportion of this great trade
has an undisputable right to be regarded as representative. The plant of the H. C. Frick Coke Company comprises at present 4,500 ovens, having a
daily output of 550 cars, or 9,350 tons, while the
facilities of the company for marketing its produ6i,
given to it by the possession of the large number of
cars which it owns, enable it promptly and directly
to supply every demand which may be made upon it
from every part of the United States. The company
manufacures blast furnace coke, foundry coke, furnace coke, crushed coke, and coke for domestic and
manufauring purposes of all kinds, and the vast
enterprise thus described forms an important item
among the many avenues of usefulness in which
Pittsburgh capital and Pittsburgh enterprise is
embarked. Mr. H. C. Frick, who is at the head of
this vast enterprise, while still -a comparatively
young man, bears a deserved reputation as one of
the most successful business men in the country. He
was born in Westmoreland County in 1849, of German
parentage, and after such educational facilities as the
neighborhood afforded, began his business life as a
clerk in a store at Mt. Pleasant. He was afterward
book-keeper in the distillery and flouring mill business condu6ted by his grandfather at Bradford, Fayette County, and in I869, having accumulated a
small capital, he invested it in a coke plant of
modest dimensions, choosing this form of investment as a result of an opinion he had formed that
there was a promising future for the coke business
in the Connellsville region. From this small beginning he succeeded, by the exercise of a high order
of executive ability, in pushing his way step by step
until he had organized the strongest coke company
in this country. He has now associated with hirnself other leading business men and capitalists, and
the progress of the business has not yet reached its
tummit. A large number of new ovens have been
added to their Standard plant, which gives to it goo
ovens, and makes it the largest single coke plant in
the world. They have also about comp'j eted their
large "Cupola Works," (300 ovens), and have added
a large number of ovens at several other works to
meet the largely increased demand for foundry coke,
of which they make a specialty.
Thomas Fawcett  Sons.-Miners and
Shippers of Coal; 77 Water Street.-Among those
who have contributed in an important way toward
the development of the wonderful bituminous coal
resources of Western Pennsylvania, Mr. Thomas
Fawcett, Senior, occupies a prominent place. He is
a native of England, in which country he was born
in I827, and was brought to this city by his pDarents
two years later. He engaged in business as a miner
and shipper of coal, with headquarters in this city,
in I85I, and is the oldest coal operator now engaged
in the business of shipping coal to New Orleans.
He was a pioneer of the coal trade between Pittsburgh and New Orleans, and has ever been prominent in the trade as one of the most successful men
engaged in it. From I862 to I864 the firm was Walton  Fawcett, after which Mr. Fawcett continued
the business alone until I870, when the style was
changed to Thomas Fawcett  Son, again changing
in I874 to the present style, Messrs. Thomas Fawcett, James T. Fawcett and Thomas Fawcett, Junior,
being the members of the firm. They own and operate mines in Webster, Westmoreland County, in
the third pool of the Monongahela River mines,
comprising 452 acres of coal land, and they also have
mines in the first pool near Braddock, containing
forty acres. These mines are completely equipped
with all the necessary machinery and appliances for
the successful operation of the business, and employment is given to a force of 230 men in the production of an average of about 4,ooo,ooo bushels of
coal annually. The firm owns the tow boats " Boaz,"
"Acorn," " Maggie " and " Convoy," I50 boats and
barges, and do a large business in the shipment of
coal to Cincinnati, Lvouisville, New Orleans, and all
points on the Ohio and Lower Mississippi rivers and
their tributaries. The coal mined by this firm is of
the best quality for gas and steali purposes, and
is in large demand throughout the territory covered
by the trade of the firm. Mr. Thomas Fawcett, the
senior of the firm, has long been a prominent figure
in the business life of the city and is still a leader
in important financial and other enterprises. He is
President of the Central Bank of Pittsburgh, is a
large owner of real estate and coal lands, and conneed in an important way with various leading industries of the city. His sons are both natives of
Pittsburgh, Mr. James T. Fawcett having been born
here in I848, and Mr. Thomas Fawcett, Junior, in
I85I. They have been trained in business pursuits
under the experienced and efficient guidance ahd
instruction of their father, and are thoroughly capacitated by education and experience for the managemient of the important affairs of the firm, and
maintain its reputation as one of the most prominent
and reputable concerns in its line in the Union.
Pittsburgh and Castle Shannon Railroad Com pany.-Wa ter Chess, President; John
Jahn, Superintendent; E; J. Reamer, Secretary and
Treasurer; Miners and Dealers in Coal, Nut Coal,
Slack and Coke; Office and Yard, Carson Street,
Near Monongahela Bridge, South Side.-This company, which was incorporated in I87I, owns and
operates a railroad extending from its depot on
Carson Street, South Side:,-'to Castle Shannon, a
distance of six miles, and at the latter place owns
and operates g30 ac es of coal lands, for the efficient working of which it has a mos3t complete
equipment of mining machinery of all kinds. The
coal mined by the comp ny is of a superior quality
for domestic use, and although the introdution of
natural gas for fuel has largely reduced-the local
demand for coal, the company still does a prosperous and paying business. On the railroad, trains
are run daily between Castle Shannon and Pittsburgh, and the colipany is doing a steadily increasing passenger and freight transportation business,
and they are about to construct a combined passenger and freight inclined plane from Carson streel
to Bailey avenue, at a cost of about $1Io,ooo. The
company gives employment to a force of about 200
hands, and mines yearly coal sufficient for supplying
the demand, having a capacity for the production of
as much as 4,ooo,ooo bushels of coal, although this
amount has been largely reduced in the actual output of recent years. The business of the company is
in the hands of gentlemen of prominence in i-the
manufacturing and financial c'rcles of the city;
Mr. Walter Chess, the President of the company,
being the senior member of the important nailmanufacturing  firm  of Chess, Cook  Co., and
Mr. E.J. Reamer, the Secretary and Treasurer of the
company, being a gentleman of a high order of
business attainments, who efficiently discharges the
duties devolving upoll him. The managameoJt of
the practical details of the business is in the hands
of Mr. John Jahn, the Superintendent of the company, whose familiarity with his duties has been an
important factor in sustaining for the company the
prominent position it enjoys among the leading
coal industries of the city.
F. L. Robbins.-General Manager of Jumbo
Coal and Coke Company, Willow Grove Mining
Co., Robbins Block Coal Co., Midway Block Coal
Co., Robbins Coal and Coke Co., Pittsburgh and
Walnut Hill Coal Co.; Producers of Pittsburgh
Steam Coal; General Office, Rooms, 508, 509 and 5IO
Penn Building, 708 Penn Avenue.-This large and
important business was established in I868 by Mr.
T. Burr Robbins, who is still living at Midway,
Washington County, Pa., on a line of the Pittsburgh,
Cincinnati and St. Iouis Railroad. He is a native
of Western New York, and has been a resident of
Allegheny County since I868. He opened the
m;"oo au flh  Ps11 T-n1r1  ar -xuao +T,c
mines on the Pan Handle, and was the
pioneer operator to introduce this coal
to the Western trade. The mines controlled are those operated by the Jumbo
Coal and Coke Co., at McDonald, the Willow Grove Mining Co. at Willow Grove,
the Robbins Block Coal Co., at Primrose,
the Midway Block Coal Co., and the Pittsburgh and Walnut Hill Coal Co. at Midway, all on the Pittsburgh, Cincinnati
and St. Louis Railroad, and the Robbins
Coal and Coke Co. at Glenshaw, on the
Pittsburgh and Western Railroad. The
capacity of these nlines amounts to 5,000
tons per day, and employment is given
at the different works to a force of I,ooo
men. Each of the mines is completely
equipped with all the necessary machinery and facilities for successful operation, and their product is entirely
handled by Mr. F.L. Robbins, by whom
shipments are made exclusively by rail
to points West and Northwest and to
the lake ports, from whence they are distributed to all points on the northern
lakes. The produts of these mines are
specially noted as a superior quality of
steam and fuel coal, and are in large demand throughout the territory covered
by the trade of Mr. Robbins. Mr. F. L.
Robbins, the present general manager,
is a native of the State of Wisconsin, but
has been a resident of Pennsylvania for
the past twenty years, and of Pittsburgh
for five years. He has been identified
with the coal trade here for twenty years,
and Secretary and Treasurer of the various
companies since their inception in I868.
He is interested in all these companies,
and general manager of the mines, works
and office, and the perfect system to
which he has reduced the business in all
its details, and the efficient manner in
which he handles the important affairs
of the companies, sufficiently indicate
his superior capacity for the successful management
of affairs of magnitude.
George H. Noll  Co.-Dealers in the Celebrated Pan Handle and Anthracite Coal, Connellsville Foundry Coke, Crushed Coke, Nut Coal and
Slack; Office and Yard, Marion Avenue, near Crossing Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne  Chicago Railway,
Allegheny.-This important business enterprise was
founded about twenty years ago by the Pittsburgh
and Connellsville Gas Coal and Coke Company, who
were succeeded in I883 by the firm of Huntsman 
Miller, and they in turn by the Dravo Coal and Coke
Company, Limited; the present firm, composed of
Messrs. George H. Noll and Charles H. Hetzel,
obtaining control of the business in I885. The firm
has extensive yards, I50XI62 feet in dimensions, with
sheds for storage purposes, and switch tracks to
facilitate the handling of coal and coke from the
cars, on Marion Avenue, near the crossing of the
Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne  Chicago Railway, and
employ an ample office force, and keep six teams
constantly busy in making deliveries. They deal extensively in the celebrated Pan Handle and anthracite coal, nut coal, Connellsville foundry coke, crushed coke and slack, having a large trade in the city
and surrounding country, which is constattly increasing in volume every year.  Mr. George H.
Noll, who is a native of Allegheny, has been engaged
in the coal business all his life, and consequently
thoroughly understands all its details.  He has the
active management of this business, while his partner, Mr. Charles H. Hetzel, is book-keeper at the
Second National Bank, and is also a native of this
city. Both gentlemen are capable and efficient business men and respeted citizens.
W. H. Brown Sons.-Coal and Coke; II3
Wa ter Street.-In a work purporting to embody
reliable information regarding the leading industries of a great manufacturing centre such as
Pittsburgh and Allegheny is recognized to be, the
coal proluct so bountifully distributed within the
regions contiguous to this great industrial market
cannot be too forcibly presented. A representative
firm in this departlilent of industry, is that of W. H.
Brown Sons, which was established in I847 by Mr.
W. H. Brown, who died in i875, leaving his two sons,
Captain Saniuel S. Brown, and Mr. Harry Brown, his
successors in the conduit of the business, the
present firm name being assumed upon the accession of these gentlemen.  The business has steadily
increased in volume until now it is one of the
largest of its kind in the country.  Two immense
elevators are utilized, the Lawrence Street elevator,
and the Keystone elevator, both at Cincinnati, O.,
aggregating a capacity for handling 2,600 tons of
coal daily. The trade of the house extends to the
Gulf of Mexico and westward to the Pacific coast.
Supply depots are located at Natchez, Miss., Cincinnati, O., Cairo, Ill., Memphis, Tenn., Helena, Ark.,
New Orleans, La., St Louis, Mo., and other points, in
order to facilitate the demand for the product of this
concern. The mines of this firm are located on the
Monongahela River, below Monongahela City, and
these collieries are completely equipped with every
modern convenience and appliance for the proper
and expeditious execution of mining operations.
The produd of these mines contains the richest
elements for the production of heat and combustion,
and is in high favor with manufacturers, railroad and
steamship companies. In generating steam, and for
smelting purposes these coals have no superior.
The firm's facilities for delivery and shipment to all
points within this vast trade territory are unexcelled. To all important points on the Ohio and
Mississippi rivers their transportation is in charge
of e xperienced and trustworthy agents, who exercise
the utmost care and diligence in forwarding and
delivering. In catering to the urgent demands of
the market for a superior brand of coke, this firm
have nobly met the requirements of manufadturers
in their Connellsville coke, which is especially
adapted for smelting purposes.  This firm  was
awarded the medals of superiority for their produ
in coal and coke at the World's Industrial Exposition
and at the Cotton Centennial Exposition at New
Orleans. The members of the firm are enterprising
business men and held in high favor in commercial,
as well as social circles of this section. Capt. S. S.
Brown is a noted turfman, and is the owner of the
finest stud of thorough-breds in the couutry, in
which conneion he is in great repute at home
and abroad.
N. J. Bigley.-Miner and Shipper of Youghiogheny Gas Coal and Manufacturerer of Connellsville Coke; Room 2I Coal Exchange Building, Corner Smithfield and Water Streets.-Mr. Bigley is one
of the oldest operators in coal in the country. He
is a native of New York and removed to Pittsburgh
in i832, and in 1846 he embarked in the c *al business. and has ever since bnprominent
ness, and has ever since been prominent
in that industry. He owns and operates
the Amyville mines on the Baltimore and
Ohio Railroad and Youghiogheny river,
gives eniployment to a force ranging
from 250 to 3oo hands, and mines annually from 2,500,000 to 3,ooo,ooo bushels
of coal. He was also formerly a manufacturer of Connellsville coke, and did
an extensive business in that line, and
was the first to introduce washed and
desulphurized coke upon the Belgian
plan. The greater part of his production of coal is shipped to convenient
lake points, and from these transhipped
to the upper lakes, although he also does
a considerable business in eastern shipments, and in shipments by river. Mr.
Bigley became early identified with the
river trade, and in I85I, in conjunction
with Daniel Bushnell, built the steamer
" Black Diamond," the first towboat constructed expressly for towing coal on the
Ohio river, and which in March, I85I,
towed the firzt barge to Cincinnati. Mr.
Bigley, during the war, supplied the
government with coal, and in filling an
order for Ioo,ooo bushels at Memphis,
and just after having safely landed his
cargo, the entire crew were taken prisoners, and Mr. Bigley's steamer was burned,
aggregating a loss of $56,ooo, for which
Mr. Bigley has never been reimbursed.
His long conneffion with this industry,
his intimate acquaintance with the trade,
his promptness in filling orders, and his
reliable methods of dealing have made
him not only prominent and successful,
but have also secured him great popularity with the trade.
Waverly Coal and Coke Company.-J. B. Corey, President;  J. A.
Courtney, Treasurer; and General Manager; Room I7 Coal Exchange, I34
rt_Pr   vnl+  e Y\~ A-~ r\ A~  L1 _ _
Water Street.-Prominent among  the large coai
mining and shipping concerns operating from
Pittsburgh as a centre, is the Waverly Coal and Coke
Company, which was incorporated in I873, the original Board of Directors being composed of Messrs.
J. A. Courtney; J. B. Corey, W. D. Berry, Thomas
Neal and Henry Lloyd. They own and operate extensive collieries on the Baltimore  Ohio Railroad
and the Youghiogheny river, and in addition are
largely engaged in the manufacture of coke, having
a capacity for the prodution of 600 tons of coal and
200 tons of coke daily, the a6ual output, however,
of the works amounting to about I50,000 tons of
coal and coke per year. The district in which these.
collieries are located is known as that which produced the best quality of coal to be found in the.
country, and as a consequence of the excellence of
the produ the trade of the company is very large
and firmly established, the coal being shipped to
the Northwest, where it is in heavy demand. The
company has a capital stock of $250,000, and its affairs are managed by business men of the highest
standing, the Board of Directors being composed of
Messrs. J. B. Corey, J. A. Courtney, D. McK. Lloyd,
H. C. Bughman, and A. W. Mellon, all well known as
substantial and representative business men and,citizens. Mr. Corey, the President, is a gentleman
of superior exeecutive ability and highly regarded
in the financial and business circles of the city, and
Mr. Courtney, the Treasurer and General Manager,
is an energetic and enterprising business man with
a thorough knowledge of the details of the coal
business, who has largely contributed by his efficiency to the success achieved by the company. Its
affairs are conducted upon an admirable system, and
its large resources and superior facilities make it
one of the most notable industries of its character
in the city.
A. J. Schulte.-Miner
and Shipper of Gas and Steam
Coal; Room 52, Schmidt 
Friday Building; 95 Fifth
A v e n u e. Mr. Schulte has
been well and favorably
known as a miner and shipper
of gas and steam coal for a
number of years, having es- Q
tablished himself in business -
in I877. He operates mines g
at Bridgeville on the P. C. 
St. L. Railway, with the capacity of 700 tons per day,i
and employing I25 men; also
mines at Bower Hill on the
P.  L. E. Railroad, having
a capacity of 400 tons per
day, and employing seventyfive men. Mr. Schulte owns
seventy-one cars for shipping
his own coal and also uses
a large number of others belonging to different railroad companies. He makes a specialty of
Pan Handle coal, which has the reputation of being
the best steam coal in the market. In addition to a
very large city trade, Mr. Schulte does an extensive
business in Ashtabula Harbor, and as far west as
Chicago, shipping exclusively by rail in car load
lots. He is deservedly recognized as one of the
leading and most reliable coal dealers in Pittsburgh,
and, from its very inception, his business has been
prosperous and steadily increased in volume from
year to year.
T. B. Stewart.-Coal Dealer; Forty-third
Street and Allegheny Valley Railroad.--Mr. Stewart is a native of Pittsburgh, and was born on
Smithfield street, nearly opposite the German Luthrarn  Chunrch, near Sixth avenue. In
theran Church, -near Sixth avenue. In
I858 he established himself in his present
business, and has ever since condu6ted
it upon methods which have commended
him to the favor of the citizens of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and the surrounding
country, and he does a large local busi- g
ness, carrying on hand at all times a
large stock of family fuel coal in all sizes,
handling principally the coal mined by
the New York and Cleveland Gas Coal
Company. The coal is deservedly popular as being peculiarly adapted to the
needs of the family, and being a free
burning and economical coal. Mr. Stewart,
throughout the thirty years covered by
his business history, has always been
noted for his reliability and accuracy and
the promptness with which he fills orders, and he occupies yards at the foot of Fortysecond street, IOOXI25 feet in dimensions, and has
every facility for filling orders for coal in any quantity. He is a worthy citizen and highly esteemed
by all with whom he has dealings.
Hartley  Marshall.-Minets and Shippers
of Coal; West Carson Street.-Among the firms engaged in coal mining in the immediate vicinity of
Pittsburgh, none is better known or has a higher
reputation than that of Hartley  Marshall. The
mines operated by them in the Saw Mill Run Vein
were originally opened by the Little Saw Mill Run
R. R. Co., organized in I85I, who afterwards disposed of their interests in the coal business in I863
to Hartley  Marshall, who purchased of the railroad company I50 acres of coal lands on the Saw
Mill Run, and other coal lands. After the death of
Mr. Marshall, Mr. Roger Hartley continued the
business as sole proprietor, still retaining the original firm name. The firm now owns I,Ioo acres and
employs a force ranging from 250 to 300 hands, having a capacity for the produEtion of about I,ooo tons
per day. The product of the Saw Mill Run Vein
is noted for its superiority of quality in the production of gas, and for this reason it is largely in demand, and shipments are made not only by river to
Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Lvouis and New Orleans,
and other points, but also largely by rail to all lake
ports. Under the same style of Hartley  Marshall,
a different firm carry on large yards in Allegheny at
g Chestnut Street. The Allegheny firm is composed
of Roger Hartlev and W. P. Marshall, nephew of his
former partner, and son of William Marshall. The
West Carson Street yards and tipples are under the
supervision of William Marshall, brother of the deceased original partner. Mr. Roger Hartley, the
proprietor of the mining and shipping branch of the
business, has long been prominent in connection
with coal interests of Pittsburgh, and has secured
success as the consequence of the superior quality of
the coal produced from his mines, and the uniformly
honorable and correct methods which have ever
characterized his dealings with the trade.
T. M. Jenkins  Co.--Shippers and Dealers
in Coal; II7 Water Street.-Among the enterprising coal firms of this city special mention is due to
the representative house composed of Messrs. T. M.
Jenkins and Robert Jenkins, Jr., who established
their business under the most favorable auspices in
I875. These gentlemen are natives of Pittsburgh,
and have been trained from early youth in the coal
industry; their father being one of the largest coal
miners and shippers in this great coal region. This
firm handles coal in great variety and of superior
grades, including nut coal, pea coal, slack, and dust
coal. Their shipping facilities are unsurpassed,
owning their steamers, the " Robert Jenkins," " Vigilant " and " Frank Gilmore." The trade line extends from Pittsburgh to Cincinnati, and every order is filled with promptness and accuracy. The
specialty of this house is in the finer grades of
coal, of which upwaids of 5,000,ooo bushels are
handled annually by the firm. The high and honorable methods employed by this firm in all their
business transacions have secured for it a deservedly great success, and an eminent position in
business circles of this section.
The firms specially mentioned in the foregoing
paragraphs are all prominent representatives of the
coal industry centering in Pittsburgh, an industry
in which much capital is employed and which has
for many years enjoyed a gratifying and ever increasing activity. The expansion of the business
has been gradual, but always advancing, and the
leading firms engaged have earned their present
position of prosperity by deserving it.
ADVANTAGEES OF LOCATION.
THE; GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF PITTSBURGH AND
AL,LE'GHENY  FAVORABL:E  to THEIR
ADVANCEMENY.
There is no spot in the world which combines
more manifest advantages of geographical location
than that occupied by the two cities of Pittsburgh
and Allegheny. As manufacturing centers, which
is the chief ground of their prominence and prosperity, they have owed their importance in the past
mainly to their location with
reference to the wonderful
bituminous coal field of Pennsylvania which underlies the
western portion of the State,
and by which Pittsburgh is
surrounded. This coal field
is of large area, being estimated to  contain  I4,000
square miles, but not only in
extent is it important, but
also in the requisites of excellence of quality in the
coal, thickness and regularity
of the vein, accessibility to
mining operations and efficiency and cheapness of means
of transportation. The Pittsburgh vein of coal is mentioned elsewhere in a chapter
on the coal business of the
city, and needs no further
reference here than as providing a fuel through which the wonderful productive growth of Pittsburgh received its impetus.
Supplementing this, the recent adaptation of
natural gas, as has been set forth in another chapter, has greatly increased the tendency of manufactures to concentrate around this section of the
State with its prolific gas fields. Of course these
generous and plentiful supplies of fuel would be
of little value from a manufacturing standpoint
if it were not for the fact that there are also provided, in the greatest profusion, and within easy
accessibility to the manufaurers of the two cities,
supplies so vast as to be praftically inexhaustable of
raw material for the various kinds of manufaure
which are carried on in the city. Not only in the
counties embraced in the bituminous coal regions,
but also in the counties east of and at the base of
L-     1 -   _  _ -A 1   -   - 4 _1 _- -     - --  4- - ___ 1_   r _ --
the Allegheny Mountains, are to be found
the most extensive beds of iron ore obtained in this country, and it is not only
in quantity, but also in quality, that the
ores of the Allegheny River counties and
Central Pennsylvania are unsurpassed for
the needs of industry. The celebrated
Juniata iron is mined in a region but a
short distance from Pittsburgh's mills,
and the railroads extending in every
direction render available not only the
vast ore supplies of Pennsylvania, but
also those of Eastern Ohio and of Virginia. Pittsburgh's central position, her
location at the junction of three great
rivers, her ease of communication with
the great inland lakes which are but I50
miles away and her important transportation facilities described elsewhere, give
-     - A   -- - - - _ _   L-    _; -   -_     - -  -  _,   - 41   _    A_
to her every advantage belonging to any other city
in the Union, in addition to natural and local
advantages which have no parallel in the United
States.
Her proximity to the lakes renders available the
copper and iron ores of the Lake Superior region,
a large amount of which are utilized in the various
processes of manufaure in the city, and with all
these many forces combining in her favor, it is little
wonder that Pittsburgh, in which generic term, in
speaking of industrial development, Allegheny and
other surrounding towns are, of course, included,
has long since become the center of unequalled
activity in the manufature of iron and steel. For
the great glass manufature also the advantages of
Pittsburgh's location are manifest, the various
sands and other materials for making the different
varieties of glass being found in vast profusion in
the immediate vicinity of the rivers uniting at Pitts
burgh. In this great industry also the introduction
of natural gas has had an exhilirating effect, it
having long been sufficiently manifest that this fi-el
provides not only superor heating power, but also,
from the absence from it of smoke, sulphur and
dust, gives to the glass produiSt made by its use aWhoever undertakes to write, with any pretense to detail, of the history, the resources and the development
of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, must of necessity finish the task with misgiving. The subject is so vast, and presents
so many aspects, that the difficulty is increased when brevity is demanded. It has been the aim of the compiler
of this volume to cover as much of the ground as possible, and to present the facts relating to the marvelous
growth and present prosperity of the two cities in a condensed form, suitable for ready reference.
In the pursuit of this object, inforination has been gleaned from every available source, and reference has
been made to many published books and newspaper files. The press of Pittsburgh, which in the aggregate and in
detail is notable for its devotion to local interests, has been drawn upon for many facts; and of historical publications the earlier directories, Craig's " History of Pittsburgh," the " History of Allegheny County" recently published
in the columns of the Press, the historical sketches of Rev. A. A. Lambding, LL. D., and Hon. J. W. F. White, the
various interesting pamphlets from time to time circulated by the Chamber of Commerce, and the reports of the
municipal departments of the two cities have furnished important data; while the various works of Mr. George H.
Thurston, Pittsburgh's most industrious and able historiographer, have been found especially valuable.
Gratefully acknowledging the assistance derived from the works of those who have previously cultivated the
same field, the author leaves the estimate of the merit of his own labors to the generous judgment of his readers
hoping that Upon the whole the work will commend itself as an acceptable account of the two cities, their development in the present and  their possibilities for the future.
PITTSBURGH, JANUARY, 1889.                                                           J. W. LEONARD.
Entered according to Act of Congress in the year 1888, by
J. M. ELSTNER   CO.
in the office of Librarian of Congress at Washington, D. C.degree of brilliancy and lu, tre with which the most
famed facories of Europe, or the less favored sections of our own country, attempt to compete in
vain.
There are many other advantages which combine to make Pittsburgh valuable as a manufaturing center. The advarce which she has already
made in manufacuring is of course a point in her
favor, having concentered here a large amount of
skilled labor, and having, by the many excellent manufa6turing plants already in operation established
here the principal market in the Union for iron,
steel, glass, bituminous coal, coke and other products. Pittsburgl- is also fortunate in being surrounded by an excellent farming country in which
produce is raised and brought to this market, and
provisions are, because of their plentifulness, usually sold at prices which compare creditably with
the most favored cities, in this respect, in the
Union. The climate of the two cities is equable
and temperate, and the health record favorable;
and, in short, the conditions surrounding the two
cities are such as to encourage capital, reward labor
and invite enterprise.
IRON AND STIEE.
THE  Most IMPORTANT INDUSTRY OF PITTSBURGH
AND ALLEGHENy.- DEVEILOP MENT
AND PRESENT STATUS.
In the annals of industry there is no more interesting field of inquiry than that offered by the
investigation into the development of the great iron
and steel manufacturing enterprises of Pittsburgh,
and the causes and events which have contributed
to their magnitude and grandeur. No tale of enchantment conceived by human imagination ever
pictured a change so wonderful or a victory over
the apparently impossible so astounding as that
which has been achieved by human energy and endeavor in the creation of the busy Pittsburgh of today. That a little inconsiderable hamlet of paltry
population, situated on the confines of civilization,
bately rescued from the hands of savagery, and
separated from the seaboard by a forbidding range
of then almost impassable mountains, should have,
within the narrow compass of a single century, accomplished a destiny so brilliant as to command the
attention and compel the admiration of the entire
civilized world, is a phenomenon so remarkable as
to be without a parallel in the history of progress.
Yet such is the proud position to which the twin
cities, known to the entire world under the industrial name of "Pittsburgh," have attained; no longer content to be known as the " Sheffield of America" or any other title merely comparative; but
emphatically "The Iron City," alone, unique, original, pre-eminent-" Pittsburgh"-proud metropolis of an industrial empire.
In view of the development of the iron and steel
industries which so thickly cluster in and around the
Pitsburgh of the present, it is a peculiar fact that
the initial enterprise in the produion of iron
should have been a marked failure, yet such was
the case. In I794, a year in which the people of
Pittsburgh were more solicitous as to the probable
outcome of the " whisky insurreion " than in regard to the possible industrial future of the city,
Mr. George Anshutz established a blast furnace, the
first enterprise of its kind in Western Pennsylvania,
at what is now known as Shady Side, on the Pennsylvania Railroad. It is stated by Mr. George H.
Thurston that the building of this furnace was induced by the belief that the red shale that abounded in
the neighborhood indicated the existence of iron,
and taking it for granted that an ample supply of
ore would be forthcoming, Mr. Anshutz put up his
furnace without making any critical examination.
" When ready for the blast," says Mr. Thurston's
h'story, " it was discovered too late that there was
no ore in the vicinity. The parties interested proceeeded to get ore from Roaring creek, on the Kiskiminitis, which they boated down that stream to
the Allegheny, and down that river to Pittsburgh.
It was not found profitable to bring ore from the Kiskiminitis to the furnace for smelting, and the furnace was blown out. Whether it would have been
subsequentlyput in blast again cannot be said. It
is, however, stated that the " WVhisky Boys " were one
cause of its abandonment. The company had about
one thousand cords of wood cut and piled at a point
now in the Fourteenth ward of the city of Pittsburgh, locally known as Oakland, This the " Whisky Boys " set fire to and burned. The loss of this,
with other discouragements, led to the final abandonment of the furnace. From this circumstance
the strides that manufa2turezs have made in Allegheny's hundred years is forcibly shown. Where,
at the time of the existence of the Shady Side furnace, it would not pay to bring ore a distance of
twenty five miles, ores for Pittsburgh furnaces are
now brought from Lake Michigan and other equally
long distances, and even from parts of Europe
and Africa."
Whether because of the non-success of this venture or from other causes, there was no second attempt to build a blast furnace until I859, and this
important branch of the iron industry of which
Pittsburgh is the recognized centre has been entirely built up within the past thirty years.
Cotemporary with, or immediately following the
Anshutz experiment William Porter engaged in the
manufaure of nails and agricultural implements.
In I803 Joseph McClurg established a foundry, the
first in the city, and known as the Pittsburgh
Foundry. It was located on the same corner of
Fifth avenue and Smithfield street where the postoffice now stands. At this foundry the first cannon
made west of the Allegheny mountains were cast in
I8II and a number of pieces of ordnance were turned out from the establishment for the armament of
Perry's fleet on the lakes in the war of I8I2-I5, as well
as a large number of cannon balls. At this foundry,
also, the first water pipe and iron rolls made west of
the Alleghenies, were cast; and a moulder in this
foundry, James Harley, made the first chilled rolls
for rolling iron. The foundry remained in successful operation for a number of years.
A year or so after the Pittsburgh Foundry was
established, another was started by Anthony Beelen,
and in I807, there were in addition to the Porter
establishment two nail factories operated respefully by Messrs. Sturgeon and Stewart.   The
aggregate producion of these three fatories was
stated in I8IO at 200 tons.
The Pittsburgh Almanac for I8I2 contains this
announcement:  " Christopher Cowan is erecting a
powerful steam engine, 70-horse power, to run a
rolling mill, slitting mill and tilt hammer, to make
iron, nails, sheet-iron, spike and nail rods, shovels
and tongs, spades, scythes, sickles, hoes, axes, fryingpans, cutting knives, chains, plow irons, hatchets,
claw-hammers, chisels, augers, spinning wheels and
smith's vises. Capital $Ioo,ooo." This rolling mill,
which was located at the corner of Penn avenue and
Cecil alley, had no puddling furnace.  Mr. Cowan,
the founder, carried on the mill but two years,
Messrs. Stackpole  Whiting becoming proprietors
in 18I4, succeeded in I8I8 by Ruggles, Stackpole 
Whiting. A year later the firm fell a victim to the
prevailing financial depression, and the mill was
idle for some years, other proprietors then assuming
the business. In I837 it was owned by Smith, Royer
 Co., who were among those who were forced into
failure by the panic which swept the country in the
following winter.
The second rolling mill in the city was built by
Baldwin, Robinson, McNichol  Beltzhoover, and
was the first mill in Pittsburgh to roll bar iron, and
it was also the first mill in the city to operate puddling furnaces. It was called the " Union " mill and
was erected in I8I8-ig on the Monongahela River
near the site now occupied by the Baltimore  Ohio
railroad depot.  The plant was composed of a train
of 8 inch rolls, a nail fa6lory, four puddling furnaces,
and rolls for rolling nail, plate, or band iron. The
first work turned out was the iron for the first Allegheny river bridge, and after this the mill was
operated until I829. In that year the boilers of the
mill exploded, and shortly afterwards the machinery
of the mill was removed to Covington, Ky.
Other early enterprises in Pittsburgh, which
were in operation in I8I3, were an edged tool and
cutlery fatory, a factory of agricultural implements
by Foster  Murray; a lock factory, a file and door
handle factory, two steam engine works; and a steel
futnace, established in about I8II, by Tupper 
McKowan.
Following the establishment of the Union mill,
several others were put in operation, and in I829
there were eight rolling mills in Pittsburgh using
6,ooo tons of blooms and I,500 tons of pig iron, the
supply at that time coming, for the most part, from
Fayette and Westmoreland counties. There were
at that date also, nine foundries, using about 3,500
tons of iron. The amount of iron rolled in I828 was
3,291 tons; in I829, 6,3I7 tons; and in i830, 9,282
tons.
MANUVACTURE  OS STEFL.
The earliest experiments in steel manufaure in
Pittsburgh were attended with little success. Nothing is known as to the quality of the produ6i of
Tupper  McKowan, but later efforts were not for a
long time satisfa6tory. In " Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the Centennial Year," published by George
H. Thurston in I876, it is said: " The exact date at
which the manufa6ture of steel was first attempted
in Pittsburgh is uncertain; but in I828-30, an Englishman, by the name of Broadmeadow, built a converting furnace in the city, and made steel.  The
enterprise did not succeed, the quality of the article
produced being very poor. The failure was no
doubt attributed to the want of proper material;
and this cause was, for a long time, the obstacle in
the production of the higher grades of steel with
all who attempted its manufature, until it was fast
becoming a received opinion that it could not be
made from the native irons of America. Years of
experience and perseverance have, however, established the contrary fact; and, as before stated, steel
equal to the best imported article has been and is
daily produced from native irons in the steel works
of Pittsburgh." The same work, after noting the
establishment of furnaces for the manufaAure of
blister steel by Whitman  Havens, in 1832, and
by G.  J. H. Shoenberger, in 1833, says: "The
introdu6tion of blister steel made at Pittsburgh was
attended with considerable difficulty. Consumers
could not be made to believe that the blister steel
of Pittsburgh was in any way equal to that brought
across the Atlantic, although expert workmen were
sent to consumers to prove to them the fat. It was
only after Pittsburgh blister steel, which had been
rusted by throwing salt water over it, so as to make
it appear as of English mianufa6ture, was sold to
consumers that is was found to be all that could be
desired.
Following the establishments which introduced
the manufa6ture of blister steel there were constant
endeavors to produce a superior article. Cast steel
was made in I846, but it was of an inferior grade
and it was not until I852 that a fair quality of caststeel was made, that produced in that year by McKelvy  Blair being suoerior to any ever before
produced in the city. The further progress of the
steel industry of Pittsburgh is fairly presented in
a recent article in the Pittsburgh Dispaflck, which
states that Singer, Nimick  Co., who began the
manufature of blister steel in 1848, made various
grades of cast steel in 1853, and Isaac Jones did the
same in I855. But the manufa6ture of crucible cast
steel of the best quality as a regular produ was not
accomplished in Pittsburgh until I860, when the
firm of Hussey, Wells  Co. succeeded in making
the best of tool steel from American iron. Park,
Brother  Co. were the next to achieve success in
that line, and thereafter the development of the industry was very rapid.
The introduction of the Bessemer process, by
which the steel industry of the country was revolutionized, was of still later date. " It was not," says
James M. Swank, in his work on " The Manufature
of Iron in All Ages," " until I856 that Sir Henry
Bessemer, of London, secured patents in this country on his invention. He was immediately confronted by a claim of priority of invention preferred
by William Kelly, an ironmaster of Eddyville, Ky.,
but a native of Pittsburgh. This claim was heard by
the Commissioner of Patents, and its justice was
conceded, the Commissioner granting to Mr. Kelly
a patent which at once operated as an impediment
to the use of the patents granted to Sir Henry Bessemer. The effect of this action by the Commissioner was to prevent for several years any serious
effort being niade to introduce the Bessemer process
in this country." From the same authority it is
learned that as a matter of fact no Bessemer steel
was made in America until the fall of I864, when a
company in which two Pittsburgh men (William M.
Iyon and James Park, Jr.) were interested, succeeded
in producing it at experimental works ereed at Wyandotte, Mich., using the Kelly process and the
Musket patent. The several American patents were
consolidated in I865 and passed into the control of
the association owning the Bessemer patents.
The first Bessemer steel made in Allegheny
County was produced at the Edgar Thomson works
of Carnegie Bros.  Co., August 25, I875, and the
first steel rail was made by this firm September I,
I875. The establishment of other works for the
manufacture of Bessemer steel followed and there
are now six plants engaged in its produffion in Allegheny County. The output of Bessemer steel
made in Pittsburgh in i885 amounted to 364,405
tons, including rails and ingots. In the intervening
period there has been awonderful increase in the
manufacture of rails from Bessemer steel, a recent
article in Daily Post stating that the increase aggregates Ioo per cent; while the furnace capacity of
the rail mills has increased 500 per cent. The same
article estimates the total output of rails for I887 at
about 360,ooo tons; the output of crucible steel for
the same year at about 48,ooo tons and the value of
all the steel produts of Pittsburgh for I887 at $22,000,000.
ROING MILLS.
The increase in the number and capacity of the
iron manufacturing enterprises of Pittsburgh and
Allegheny has been steady and continuous for the
past fifty years. The outbreak of the civil war gave
added activity to the business, and among the mills
owing their origin to this cause three were constructed for the purpose of engaging in the manufadture of armor plates. In I870 the iron mills of
Pittsburgh contained the following machinery:
524 puddling furnaces, 172 heating furnaces, 497
nail, tack and spike machines, 13 railroad spike
machines, 69 steam hammers, 40 trains of 8-inch
rolls, I6 trains of Io-inch rolls, 7 trains of Ia-inch
rolls, 25 trains of r6-inch rolls, 28 trains of I8-inch
rolls, 4I trains of 20-inch rolls, 2 trains of 26-inlch
rolls, I train of 28-inch and I train of 30-inch rolls--
I60 trains in all. The motive power for this machinery was supplied by 195 steam engines. The
capacity of the largest mill was Joo tons per day,
the largest daily output of all the mills within a
fraction of I,000 tons.
There are novv 35 iron mills in Pittsburgh, exclusive of steel and rail mills. Their combined capacity exceeds 780,ooo tons per year, and the annual
output in 1886 approximated s80,ooo tons. The value
of the product was estimated at $36,ooo,ooo, or
$8,ooo,ooo more than the aggregate value of the
total output of the three branches of the iron trade,
namely, the manufacture of merchant iron, nails
and castings in I870, which was about $28,oooooo0.
The manufacrture of struEtural shapes has grown
to enormous dimensions.  The output in this
branch alone in i887 is approximated at I65,000
tons. The railway supplies made the same year approximated I22,000 tons.
In I884 the capacity of the wrought iron pipe
mills in the two cities was I74,000 tons per year.
The capacity of the pipe mills now in operation is
360,ooo tons per annuni. The output in I887 exceeded 320,000 tons.
A noteworthy stride has been made in the manufacture of iron and steel wire. In I887 one mill
made 250 kegs of wire daily, and Io,ooo miles of
No. I2 wire in a month. Another made Io,ooo tons
in the year, and a third 35,000 tons. These concerns have increased their capacity, which now aggregates I08,000 tons of wire per annum.
BLAST FURNACES.
The Post article, from which the foregoing
figures, showing, in a condensed and tangible form,
the astonishingly rapid progress of the iron and
steel industries of Pittsburgh, have been collated,
presents interesting facts in relation to the blast
furnaces of Pittsburgh and the great strides made
in that branch of industry. Ignoring the Anshutz
experiment of I794, which was a failure, the article
says:
" The first blast furnace erected in Pittsburgh
was built in connetion with the Clinton Iron Mill
byGraff, Bennett  Co., in I859-60. The second
was built by Jones  Iaughlins, proprietors of the
American Iron Works. In I860 there were seven
blast furnaces in operation. The annual capacity
of these was estimated at 54,000 tons per year; output, 48,ooo tons. In I86I the annual capacity at our
blast furnaces was 75,000 tons. An increase of 65
per cent. capacity was noted from I86I to I865. From
I865 to 1872 the increase in the capacity was 2.I4
per cent; from I872 to I879 the capacity increased
60 per cent. The vast increase, however, dates from
I885, since which time the capacity of our blast furnaces has been increased 850 tons per day, or 245,ooo tons per annum. Laughlins' four furnaces increased their capacity 200 tons per day, the Edith
I50 tons per day, and two of the furnaces at the
Edgar Thonison Steel Works increased their capacity each 250 tons-making a total increase of 850
tons. The difference in the capacity of our blast
furnaces over those relied upoll in I86I is over I,ooo
per cent. The lowest estimate places tlle value of
the annual output of Pittsburgh's blast furnaces at
$I3,000,000."
FOUNDRIES AND MACHINU SHOPS.
The production of the various kinds of castings
and machinery forms an important part of the great
iron industry of Pittsburgh and Allegheny. Reference has before been made to the early establishment of Joseph McClurg dating from I803. Since
that time and with the constant accession of new
enterprises and increased capacity the foundry business has grown, and has divided itself into many
separate and special branches, some being engaged in
producing a general line of castings, while others devote themselves solely to their specialties, embracing every branch of manufacture coming under the
now most comprehensive heading of foundry and
machine work.  Without attempting to particularize the various steps of early development in the
foundry business; its growth is indicated in figures
found in Mr. Thurston's several and valuable
works. In I856 there were sixteen machine shops,
having twelve foundries attached, with a cupalo
capacity of 23,000 tons, employing 737 hands, to
whom they paid $306,802 of wages, and built steam
engines to the amount of $836,30o. Fromt I856 to
I876 there were twenty-five machine shops and
foundries established in Pittsburgh and Allegheny,
being an increase of nearly 80 per cent. in the
twenty years over those of the previous forty-five
years. From I876 to I886 there were ten additional
machine shops and foundries built, or an increase
of 50 per cent. fromt I876 to I886, making the increase on the plants of I856, in thirty ySears, nearly
IOO per cent. These works have a cupalo capacity
of something over I40 000 tons of pig metal, and
employ 3,500 hands, whose wages amoun t to
$2,I75,000 a year. They use an average of I25*000
tons of pig metal annually. The capital illvested in
the buildings, grounds and machinery is stated at
$3,940,000, and the value of their product upwards
of $7,000,000 a year. By the same authority the
increase in the boiler making industry is shown:
" In I856 there were in Pittsburgh seven boiler
yards employing I49 men, whose products amounted
to $305,000. In I886 there were fourteen tank and
boiler manufactories employing from  650 to 700
hands, the value of whose products was $I,960,ooo,
an increase in thirty years of Ioo per cent. in the
number of establishnients, over 600 per cent. in the
amount of productions, and about 400 per cent. in
the number of employes."
There are many special brands of iron and steel
manufacture, such as plow works, stove works, steel
casting works, manufactories of locks and builders'
hardware, wire works, locomotive works, etc., but it
would expand this volume far beyond its intended
limits if it should be attempted to go into details
of their history. In this brief sketch only the most
general view of the iron- and steel industries has
been attempted, while other particulars will be
found in the subjoined notices of representative
manufacturers of iron and steel and their products
and the various mercantile establishments dealing
in the diversified lines of which iron and steel are
the materials.
DUATLERS AND BROKVRS IN IRON, ]TC.
Richard C. Howard, S r.-Wholesale Dealer
in all kinds of Scrap Iron, Metal and Rope; Corner
Market street and Greenwood avenue, Allegheny.Mr. Howard is a native of E;ngland, but has resided
in the United States for the past forty-seven years,
and in the Fifth Ward, Allegheny, for forty years.
Prior to establishing his present business in I873,
he conducted a paper store and three livery stables
in Pittsburgh, and in his various business enterprises he always met with a gratifying success, as a
consequence of the judicious and reliable methods
adopted by him in the management of his affairs.
For his present business he occupies yards and
buildings, 80XI20 feet in dimensions, at the corner
of Market street and Greenwood avenue, and he
does a large business as a wholesale dealer in all
kinds of scrap iron, metal and rope, buying every
description of scrap metal from all parts of the
United States, which he sells principally in Pittsburgh and Allegheny, and making a specialty of
buying and selling all kinds of new and secondhand machinery on commission. Mr. Howard has
for many years been one of Allegheny's most prominent and substantial citizens, and has been several
times mentioned as a candidate for Mayor of Allegheny, but has always presistently refused to take a
nomination for any political office. He is the father
of eight children, seven of whom are living, the
youngest being twenty-nine years of age, and May
IO, I888 he celebrated his golden wedding, being
now over seventy years of age.  He still manages
the details of his business in the most efficient and
capable manner, and his career furnishes a gratifying example of the success which results from
industry, integrity and reliability in business life.
N i m i ck  Co. - Iron Commission Merchants;
96 Water Street.-The fact that about 2,000,000 tons
of ores and raw iron are handled in Pittsburgh each
year, makes the iron commission business an important one. The pioneer in this branch of commerce in this city was Allen Grant, who began
business in I8I4, and was succeeded by Michael
Allen  Co., who were in turn succeeded in I845 by
Nimick  Co., of which firnl Messrs. William K.
Nimick and Alexander Nimick were members.
George P. McBride and John S. Slagle afterward became members of the firm. Since the death of Mr.
William K. Nimick, which occurred a few years ago,the business has been continued by the other gentlemen named. The business of this house is very
large and substantially established on the basis of
an honorable record of over forty years. The firm
handle in large quantities pig iron and blooms, supplying rolling mills, foundries an d all classes of manufaurers, not only in and around Pittsburgh but
also throughout the State of Pennsylvania. They
sustain the most favorable relations both with producers and manufaurers, and are always prepared
to offer the best inducements, both in quality and
price, to the trade. The members of the firm are
business men of the highest character and capacity,
and Mr. Alex. Nimick, the senior member, in addition to this business, is connected with important
manufaures as a member of the firms of Singer,
Nimick  Co.. steel manufacturers, Phillips,
Nimick  Co., rolling mills, and President of the
Nimick  Brittan Manufaturing Co., manufa6turers of builders' hardware, and otherwise prominently identified with important business enterprises, and President of the First National Bank.
The gentlemen associated with him are also well and
favorably known, and the firm is one of the most
prominent and representative in the Iron City.
Koehler  Streng.-Dealers in Iron and Steel
Scrap; Office and Yard, Liberty Avenue and ThirtySecond Street.-Messrs. George A. Koehler and Meyer Streng, composing the firm, established themselves in business August I, I888, and now carry on a
large trade in scrap iron and steel, which they receive from all parts of the United States, and sell
principallyin Pittsburgh and Allegheny. For the
efficient prosecution of the business they have thoroughly equipped and extensive yards 90X200 feet in
dimensions, where they have two pairs of heavy Alligator shears, a drop for breaking large castings, and
a twenty-five horse power engine, affording them
every convenience and facility for placing their
stock in marketable condition. Both of the members of the firm are thoroughly practical and enter
prising business men, who bring to the inauguration of their enterprise all the elements of adaptability calculated to conduce to success. Mr. Koehler is a native of Allegheny, and still resides in
that city.  He was engaged in business as a member of the firm of Koehler  Co., from I883 Up to
the time of inaugurating this enterprise.  Mr.
Streng, his partner, is a native of Pittsburgh, and
was formerly engaged as book-keeper for N. M.
Thomas. The success which has so far attended
the firm gives every indication of a successful
future career and a steadily expanding business.
J. B. Booth  Co.-Brokers in Iron, Steel and
Furnace Supplies; 8II Hamilton Building, 9I Fifth
Avenue.-This firm, which is a notable addition to
the iron interests of Pittsburgh, began business
January I, I888, under the management of Mr. J. B.
Booth, a business man of first-class attainments,
and possessing the energy, enterprise and accurate
methods necessary for success.  The firm does a
large business in all parts of the Union, their principal trade being with dealers, bridge companies
and railway companies, and they handle stru6tural
iron and steel, open hearth and bessemer steel
blooms and billets, rails, splices, spikes, and all
kinds of railway supplies, pig metal, muck bar,
steel and iron boiler plate, bolts, nuts, washers,
rivets, pipe, scrap iron, etc. All these articles the
firm receive from leading Pittsburgh and Eastern
manufacturers, with whom they maintain the most
favorable relations. Their conneions are such as
to enable them to fill the largest orders in the most
prompt and satisfatory manner, and at the lowest
prices in each grade, and they have already built up
a large and prosperous trade, which is rapidly and
steadily expanding and increasing in volume.
Pittsburgh Supply Co., Limited.-H. H
King, President; O. F. Felix, Secretary; C. F. Holdship, Treasurer; Railway, Mill and Mine Supplies,
Gas and Steam Fittings, Etc.; 97 Water Street. -This
company, incorporated in i885 with a capital of
$80,000, takes the lead in the special department of
business in which it is engaged. They handle
a complete and diversified line of goods, including
Tanite emery whiels, Tanite emery grinders, hydraulic jacks, screw and lever jacks, steam pumps,
taps, drills and reamers, portable forges, brass and
iron valves, brass and iron cocks, malleable fittingi,
steam and water gauges, cast iron fittings, boiler
tubes, asbestos packing, injectors and ejectors, iron
rivets, files, packing, belting, vises, etc., and a full
line of natural gas specialties. They are also manufaturers of the Equitable Gas Machine, a device
excelling all others in use for the prodution of gas
from gasoline. In this machine the carbureter, for
vaporizing the gasoline, is so constru6ted that the
gasoline is supplied from a reservoir to the evaporating material in the carbureter as fast as used,
d 2v _      v        -  4
and in proportion to the
quantity of air which passes
through the blower, making
the evaporating process con -
form to the requirements of
the user and produciorg a
uniformity of brilliancy in
the lights. The incorporators of the company were
Messrs. H. H. King, Wilson
King, R. J. Hemmick and 0.
F. Felix. All the members
of the organization are prominent business men, and
its affairs are conducted upon
sagacious and honorable
methods. The establishment is a very large one, and
coinplete in all its appointments, occupying as office
and salesrooms a four-story
and basement building,
40XI20 feet in dimensions, at
97 Water street; a pipe warehouse at I48 First
avenue, two stories 20XI20, with a storage capacity
of twenty carloads of pipe and other stock. The
firm is one of large resources and enjoys a prosperous and steadily expanding trade, covering Western Pennsylvania, Ohio, Maryland, West Virginia
and the Indiana gas field. The affive management
of the business is in the hands of Messrs. Holdship
and Felix, who are gentlemen of energy and superior
business attainments, and by their close attention
to every detail have largely contributed toward
buildiiig up the business to its present prosperous
condition.
James B. Scott  Co.-Importers of Tin
Plates and Metals; Tinners' General Supplies; I22
and 124 Second Avenue. -- This is the only house in
Pittsburgh which makes an exclusive business of
importing and dealing in metals and tinners' stock,
and it has now for three quarters of a century
ranked among the most prominent business houses
in the city. The enterprise dates its inception
back to I812, when it was founded by James Park,
Sr., who was succeeded by the present firm, of
which Mr. James B. Scott is the principal, the other
members being B. G. Follansbee and W. U. Follansbee. The building which is now utilized by the
business, and which is a spacious and substantial
structure, has been occupied since the very inception of the enterprise, and is fully equipped with
every convenience and accessory for the successful
prosecution of the business. This firm imports all
its tin plate direct through the Custom House
at Pittsburgh, and it carries constantly on hand
large stocks of tin plate, lead, spelter, zinc, block
tin and everything included in the line of metals,
as well as tinners' supplies in general. Employ.
ment is given in the house to a force of about
twenty hands, and the trade of the firm covers the
States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio, Indiana and other States, its trade being second to
none in volume in the United States. Throughout
L its long and honorable career this house has ever
held the respet and confidence of the trade and
the community at large, and this high reputation is
still carefully maintained by the present firm, the
members of which are all natives of this city.
P. D. Nicols.-Iron Commission Merchant; 8
Wood Street.-Mr. Nicols has long been identified
in a representative way with the iron trade of Pittsburgh, his conneftion with it having begun in I872,
when he established his present business. He represents a number o,f the largest iron works in the
country, controlling their produftions in the territory extending through the West and South, and
his relations with the best sources of production are
of the most favorable character. He is prepared to
supply the trade at the lowest prices, and in the
most prompt and satisfatory manner. Mr. Nicols
possesses a long experience in the line in which he
is engaged, and an acquaintance with the trade
throughout the country which has enabled him by
the exercise of promptness and accuracy in all
his dealings to steadily increase the volume of
his trade from the inception of the business to
the present time. It might be added that Mr. Nicols
originated and organized the Union Storage Company of Pittsburgh, which concern has proved an
established success, and is now recognized as one of
the leading financial institutions of the city.
A. H. ChildS.-Commission Merchant for the
Sale of Pig Iron, Blooms, Ore, Etc.; Offices, 83
Fourth Avenue.--Mr. Childs is one of the leading
commission merchants in pig iron, blooms, ore, etc.,
in Pittsburgh, and in connecti in with his brother,
under the style of Childs  Brother, started business in I87I. In I873 his brother retired from the
firm, and Mr. A. H. Childs has since conducted the
business alb,ne and with marked success. His offices
are commodious and handsomely fittedup, and consist of a main office, 20x27 feet, and a private office,
I5X20 feet, and a staff of competent clerks assist him
in his office duties. HF! does an extensive local
business with rolling mills, furnaces, etc., and his
relation-s wlth consigners are of the most satisfactory character. Mr. Childs is a native of Pittsburgh,
and has resided here all his life. Prior to establish
ing this business he w S conneted with the Hope
Cotton Mills. He is a capable and accurate business
man, and his business is one of the most important
in its line in the city.
H. E. Collins  Co. Brokers in Ores and
Metals; Lewis Block, Corner Smithfield Street and
Sixth Avenue.--The importance of an enterprise
such as the one now under consideration can be
inferred from the various conditions and circumstances that have necessitated its existence. Pittsburgh and its surroundings are the great centers of
metal industries, and nature's generous bosom has
bountifully supplied the raw material. The great
waterways, the iron ores and vast coal deposits are
the ready and willing servants within hailing distance, and well and nobly have the enterprising capitalist and the sturdy mechanic improved their opportunities to foster and develop these vast industries
that mark the age of iron and steel on the America,i continent. In furtherance of these objects, an
important factor is brought to view and recognized
as essential to the progress and steady development
of these industries, and that is, the ore and metal
broker. A representative  firm  in this line in Pitts
burgh is that of H. EL. Collins  Co., which had its
inception in I877 under the experienced and wise
judgment of Mr. H. E. Collins, who for a number of
years was engaged in the iron business and held the
important position of Adjuster of Marine Averages at
St. Ivouis, Mo., prior to engaging in the present enterprise. This firm's business ofiice, at the outset,
was located at Liberty avenue and Wood street, but
subseqluentiy removed to its present eligible and
hands mely appointed offices in the Ivewis Block.
Telephone and telegraph facilities are here afforded
for keeping the firm in constant communication with
home an i foreign markets, as the trade extends all
over the United States and to European countries.
The utmost vigilance and consummate skill is exercised in miaking quotations and executing contracts, and the highest principles of honorable business methods characterize the firm's transactions.
Besides his present business connection, Mr. H. E.
Collins was prominently interested in promoting
the development of the Pitts rurgh and Western
Railroad, and the Junction Railroad, two of the
great commercial arteries of this manufadturing
center. The principal specialties of this firm are
dealing in steel, iron ore, pig iron, steel rails, ferromanganese, and old rails, in which a very large andconstantly increasing trade is secured. The phenomenal success of this fim is due to intelligent
management and commendable foresight in the
direction of its affairs. Mr. Collins is a business
man of rare executive ability, coupled with sterling
commercial integrity, and stands high in the estimate of the community as a worthy citizen and an
honorahle business man.
James Collord.-Pig Iron; Fourth Avenue
and Market Street. - This is one of the oldest
houses in Pittsburgh engaged in the pig iron industry, the business having been founded in I845 by
Mr. Robert C. Loomis. who continued it alone until
I867, when he was joined by Mr James Collord under the style of Loomis  Collard. In I872 Mr.
Loomis retired, and Mr. Collord continued alone
until 1875, when the firm became Collord  Martin,
Mr. Charles A, Martin being a member. Mr. Martin
died in I882 and Mr. Collord was again alone until
I886, when the firm of Collord  McKee rey was
formed, with James Collord and W. D. McKeefrey
as the individual members. This firm contined the
business until August, I888, when it was dissolved,
and Mr. Collord again became the sole proprietor.
He represents furnaces in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Kentucky, Alabama and Michigan, a specialty being
made of the product of the Pennsylvania furnaces
"Vernon " and " Seneca," and he handles about 50,ooo tons of pig iron annually. A large trade through
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan and New York is
reached by travelling salesmen, and the volume of
the sales increases every year. Mr. Collord is a
native of New York, but has resided in this city
for forty years.
Neal Brothers.-Brokers and Dealers in Pig
Iron, Steel Blooms and Billets, Old Rails, Ore and
l\/T  11  CN-1-  -.    T  41-4-    A  _...  M
Mill Cinder; 6I2 Liberty Avenue.-This
business was established in I864 by Mr.
W. B. Neal, and is now carried on by his
brothers, Messrs.- A. H. and R. T. Neal.
They are the proprietors and operators
of the Little Giant Furnace, located at
Clarksville Station, Mercer County. Pennsylvania, and having a capacity for the
produion of fifty tons of pig iron daily.
They are also largely engaged as brokers
and dealers in pig iron, steel blooms and
billets, old rails, ore and  mill cinder, and
have superior facilities for filling orders,
being agents for the Columbia Iron and
Steel Company, and otherwise enioying
the most favorable relations with leading
sources of production. Both members of
the firm are natives of Pittsburgh, and
have had a long and practical experience
in every department of the iron business,
and have built up a large trade extending
east to New York and throughout the
a w: A A 1 A A 1 1 r A + C:!    A - A~  
Middle and Western States. The perfect system
upon which the business is conduted, and the thoroughly reliable and accurate methods which characterize their dealings have secured for them a prominent position in the trade and a steady increase in
the volume of their business from its inception to
the present time.
MANUFACTURERS.
Jones  Laughllns, Limited.--The American Iron and Steel Works; B. F. Jones, Chairman; George M. Laughlin, Secretary and Treasurer; Thomas M. Jones, General Manager; Manufacturers of Steel, Iron and Nails, Patent Cold
Rolled Shafting, Pulleys, Hangers, Couplings,
Etc.; Office, Corner Third and Try Streets.These works, which are the largest in Pittsburgh, were originally established in I852 by the
firm of Jones, Lauth  Co., composed of Messrs.
B. F. Jones and Bernard Lauth. In the following
year this firm purchased the Monongahela Iron
Works at Brownsville, which they conducted for a
year and then discontinued, removing the machinery to the American Iron Works at Pittsburgh. Mr.
Iauth retired from the firm in I854, his interest
having been purchased by Mr. James Laughlin, and
the firm name changing to Jones  Jaughlin. This
connection continued until the death of Mr. Laughlin December I8, I882, and in I883 the firm became
Jones  Laughlins, Limited, with officers as namied
in the headlines of this article. From its inception
to the present time the business of the firm has
steadily grown and expanded, necessitating constant additions to the plant and facilities, the works
now presenting an extent and completeness paralleled by no other similar concern in the United
States. Included in the equipnient are eighty-four
single puddling furnaces, thirty-seven heating
furnaces, seventeen trains of rolls, two steam hammers and sixty-three nail machines, and in I886 there
was added a coinplete plant for the production of
Bessemer steels, operating two seven-ton converters,
and their products include a wide range of iron and
steel manufactures, comprising iron and steel bars,
nails, rails, plates, sheet iron and steel and cold
rolled shafting, the latter being a specialty of this
firm. They are proprietors of patents for cold rolling and polishing iron and steel by which they are
enabled, with the use of powerful and peculiarly
constructed machinery, to roll and draw bars, rods,
plates and sheets of iron and steel into any of the
shapes ordinarily given to hot iron by rollers. The
effect of this process is to compress and pack together the fibres of the metals to such an extent as
greatly to increase its strength, hardness, elasticity,
etc., and also to produce a highly polished and perfectly smooth bright surface and finish the bar or
rod as straight and true as if turned in a lathe or
planed. The annual capacity of the works amounts
to I75,000 kegs of cut nails and 200,000 tons of other
iron and steel products, and this firm's brand,
"American," is recognized by the trade as a sufficient guarantee of quality. The trade of the firm is
very large, not only covering transactions in all
parts of the United States, but also including a considerable export trade, which is especially large with
Mexico and South America. This important industry, giving employment to a force averaging 4,000
hands, is under the management of gentlemen ot
the highest business capacity, and its steady growth
and present importance presents a permanent example of the rewards awaiting untiring industry and
judicious management.  Mr. B. F. Jones, the Chairman of the company, in addition to his business
prominence, is also well known throughout the
country in connection with politics, he having been
for four years Chairman of the Republican National
Committee.
La Belle Steel Works.-Smith Brothers 
Co.; Manufacturers of Merchant Steel, Etc.; Office
and Works, Ridge Avenue and Belmont Street, A1legheny. - The la Belle Steel Works were started in
I863, and after several changes passed into the
hands of the present firm of Smith Bros.  Co., of
which Messrs. Andrew D., David M., Hugh D., and
Frank B. Smith are members. The works take a
high rank among the most extensive and productive
in the two cities, the ground occupied embracing
more than eight acres with numerous large mills
aiid buildings, and a complete equipment, including two twenty-five toli, and two thirty-ton converting furnaces, one single puddling furnace, two
double puddling furnaces, twenty-two forge fires,
twenty-onle heating furnaces, one large Swindell
gas heating furnace, one thirty-six pot, two fortytwo pot Sieman's gas steel melting furnaces, twelve
powerful hammers, six trains of rolls from nine to
twenty four inches, and two Sieman open hearth
steel furnaces each of ten gross tons capacity. With
this complete equipment, and the use of natural
gas exelusively as a fuel, the firm gives employment
to a force ranging from 600 to 700 men, with an
annual capacity of about I5,000 net tons of produ,
including all kinds of merchant steel, rake teeth for
sulky rakes, carriage and wagon springs, iron and
steel axles, and other produts, which in quality
are unsurpassed, and command a large trade from
all parts of the United States, as well as a considerable export business with foreign countries. Every
department of the manufaure is carried on uinder
the accurate supervision of experienced superintendents, and the greatest care is taken to secure
the maintenance of that high grade of quality for
which these works are noted. The Messrs. Smith,
of this firm, are all thoroughly practical and experienced men in this department of manufacture, and
who have combined with an intimate knowledge of
the details of the business, methods of conducting
it which have secured for them high favor, and a
steady increase of trade from the inception of the
business to the present time.
Sligo Rolling M ills. -Phillips, Nimick  Co.
West Carson Street.-The Sligo Rolling Mills is
one of the two oldest iron manufaturing establishnients of Pittsburgh. They were started in I825 on
a small scale by Messrs. Stewart  Lyon, succeeded
by Lyon, Shorb  Co., who were followed in I873 by
the present firm. The late Col. Wm. Phillips, President of the Allegheny Valley Railroad Company, was
one of the originators and projetors of this firm,
but never took an aAive part in the management of
the business, and Messrs. Alexander Nimick and
James M. Bailey are now the sole proprietors, but
they retain the name by which the house has been
so long and favorably known. Vast improvements
have been made from time to time in the equipment
and facilities of the works, and they now have a capacity for the production of from 30,000 to 40,000 tons
annually, and the equipment includes all the necessary machinery and appliances, including a twelve
ton hammer, which was the first ever used in this
counti-y and has been in use by these works for the
past twenty-five years. The firm also has a special
machine for flanging boiler heads, for which they
own the exclusive patent rights in this country.
nA1'-   4-. _ 1 _ -n -- _:-   -       1.--.'     
This is the only flanging machine that
thickens the head while in process of
flanging. The works in their entirety
cover about nine acres, and employment
is given to a force averaging 650 hands.
The manufaure includes the celebrated
Sligo iron, boiler plates, sheet iron and
fine iron and bars for locomotive staybolt and other special purposes. This
firm has received certificates from the
United States Navy Department, stating
that their produts are the best ever used
in the government navy yards. The trade
of the firm is very large and extends all
over the United States, being especially
large among railroad companies in plates
and bars. The gentlemen composing this
firm are among the most prominent of the
manufaurers of the city, and are also
identified in many important ways wiih
many business and financial corporations.
Mr. Alexander Nimick is also President.-  J-X      -    -K -1    -n   _ - 1-  4-1_   T_     ---  _-     --  -
of the First National Bank, the Western Insurance
Company, the Nimick  Brittan Manufauring
Company, and connected with other important
enterprises, and Mr. James M. Bailey, the other
member of the firm, is President of the Fourth
National Bank, and prominent in many of the
leading corporations of the city. The business is
managed upon perfe system, each department
being supervised by a competent head; and by
maintaining a superior reputation for the quality
of their produt, the history of the enterprise under
their mianagement has been a steadily progressive
one, the volume of the trade of the firm increasing
from year to year.
Kirkpatrick  Co., Limited; and Chartiers Iron  Steel Co., Limited.-John C.
Kirkpatrick, Chairman; D. A. Carter, Secretary, and
M. W. ILeech, Treasurer: Manufacturers of Fine
Sheet Iron and Steel; Rooms 3 and 4 Iron Exchange Building, No. 8 Wood Street.-Among the
most prominent of the iron and steel industrial enterprises of the present day may be appropriately
classed the manufacture of fine sheet iron and sheet
steel as carried on by the corporations conduted
under the style of Kirkpatrick  Co., imited;
whose extensive works are located at Leechburg,
Pa., and The Chartiers Iron  Steel Co., Limited
with works at Mansfield Valley, Pa. These two corporations, of both of which Mr. John C. Kirkpatrick
is Chairman, are the outgrowth of the old " Siberian Iron Works," which were purchased a number
of years ago by Mr. Kirkpatrick, at which time they
had a capacity of about 200 tons per month, but since
that time have been enlarged and improved, and
the Chartiers Mill added, until the plant is now one
LA BELLE STEEL WORKS.of the largest of its kind in the country, employing
nearly I,0oo men, and having a total capacity of
1,300 tOlls of finished sheets per month, the superior
quality of which is so well recognized by the trade
that it meets with a ready sale in nearly all the
principal markets of the Union. Natural gas is
utilized as producing the most excellent results
and to the firm of Kirkpatrick  Co., ILimited, is
due the credit of being the first manufacturers to
utilize this most important article as a fuel in the
manufacture of iron and steel - and the works at
Leechburg have been running with natural gas
from wells owned by the firm since I875, and in the
Open Hearth steel plant since I872. The business
policy of these important carporations has always
been characterized by thoroughness and probity,
and promptness in the execution of all orders intrusted to them, and their produs are everywhere
recognized as standards of value and excellence by
the trade.
McKeesport Iron  Works.--W. Dewees
Wood Company; W. Dewees Wood? President;
Richard Wood, Vice President; Alan W. Wood, Secretary and Treasurer; Thomas D. Wood, Superintendent; Manufacturers of Sheet Iron; McKeesport, Pa., with a Branch Office at III Water Street,
Pittsburgh.-Among those important industries contingent upon, and identified with the immense iron
interests of Pittsburgh, and the material outgrowth
of improvement and inventive genius, may be appropriately classed the enterprise conduced by the
representative firm of W. Dewees Wood Company,
which is of such a character and pronounced usefulness as to entitle it to more than ordinary consideration in a detailed display of the resources of
Allegheny County. This industry was inaugurated
upon a limited scale, as early as I85 I, by Mr.W. Dewees
Wood, who had been for many years previously
identified with the iron interests of Anierica and
devoted much time and attention to the discovery
and perfetion of a process for manufaturing
planished sheet iron, which had hitherto been made
exclusively in, and imported from Russia. Mr.
Wood is the only American inventor who has succeeded in producing successfully sheet iron, having
the beautiful dappled and highly polished surface
which characterizes the Russian produt. Since
the inception of this important enterprise numerous improvements have been introduced and the
" Patent Planishing Process," now used exclusively
by this firm, has attained a degree of perfetion
which places their products pre-eminently at the
head of foreign or American iron, employed for
similar purposes. The works and general offices of
this company are located in the thriving and enterprising borough of McKeesport, where a ground
space of more than -even acres is covered with
immense strutures equipped with special machinery and appliances, including numerous ponderous
planishing hammers weighing three tons each and
capable of delivering 3oo blows per minute, with an
estimated force of twenty tons to each stroke. In
addition to the specialty of "Russia" or "Patent
Planished," this company also manufatures other
grades of smooth surface sheet iron known to the
trade as "Wood's Smooth Finished," "Refined,"
"1 Charcoal " and "Juniata." An average force of 750
workmen is regularly employed in the various departments, many of whom are highly skilled operatives, and the annual producAs of all kinds of sheet
iron will reach I2,000 tons, which are in constant
demand and meet with a ready sale in all pairts of
the United States with a steadily increasing export
trade to Mexico, Canada and South America. Mr.
AVr. Dewees Wood is a native of Philadelphia and
has for more than a third of a century direAted his
attention and: best efforts to advancing and developing the iron interests of Western Pennsylvania. Mr.
Alan W. Word, upon whom devolves the general
management of financial affairs, was educated to
the business in the house which he now so ably represents. Messrs. Richard G. and Thomas D. Wood
are praEtically conversant with the various details
of the business over which they exercise a personal
supervision. Tothe energy, enterprise and ability
of these gentlemen Pittsburgh is indebted for a
considerable share of her commercial prosperity,
and through them she has reared lasting monuments of her industries throughout the country
and foreign lands.
Canonsburg Iron and Steel Company,
-Charles Meyran, President; John Ewing, VicePresident; H. S. Duncan, Business Manager; I/. A.
Meyran, Secretary and Treasurer; John F. Budke,
Superintendent; Branch Office, g and Io Germania
Savings Bank Building, 423 Wood Street.-The
works of this company were built at Canonsburg,
Washington County, Pa., in I882, and for a few years
known as the Canonsburg Iron Company, Iimited,
but later on was reorganized under the manufa6turing laws of Pennsylvania, and with that, its capital
iucreased, its works enlarged, and now has over a
quarter of a million of dollars invested to carry on
the business with increased facilities, and a steadily
expanding trade. The plant of the company, located
at Canonsburg, Pa., occup es twelve acres of ground,
five of which are covered by buildings and machinery, and there the company has an equipment,
including all the most improved and modern
machinery and appliances adapted to the manufacture of fine smooth finished sheet iron and sheet steel
for stamping, tinning, galvanizing, japanning, enameling, etc., with a capacity of 3,000 tons of sheet iron
and steel per year, giving steady employment to a
force of 200 men. The trade of the company, which
has grown quite large, extends throughout the eastern, middle and western States, a specialty being
made of the production of superior grades of fine
sheet iron; the excellent qualities of the Canonsburg brand are known to every consumer of sheet
iron and steel in the United States.  In addition to
this business the company purchased, in I885, the
Budke Manufacturing Company, also located at
Canonsburg, which, although separately organized,
is controlled by the same officers, and is intimately
connected with their business; and under the last
named firm they are largely engaged in stamping
sheet iron and steel hollow-ware and the manufacture of the Budke Patent Powder Kegs, Cartridge
Cases, " Acme" Nested Stove Pipe, Dripping Pans,
Shingle and Heading Bands, Galvanized Iron Buckets,
etc., in which department they employ 20 to 30 men,
with a capacity of turning out I,ooo pO wder kegs per
day.  Mr. Charles Meyran, the Presi dent of the
company, was born in North Germany, from whence,
when a boy, he came to the United States some
forty years ago and settled in Pittsburgh. He at once
began training himself for mechanical pursuits as
watch maker, jeweler and silversmith. He is prominent in many important corporations of a financial,
manufacturing and business character. He began to
buy up real estate, when quite young, made many successful ventures in that direction and is to-day
owner of many valuable properties, yielding a handsome income; and has ever been foremost in building
attrative business and dwelling houses, which have
added much in beautifying many of the leading
streets and avenues of Pittsburgh, At present, he
is President of the Germania Savings Bank, President of the Manufaturers' Natural Gas Company,
Treasurer of the Chamber of Commerce, and otherwise conneed with leading enterprises. He was
formerly for upwards of 20 years ]argely engaged in
the j ewelry busin ess, in the firm then known as Reineman  Meyran, on Fifth avenue, Pittsburgh, and
throughout the forty years of his residence in the
Iron City he has ever been notable as one of its niost
successful and reputable business men.  Mr. John
Ewing, the Vice-President of the company, is a
native of Washington County, Pa., has lived in
Pittsburgh for manyyears, and has always been
identifiedwith important business houses of Pittsburgh. Mr. H. S. Duncan, Business Manager, is also
well known in connection with the iron industry of
Pittsburgh, in which he has had about twenty years
experience; he has always devoted himself to the
manufacture of sheet iron and sheet steel and is
acknowledged as one of the best informed men in that
particular branch. Mr. 1v. A. Meyran the Treasurer
and financier of the company, who has charge of
the city offce, is a son of the President of the Iron
Company, a native of this city, and a gentleman of
superior business attainments. Mr. Budke, the
Superintendent, is a thoroughly practical and experienced mechanic, under whose supervision the
operations of the business are effciently conducted.
A perfect system prevades every detail of the different branches of the works, aind the company has no
superior in ability for the production in the quality
of its goods. The Canonsburg Iron and Steel Co.,
is the pioneer in developing and using its own
natural gas, in Washington County, having drilled
the first gas well on its mill grounds in Canonsburg in I884. This well proved to be one of the
largest wells ever drilled in Pennsylvania and is
still supplying an immense quantity of fuel; two
others have been drilled since by the company, one
of whi -h is held in reserve for an emergency in
case of a~cident. The abundance of the natural gas
resources of this company immediately induced them
to lay a system of ten miles of pipe lines in and
around Canonsburg to supply the neighborhood,
the town of Canonsburg, the Pennsylvania Reform
School at Morganza and fuel for oil well drillers and
pumpers around Canonsburg.  This being another
branch of business, not allowed under its charter, a
separate organization, chartered as the Canonsburg
l,ight and Fuel Co. was the result, but practically
owned and controlled by the Iron and Steel Co. The
Canonsburg Iron and Steel Co. are to-day the only
iron works in the United States, that have ever since
the occurrance of natural gas in Washington County,
had abundance of it, not only for its own works and
the Budke Manufaturing Co., but furnished other
industries in Canonsburg and another gas company
with all the fuel needed. The works are beautifully
located on the Chartiers Valley Railroad and Chartiers Creek, one hour's ride from Pittsburgh.  The
Iron and Steel Co. also owns the large stone dam, at
Canonsburg, the mill race, and the splendid water
power of Chartiers Creek for a mile around its works.
There is also an abundance of the best bituminous
coal within 300 yards of the mill. It is a rare occurrence that manufauring industries enjoy all these
advantages and we can therefore bespeak for the
Canonsburg Iron and Steel Co., a very successful
career.
PLOWS AND AGRICULTURAL IMPLFMENTS.
The Empire Plow Company, Limited.
-E. S. Hartman, President; Clark Bishop, Secretary; Manufacturers of Plows, Cultivators, AgriE. S. HARTMAN.
cultural Implements, Solid Steel Road Scrapers,
Etc.; Corner Lacock and Darragh Streets, Allegheny.-The Empire Plow Works has long held a
superior reputation for the production of plows
and other agricultural implements of the highest
merit, having been established forty years ago by
R,bert Hall, changing in I860 to Spratt, Jones
 Co., in I875 to Spratt, Johnson  Co., in I875 to
the Empire Plow Company, and in I887 to the
presentlimited partnership. The works occupied
by the company cover an area of IOOX200 feet,
partly one, partly two and partly three stories in
height, and are completely equipped with all the
latest and most highly improved machinery and
appliances adapted to this branch of industry. Eimployment is given to a force of eighty skilled workmen in the produ6tion of the celebrated plows and
other implements produced at these works. These
include the celebrated Pony Steel Plow, with
shares and points of hardened steel, which is specially popular throughout the Southern States.
They also manufacture the Enmpire Combination
Steck, the iron double shovel plow with adjustable
clevis, the Empire Cultivator, with adjustable attachments, by which it can be either used as a
cultivator, a horse hoe or a hiller, and they also
manufacture solid steel road scrapers, wing shovel
plows, as well as all kinds of other plow attachments.
The produs of the works are in large demand
throughout the Union, Mexico and South America,
and being made of uniformly reliable material, and
thoroughly adapted to the use of the farmer, they
have steadily increased in reputation and demand
from year to year. Mr. E. S. Hartman, the President of the company, is a native of Allegheny,
and a prominent and reputable citizen.  He is
councilman from the First Ward of Allegheny City,
and is highly esteemed in business, private and
public relations. Mr. Clark Bishop, the Secretaryof the company, is a native of Connellsville, Pa.,
but is now a resident of Allegheny, and he is a gentleman of superior business attainments, to whose
efficiency the successful prosecution of the business
of the company is in a large measure due.  The
affairs of the conipany are managed upon a perfe6t
system, and it occupies a position of recognized
leadership in its department of industy.
John K. Frye  Co.-Wholesale and Retail
Dealers in Agricultural Implements, Flour, Feed,
Grain, Hay, Salt, Lime, Cement, Etc.; 32 and 34
Ohio Street, Allegheny.-This firm, three years ago,
inaugurated their present enterprise, which has
proved a success from the start. Messrs. Frye 
Co. have the sole agency for the justly celebrated
Remington Clipper Plows; also the famous Wm.
Deering  Co. steel binders, reapers and mowers, carrying a full line of their superior goods constantly on
hand; also a large stock of cultivators, feed cutters,
feed mills, cider mills, plows, harrows, and a full
line of plow fittings for all plows in use to-day;
farm wagons, buggies, carts, lawn mowers and gardeners' tools of every description. Their line of
agricultural implements is not surpassed by any
house in the State. They are also dealers extensively in flour, feed, grain and hay, the establishment always containing the best goods in all lines.
The firm's store, which is located at 32 and 34 Ohio street,
Allegheny, occupies a two-story
building, 44XIOO feet in dimensions also a large warehouse
up town for storing surplus
stock. The trade of the house,
which is both wholesale and
retail, includes, in addition to a
large local patronage, an extensive b u s i n e s s throughout
Western Pennsylvania, and as
sole transfer agents for Western
Pennsylvania for Wnm. Deering
 Co. their business is very
large. The business is one of
the most prominent, in its particular line, in the two cities,
and its trade experiences a
steady expansion from year to
year, owing to their manner of
square dealing and handling
only first-class goods.  Their
trade in phosphates and fertilizers, for the past two years, has
been immense.
Alexander Speer 
Sons.-Manufacturers of
Plows, Cultivators and Agricultural Implements; Duquesne
Way and Fifth Street.-The history of this house has been so
intimately conneted with the
development of the trade of
Pittsburgh for more than half
a century that no record of the
industries of this community
would be complete that did not
take special cognizance of the well known firm of
Alexander Speer  Sons. This representative establishment dates its inception from I825, when it was
founded upon a comparatively small scale bv Mr.
Samuel Hall. In I845 Mr. Alexander Speer formed
a partnership with Mr. Hall under the name of Hall
 Speer, and under this style the business was continued until I873, when Mr. Hall's interest was
withdrawn and the present firm name and style was
adopted.  In I876 Mr. Alexander Speer died, but
the surviving partners, his sons, William W. and
Joseph T. Speer, retain the style under which an
immense business had been established and. an
enviable reputation acquired. The plant occupied
by this firm at the corner of Duquesne Way and Fifth
street covers an area of 240X270 feet, upon which
are erected commodious buildings, including foundry, machine shops, blacksmith shops, finishing
shops, warerooms, lumber sheds, etc. These works
are among the most extensive and thoroughly
equipped in the United States, and the massive ma  
chinery employed is propelled by one II6 horse
power engine and boilers. An average force of
I65 skilled workmen is employed in the manufacture of plows, cultivators and castings for a great
variety of agricultural implements. The trade of
this house is not confined to local limits, their
produs being shipped to all sections of the Southern and Western States, to Mexico, the West Indies
and South America. Progressive, enterprising and
liberal, this firm has been largely instrumental in
promoting the general welfare and industrial thrift
of the city of Pittsburgh, offering in their produts
pronounced inducements in both quality, utility and
price.
FOUNDRIUS AND MACHINF SHOPS.
Fort Pitt Foundry.-Mackintosh, Hemphill
 Co., I,imited; James Hemphill, Chairman; Pennock Hart, Treasurer; W. Wade, Secretary; N. A.
Hemphill, Superintendent; Founders and Machinists; Twelfth and Etna Streets.- The Fort Pitt Foundry is the dire6t successor of a foundry and machine
shop established in I825 by Alexander M'Clurg, in
the neighborhood of its present site. At the inception
of the business it was engaged in producing a regular line of castings, stoves, sash weights, sugar kettles, saw mills, engines, boilers, sad irons, machinery,
and later the locomotives for the Portage road were
made in the establishment, and shot and shell as
well as cannon were produced in the foundry. The
foundry early attained a high reputation for the
quality of its produs, notwithstanding the disad-,,antage it labored under as a consequence of the
primitive and undeveloped charater of the facilities
of those days. Succeeding the individual ownership of Mr. M'Clurg, followed the formation of
M'Clurg, Pratt  Wade; M'Clurg, Wade  Co.; John
Freeman; Freeman, Knap  Totten; Knap  Totten; Knap  Co.; Knap, Wade  Co.; Knap, Rudd
 Co.; Charles Knap; Charles Knap's Nephews;
Knap Fort Pitt Foundry Co., and then the present
owners. The entire works were totally destroyed
by fire in I858, and were then rebuilt on a smaller
scale, and the business was almost entirely confined
to foundry work and the manufacture of cannon,
and its activity in the last named branch was greatly
accelerated after the outbreak of the war, and the
works for a considerable time turned out three large
cannon per day, as well as several tons of shot and
shell. In I879, Messrs. Mackintosh, Hemphill  Co.,
Limited, purchased the property, discarding the old
equipment, refitting the old buildings, ereing new
ones, and putting in new machinery and tools,
which with subsequent additions makes the foundry
outfit in every respe complete, and including the
largest and most powerful horizontal boring and
turning mill in the world. The capacity of the
works as now equipped, may be gathered from the
fat that there have been at one time as many as
seven pieces of castings under way at the works,
each over thirty tons in weight, and each handled
with perfet ease and facility. The trat occupied
by the works in the days of the war, was a square
between Twelfth and Thirteenth streets, running
from Etna street to the river, and to this the present
owners have added the square between Eleventh
and Twelfth streets, from Etna street to the river,
making the entire property 680X348 feet in dimensions, on which is ereted one main machine shop
buildiilg, 40 feet high and 3OOx50 feet in dimensions,
with a wing of the same height I40X70 feet, a main
foundry also 40 feet high and I40X95 feet in dimensions, with a small work foundry 90X50 feet; the
two upper stories of which are used for a pattern
shop and pattern storage; an ingot mould foundry
IOOx50 feet, a steel foundry built of brick and iron
I30X95 feet in dimensions, with an iron extension
55X45 feet, ereting and smith shops I50X58 feet, a
five-story building used for pattern storage 85x50
feet, a two story office 60x30 feet, and a brick and
iron boiler house 40x30 feet; and on the square between Eleventh and Twelfth streets, there is a brick
building 30 feet high and 220XII5 feet in dimensions
where the new steel foundry is located, and an iron
building for cleaning castings, annealing, turning
lathes, etc., 220X90 feet. The equipment includes
thirty-three steam  power cranes, ten hand power
cranes, forty-five steam engines of various sizes, two
steam hammers, one locomotive, and four traveling
cranes, as well as all other necessary machinery,
and the works, as a whole, are specially adapted and
designed for the heaviest work, and iron castings of
thirty tons in weight are made
with the utmost facility, while
with the new steel foundry a
steel casting of thirty tons will
be easily handled at the works.
For the receipt of raw material
and the shipment of manufactured produEt, the foundry is
specially well equipped, connedion with the railroad systems being made by the tracks
of the C.  P. R. R. on one side
of the works, and those of the
Juntion Railroad along the
river front, while on these tracks
powerful steam cranes facilitate
the handling of the heaviest
castings. The company is one
of ample -esources as well as
the most complete facilities,
and it is managed by men of
the highest order of business
attainments and pratical experience as manufa6turers, and
employment is given to a force
of about 500 experienced workmen. There is no establishmeent which is more truly representative of the advanced
charater of the iron and steel
manufature of Pittsburgh than
that of Mackintosh, Hemphill
 Co., Limited.
J.  R. Hutchinson.
Manufacturer of Engines, Boilers and General Machinery;
Corner of Park Way and Sandusky Street, Allegheny.-This
prominent and successful manufacturing concern
was established in I865 by the firm of Andrews 
Armstrong, changing in I868 to Armstrong, Hutchinson  Co., and in I870 to J. R. Hutchinson. In
I875 the firm became Armstrong  Hutchinson, succeeded in I879 by Hutchinson  Alexander, changing again in I885 to J. R. Hutchinson, who has since
conducted the business alone. He occupies completely equipped premises at the corner of Park
Way and Sandusky Street, where he has every convenience and appliance in the way of improved
machinery and tools for the successful prosecution
of the manufacture of all kinds of stationery,
hoisting and portable engines, boilers and all
kinds of bending machines for angle iron and general machinery, and a specialty is made of patent
stop gates and fire hydrants with single and double
nozzles, patented February, 1874, and of which
Mr. Hutchinson is the manufacturer. The stop
gates for water or steam manufactured at these
works are made with either bowl, flang or screw
end, and in sizes from three to thirty-six inches in
diameter.  They have been in use for the past
fourteen years and are commended by all who have
used them as most efficient devices for the purposes
for which they are designed. The fire hydrant
manufa6tured by Mr. Hutchinson is made upon
the most rational principles, every part being specially adapted to its prescribed use and the construction being a model of simplicity. It is the safest,
surest and most reliable fire hydrant offered to the
public, and is approved by hydraulic engineers in
all parts of the country. Mr. Hutchinson makes a
specialty also of coal washing machinery, in which
he does a large business.  A full force of hands is
employed, and a large business is done not only
throughout Western Penusylvania, but also in other
States. Mr. Hutchinson is a native of Pennsylvania
and is thoroughly practical and experienced in all
the details of the business, carefully supetvising
the operations of his works, and giving uniform
satisfaffion by tie excellence of his workmanship
and the promptness with which all orders are
filled.
R. D. Nuttall.-Machinist and Engine Builder;
Corner of Grant Avenue and Bouquet Street, Allegheny.- This business was established by W. B. Orr
 Co. in I886, who were succeeded a year later by
the Eclipse Machine Company, the entire business
being purchased later by Mr. R. D. Nuttall, the
present proprietor who is a thoroughly practical
and experienced man in every department of the
machinist's trade, and is therefore enabled to supervise the affairs of his works in a most efficient and
skillful manner.  He occupies a two-story brick
building, 25XI00 feet in dimensions, which he has
completely equipped with all the necessary machinery and appliances for carrying on the business
of machinist and engine builder, and he gives employment to a force of from fifteen to twenty hands
in the various departments of produftion in which
he is engaged, making a specialty of tools and experimentalwork. Hei- prepared to execute orders
for setting up and repairing engines and machinery
of all kinds, planing mill work, etc., and he does
gear and rack cutting of all kinds in a prompt and
satisfatory manner. In the manufa6ture of special
tools, taps and dies to order and the execution of
experimental work of all kinds Mr. Nuttall enjoys a
deserved reputation for superior excellence in this
line, and being a thoroughly expert mechanic,
those desiring any kind of experimental work cannot do better than to submit it to Mr. Nuttall.
Totten  Co.-Fulton Foundry and Machine
Shop; Office and Works, Corner of Twenty-Fourth
and Railroad Streets.-This prominent manufadturing establishment, which holds a high place among
the important iron industries of Pittsburgh, was
established in I863 by Mr. Robert C. Totten, who
was joined in I866 by Mr. N. B. Hogg, the firm then
assuming its present style.  The firm  makes a
specialty of the manufacure of rolling mill machinery of every description, and are the only manufacturers of Totten's Patent Grooved Chill Rolls. They
also manufacqure plain chill and soft rolls of all
*sc s1 m;n1 n  anliai.,za-rcL    cll,-vc!
kinds, nail machines, squeezers, shears,
punches, furnace plates, etc. The plant
occupied is an extensive one, the foundry, machine shop, et., covering an
area of more than three acres of ground,
in which with every appliance and convenience for the succepsful prosecution
of their manufa6ture, they give employment to a force ranging from I80
to 200 skilled workmen. The members
of the firm possess a thorough and
practical knowledge of every detail of
this branch of manufature.
Ernst Axthelm. - Machinist;
Mechanical and Fletrical Bell Hanger,
Pattern, Lock and Tool Maker; I03
Third Avenue.-Mr. Axthelm has been
engaged in business in this city as a
machinist since I858, and throughout
his long business career has held a
high reputation both for the merit of
his work and his reliable and accurate
methods of dealing. He does a large
business in mechanical and elerical
lbell hanging and the furnishing of electrical burglar alarms, annunciators,
__1   1 11   _ _  A   ""   -,, -- -A -   
call bells, etc., and has patented a number of
elerrical contrivances in his line. He first introduced the eletrical department of his business
after a visit to the Centennial Exposition of Philadelphia in I876. Mr. Axthelm is assisted by a force
of skilled mechanics, and does a large business in
the city and surroundings, and in addition to the
other branches of his business, he does an extensive
business as a pattern, lock and tool maker. His
work never fails to give perfe satisfation, and is
consequently much in demand.
R. Monroe    Son.-West Point Boil r
Works; Twenty third and Smallman Streets.-This
is the oldest manufaory in the city, having been
established in I835 by Mr. James Seitch. It was
originally located near the "Point," and in I858 the
firm became Watson  Monroe, changing in I875
to R. Monroe, and in I884 Mr. Monroe admitted his
son, Mr. R. Monroe, Jr., to the firm, when its present style was assumed, the business having been removed a year previously to the premises now occupied at Twenty-third and Smnallman   streets, and
which are 200x200 feet in dimensions, the buildings
being partly one and partly three stories in height.
At the works is a complete equipment of machinery
and appliances adapted to the manufa6ture of steam
boilers, employment being given to a force ranging
from eighty to one hundred hands, and the produ6ts
including, in addition to boilers of every description,
boiler plate and heavy sheet iron work. A specialty
of this firm is a new method of forming and
strengthening nian hole openings in steam boilers,
recently devised and patented by this firm, and
which commends itself for its simplicity and for the
effective way in which existing and hitherto unavoidable defects have been overcome. It strengthens the head in a manner superior to any appliance
now in use, and forms, in connection with the improved style of man hole plate used by the firm, an
absolutely perfect and steam tight joint, thus obviating the leaking of the man head, which is the
commonest drawback of steani boilers. This improvement is manufactured by no other establish
ment in the city, and its obvious advantages are
securing for the firm a large patronage in all parts
of the country. Col. R. Monroe was born in Baltimore, Md, and has resided in Pittsburgh and Allegheny for more than fifty years. During the war he
served with distinction in the army of the Union,
entering the service in I86I a Lieutenant in the 6Ist
Pennsylvania Volunteers.  He subsequently recruited a company, and was commissioned Captain
of Company D of the I3gth Regiment of Pennsylvania Volunteers, and promoted to Major of that
regiment. He participated in many of the principal
battles of the Civil War in the Armyof the Potomac
and Shenandoah Valley and was wound d severely
several times, and was breveted Lieutenant Colonel
for his meritorious services at the battle of Winchester, Va. After the close of hostilities he returned to Pittsburgh, and has since been steadily
engaged in his present V usiness. His son is a native
of this city and has been trained to business under
the experienced supervision of his father, and now
contributes largely by his efficiency to the success
enjoyed by the firm.
S. Jarvis Adams  Co.-Iron Founders in
Specialties by the Adams Patent Processes; Office
and Works, Fourteenth and Etna Streets.-This
prominent foundry was established in I870 by Mr.
s. Jarvis Adams, who was subsequently joined by
Mr. G. M. Shaw in the formation of the present
firm. They occupy spacious premises at the corner
of Fourteenth and Etna streets, equipped with two
cupolas and every convenience and accessory for
the successful prosecution of their business, and
they give employment to a large force of hands in
the manufature of every description of light castings by a process invented by Mr. S. Jarvis Adams
and patented by him, by the use of which the most
uniform excellence of produ6t is secured. A specialty is made of the celebrated Gray Iron and
" Pittsburgh " Hard Axle Boxes, pipe and flue welding balls, etc., and by careful supervision of every
detail of the business the quality of the produEt is
maintained at the highest standard and a trade
built up which extends to every part of the Union.
Mr. Adams, the senior member of the firm, is a
thoroughly praical and experienced man in every
department of the business, and Mr. Shaw, the other
member, is also a business man of superior attainments, and the combination of these gentlemen in
the firm is one presenting all the elements of efficiency and all the prerequisites to success.
Thomas Carlin's Sons.-Manufacturers of
Steam Engines, Boilers and Machinery; Corner
Sandusky and Lacock Streets, Allegheny.-Among
the foundry and machine shop establishments of
the two cities none is more favorably known or
better equipped than that of Thomas Carlin's Sons,
occupying spacious premises on Sandusky and Lacock Streets and North Avenue in Allegheny. The
business was established in i86i, the present style
haviing been a11sumed ill TSSA- and the
having been assumed in i88t4, and the
membership now being composed of
Messrs. Thomas H., William J. and
John H. Carlin. The history of the
business from its inception to the
present time has been one of steadily
increasing activity, the area covered by
the several departments having been
increased from time to time, and from
having been originally 4,500 square
feet it is now increased until 53,000 feet
in floor space is covered. The nianufacture includes a vast range of machinery, including in addition to all
standard styles of engines, boilers, etc.,
a large number of patent machines exclusively manufactured by this firm,
including  Carlin's  Patent Friction
Hoisting Engines, Carlin's Automatic
Sifting Dry Grinding Pans for fire
clay, red brick clays, sand, etc., Carlin's
Patent Continuous Discharging Clay
Pans, Carlin's Portable Pans, Carlin's
Special Ore and Manganese Pans, Carlin's I mproved Derrick Fixtures, Carlin's Patent Coke ILarry Cable System,
etc. They also manufacture winding
1.-__    ----  -   A   -  --.  1   4..
drums, coke larrys, dump cars and outside of their
own manufactures at as agents for all kinds of contraors' machinery, wire, hemp and manilla rope,
tools, blocks, pile drivers, centrifugal punips for sand
and water, locomotives, cars and railroad rails, city,
water, gas, park and sewer castings, etc. The premises
include, in addition to the machine department, a
foundry with a daily capacity of eight tons of castings, and a brass foundry is also connedted with
this department, which allows them a proper selection of material for different uses. They also have:a well equipped boiler yard, now located on North
avenne, where all kinds of boilers are made, including Carlin's Patent Vertical Boiler, which is
acquiring a high reputation as a safe boiler where
natural gas is used as fuel, and in the various departments of the business eniployment is given to
a force of I04 skilled workmen, each departmelit
being supervised by men who have grown up in
the works.  A large trade is enjoyed with the
mining districlts, not only of Western Pennsylvania,
but also of the East, West and South. All the members of the firm are thoroughly practical and experienced men, who have been reared to this
branch of business, and whose th rough and practical knowledge of its details has secured a steady
and merited success. The establishment has ever
been noted for the superior quality of its work,
and was awarded the highest medals in all the
competitive tests at'the Pittsburgh Exposition in
I875 and 1876, for the superior chara6ter of its
manufaure. The firm is a prominent and representative one, and the steady record of success
made by it evidences the appreciation with which
its products are regarded by users of machinery.
Lewis Foundry and Machine Company, Limited.-J. L. Lvewis, Chairman and
General Manager; I. W. Frank, Secretary; E. Kneeland, Treasurer; Corner ot Tenth and Neville
Streets, South Side.-The works owned and operated by this company occupy an area of ISOX200 feet,
and include a most complete equipment for the
heaviest foundry and machine shop work. The
business was established in I863 by the firm of
Lewis  Rossiter, afterward passing under the sole
proprietorship of Mr. J. L. Lewis, and in I880 being
organized in the existing partnership. A specialty
of the firm is the manufa6ture of rolls and heavy
machinery, and the equipment is specially complete
with reference to the produ6tion of chilled and
sand rolls, roll trains, squeezers, punches, shears,
presses, hot and cold saws, roll lathes, cranes, ore
mills, etc. In this work employment is given to a
force of II5 hands, and the demand for the product
of the establishment extends to every part of the
United States. Careful supervision is maintained
over all the operations of the foundry and machine
shop, so as to maintain in the produt that uniform
excellence which has earned for the company the!
superior reputation it enjoys, and the company is X
prepared to fill all orders for every description of
work in its line in the most prompt and satisfa6ory
nianner. Mr. Lewis, the Chairman and General
Manager of the business, is a gentleman who has
had a pra6tical experience in the business extending over a quarter of a century, and Messrs. I. W.
Frank and E. Kneeland, the Secretary and Treasurer respeivcly, are business men of superior attainments, who contribute largely to the success of
the estabiishment. In the specialty of angle and
s'aaped rolls this foundry does a business in all the
iron manufacturing centers of the Union, and its
business has steadily increased from its inception
to the present time.
Harmes Machine Depot.-Steam Engines,
Boilers and Machinery; 97 and 99 First Avenue.Pittsburgh is not only noted as a center for the
manufacture of boilers, engines and all kinds of
machinery, but also, as a result of its prominence in
manufacture, is anl important point of distribntion
for articles of this character. Among those engaged
in this business who possess a special celebrity by
reason of the extent and completeness of the assortment of their stock, the establishment known as
Harmes Machine Depot is one of the most prom~inent. The business was establish-ed in I874 by MVr.
A. G. Harmes at 92 and 94 First avenue, from
whence removal was miade in I887 to 97 and 99 on
the same thoroughfare, where he is still located.
He carries a general stock of portable and stationary enzgines and boilers, saw mills, mill gearing,
wood working machinery, all styles of automatic,
marine and portable engines, as well as complete
stocks of mill supplies of all kinds. He makes a
specialty of supplying steam engines for special
purposes, and no better opportunity for selection is
offered by any establishment in the line in the country than is provided by this depot. Mr. Harmes,
who is a native of New York State, is practically
conversant with machinery of every description,
and has been connec'ted with his present line of
bllsiness for many years. The accuracy of his
knowledge of the business, and the favorable rela-tions maintained by him with the leading mlanufac  
turers, enable him to pay intelligent and special attention to the assortmeent of his stock, and to offer
the most favorable inducemel-ts to users of machinery throughout the country, and as a consequel-nce he has built up a large trade which extends
to all parts of the Uinited States, and is steadily increasing in volume.
Cloud Foundry Company. -T. H. Campbell, Manager; Corner of Bouquet Street and Grant
Avenue, Allegheny.-This important manufacturing
establishment was founded about fifteen nears ago
by Mr. T. H. Campbell, and has ever since been successfully conducted. In 1887 a change was made to
the present firm style, Mr. T. H. Campbell remaining
the manager of the business, and Mr. Mark D. Kuhn
becoming associated with him in the proprietorship. The premises occupied cover an area of I50X
I50 feet, comprising a one-story brick warehouse
and a two-story foundry equipped with every convenience and accessory in the way of improved
machinery and appliances and having a capacity
for the production of six tons per day.  Employment is given to a force averaging twenty
skilled workmen, and the products including every
description of sash weights, horse weights, dumb
bells, post mauls, etc., the manufactures of the
establishment enjoying a wide-spread reputation for
their superior excellence and commanding a large
trade throughout Pennsylvania and neighboring
States. The members of the firm are business men
of high character and capacity, and Mr. T. H. Campbell, the manager of the business, is a thoroughly
practical and experienced man who has, by his close
attention to the details of the business, built up the
establishment to a deservedly high place in the favor
of the trade.
Ireland  Hughes.-Machinists and Blacksmiths atqd Manufacturers of Oil and Artesian Well,
Drilling and Fishing Tools, Etc., Corner of TwentyFirst Street and Allegheny Valley Railroad.-This
business was established in I873 by Mr. 1,. N. Ireland at
Petrolia, Butler County, Pa., from whence he removed to this city in I876 and carried on the business
here until i88i, when he was joined by Mr. J. E.
Hughes in the formation of the present firm. Both
members of the firm have been interested in the
manufature of oil well tools for the past twenty-fi-ve
years, and are practically familiar with all branches
of the business, and as a consequence of their experience in this special department of produ6tion
they have built up a large trade throughout Western
Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana, and wherever gas,
oil or artesian wells are put down.  Every descriptioli of drilling and fishing tools and apparatus is
made by the firm, who possess special facilities for
the business in their completely equipped premises,
87x4oo feet in dimensions, where employment is
given to twenty-five highly skilled workmen. The
firm is recognized as a leader in this line, and its
produs are of unsurpassed excellence and  its
methods of dealing are at all times pronipt and
reliable.
American Tube and Iron Company.Manufacturers of Wrought Iron and Steel Welded
Tubing of EveryDescription; R. W. Carroll, Manager Pittsburgh Branlch; Offices and Warehonses,
I67 First Avenue.-This important manufacturing corporation, having its principal offices in
New  York, was organized in I878 for the purpose of engaging in the manufactureof wrought
iron and steel welded tubing of every description, and has a capital of $I,ooo0,oo.  It has
completely equipped mills located at Middletown,
Pa., and Youngstown, O., the two establishments
giving employment to a force of about 2,000 men,
the conipany being one of the largest in  the
amount of production, and noted f r the superiority
of its manufactures. The trade of the company is
very large, not only extending to all parts of the
United States, but also including a considerable export trade to South America, Mexico and to E1uropean countries. In the United States the business
of the compaliy is so extensive as to have necessitated the establishment of branches at Chicago, St.
Louis, Boston and Pittsburgh. The Pittsburgh
branch, being located at the head center of the pipe
business, handles, in addition to the general trade,
that portion incidental to natural gas and oil developments. This company is the sole manufacturer of line pipe in tweiity-five to thirty feet
lengths, the same being specially adapted for natural gas mains, as through its use great economy
is effected in layinglarge lines, and liability of leakage is lessened one-half. Their line pipe is fitted
with screw and socket couplings and also the
"American" and "Matheson" Patent ILead Couplings.
The "Matheson" ji,int is considered the most perfect in use. The company is represented at the
Pittsburgh offices and warehouse by Mr. R. W. Carroll, the youngest manager in the pipe trade, who
is a gentleman of a high order of business attainments, efficiently attending to the business of the
companv in this section. He has secured for it a
steady increase of trade, which is still growing.
Duquesne Tube Works Company.-H.
C. Bradeen, President; C. R. Stuckslager, Treasurer;
W. L. Hurd, General Manager: Manufaurers of
Lap Welded Iron and Steel Boiler Tubes; Works:
Duquesne, Pa.; Office, 99 Water Street, Pittsburgh.That the numerous and varied iron and steel industries of the great productive region of which
Pittsburgh is the center have not yet attained their
ultimate growth, is evidenced bythe founding, from
time to time, of new enterprises in these departments of aftivity. Among the most important of
those recently inaugurated is the corporation known
as the Duquesne Tube Works Company, organized
January I, I888, with a capital of $Ioo,ooo, and beginning its operations under auspices and conditions which give confident augury of success. The
company owns twenty acres of ground at Duquesne,
Pa., their plant covering about one acre, and including all the most highly improved modern machinery and appliances calculated to improve the
produ6t and to aid and expedite the operations of
the business. A force railging from 125 to I50
hands is given employment, and the produs include lap welded iron and steel boiler tubes of all
diameters and lengths, great care being exercised
in the seleftion of materials and expert labor being
employed under intelligent and experienced supervision. The company is one of large resources,
and it is officered by gentlemen whose business experience gives them superior qualifications for the
successful direcion of enterprises of importance.
President H. C. Bradeeli and Treasurer C. R. Stuckslager are both residents of McKeesport, Pa., and
are President and Cashier respetively of the People's Bank in that city, and prominent faors in its
business life. Mr. W. L. Hurd, the General Manager,
resides in Pittsburgh and has charge of the office
of the company at 99 Water street. He is a business man of great ability and his wise diretion of
affairs has largely contributed toward building up
the trade of the company, which already extends to
all parts of the Union, and is rapidly iticreasing in
volume.
T~OCOMOTIVE$.
H. K. Porter  Co.--Builders of I~ight Locomotives; Office in Monongahela!'Touse Building;
Corner Smithfield and Water Streets; Works on
Allegheny Valley Railroad, Forty-ninth to Fiftieth
Streets -Among the large manufaEturing firms of
the Iron City none is better known or has a trade
covering a more extended territory than that of
M\~essrs. H. K. Porter  Co., builders of light locomotives. The business was established in I856 by
the hrm of Smith r Porter, continuing under that
style until I87I, when the firm became Porter, Bell
t Co., who conducted the business until I878, when
Mr. H. K. Porter became sole proprietor of the business, and has since continued it under its present
style. The exclusive specialty of the firm is the
m~anufadture of light locomotives, and to the produEtion of these it devotes its energy, and has
secured special excellence by its constant and successful endeavors for the imnprovemzent of this class
of locomotives. The works were originally located
on Bingham street, South Side, between Third and
Fourth streets, but these premnises were burned
down in I87 I, and the present works were built for the
firm, in the location th-ey now occupy on the Allegheny Valley Railroad, and which are stocked with
first-class tools and machinery and appliances necessary for successful operation, and especially designed
and constru6ted for the purposes of this particular
business. Special attention is given by the firm to
securing in all the locomotives built at their establishment compa6tness of the machinery, convenience of control of all working parts by the engineer
and construftion of the entire locomotive from carefully selected and reliable materials. A force ranging from I50 to 200 workmen, all skilled and well
drilled men, is employed, and these are steadily engaged in the production of locomotives. The designs
of the locomotives made by the firm are specially
prepared, and combine the results of experielice and
a knowledge of the wants and requirements of railroad operators, and as a consequence of maintaining
the excellence of the produt, the trade of the firm
extends not only to every State of the United
States, but their locomot'ves are in operation in
Canada, the West Indies, Mexico, different parts of
South America and Japan. Mr. Porter, the head of
this business, has resided in Pittsburgh since I866,
and is one of the most notable of the successful
manufaturers of the city. The shops are in charge
of Mr. H. N. Sprague, a gentleman of long and praical experience, who personally supervises all the
operations of the works, while Mr. W. E. ILincoln is
the able assistant of Mr. Porter in conduc'ting the
office affairs. The great fa6tor in building up this
great industry has been and is the merit of the locomotives produced at its works, and all interested in
this subjet would do well to apply to the firm for a
copy of a work issued by them, containing II4 pages,
and giving valuable information in regard to every
detail of construction and operation of
light locomotives.
SHUT MIETAL WORKS.
J. 1. Wallis  Co.-Artistic Sheet
Metal Workers in Tin, Iron and Copper;
Penn Avenue and Tenth Street.-This
business was established in this city in
the spring of I887, althoiigh the members of the firm had been previously
engaged in a similar business at Lvewistown, Mifflin County, Pa, of which both
Mr. John I. Wallis and his father, Mr. J.
Erwin WVallis, are natives. Since establishing in Pittsburgh they have surrounded themselves with a perfe6t equipment of all the necessary modern machinery and appliances for carrying on
their business upon an important scale, and they
have enjoyed a large and steadily increasing patronage as a consequence of the excellent workmanship
of all the goods produced at their establishment.
They give employment to a force of skilled workmen who are constantly engaged in the prodution
of every description of artistic metal work in tin,
iron, and copper, including superior hand made
tinware of every kind, tin roofing, hot air furnace
work, and all kinds of repairing. The specialty of
the firm is the heating and ventilating of public and
private buildings, which they accomplish in ac, ordance with the best methods, and in which their services are highly appreciated. All work entrusted to
them is promptly and satisfatorily executed, and the
firm enjoy the favor of a steadily growing circle of
customers as a consequence of the favorable and
efficient manner in which they fill all contra6ts.
John  Bu rford.- Manufaturer of Copper,
Tin and Sheet Iron Ware for Steamboats, Steam
Engines, Rolling Mills and Blast Furnaces; 50
Water street. Ever since I86I Mr. John Burford has
been prominently identified with the business interests of Pittsburgh as a manufadturer of copper,
tin and sheet iron ware for steamboats, steam engines, rolling mills and blast furnace work, and
prior to that date he worked at the business for
other parties. At his shops, which occupy a twostory building, 25XI60 feet, he has a complete equipment of all the necessary machinery and appliances
and gives employment to a force ranging from
twelve to fifteen hands. He does a large business
with mills throughout Pennsylvania, Maryland and
West Virginia and with steamboats on the river.
He keeps on hand constantly a large stock of tin
ware, and all kinds of repairs are promptly attended
to. All the goods manufatured by him are made
from the best materials by skilled workmen, and
consequently give uniform satisfaion and have a
high reputation. Mr. Burford was born in England,
and came to this country about forty-five years ago.
He has resided in Pittsburgh forty years, and is a
prominent and successful business nian and a respected citizen.
PUMPS.
Pittsburgh Pump Company.-M. C. Harrison, President; T. E. LIong, Secretary; Manufa6lurers
and Jobbers of all kinds of Pumps and Pump Material; 409 Ferry Street.- This company was organized
and incorporated in I884 with a capital stock of
$40,000, for the purpose of carryinlg on the manufacture and jobbing of pumps of every description.
They occupy, for business purposes, two floors of
the four-story building, 25xIoo feet in dimensions, at
409 Ferry street, and carry constantly on hand a
very large and completely diversified stock of pumps
of all kinds and adapted to every use, as well as a
complete supply of punip material of every description. The company gives employment to a full force
of hands in the house, and is represented in its
trade territory, which covers the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Marylalid,
Michigan, Delaware, New York and New Jersey, by
experienced traveling salesmen.   The company
gives its attention entirely to wholesale business and
has been built up to its present prosperous condition by the judicious methods adopted by the officers
of the company in the maanagenie-t of its affairs,
and the superior quality of the goods handled by it.
Mr. Harrison, the President of the company, was
born in Washington county, Pa., where he was formerly engaged in the pump and hardware buslness.
Mr. T. E. Loing, the Secretary, is a native of Ohio,
and prior to the establishnielit of this business was
engaged in various pursuits.  Both gentlemen are
business nien of sagacity and sound judgnient, and
under their direction this enterprise has acquired
its present positioli among the leadilig and important business establishments of the Iron City.
Wilson-Snyder Manufacturing Company.-August Snyder, President; R. J. Wilson,
Secretary and Treasurer; Manufaturers of Fort
Pitt Steam Pumps, Pipes, Valves and Fittings, etc.;
sr and 52 Water Street.-Among the manufaturers
who have earned a first-class and firmly established
reputation for the superior quality of their produt,
that now known as the Wilson-Snyder Manufaturing Co. is specially prominent. The business was
established fifteen years ago by the firm of Wilson,
Snyder  Co., and was continued under that firm
name until the incorporation in I885 of the present
company, with a capital stock of $Ioo,ooo, and with
officers as named in the headlines to this article.
They now operate a machine shop at WVater street
and Point, but their business has grown to such
proportions as to require increased and improved
facilities, and they now have in cour.e of construction
a new foundry and works oli Ross street, which will
cover an area 259XI60 feet, which they are fitting up
with the miost complete equipment of modern
machinery anild appliances adapted to their manufa6ture.  They give employment to a force of I25
hands in the producion of the celebrated Fort Pitt
steam pumps, pipes, valves and fittings, and they
alEo manufature August Snyder's Patent Ice and
Refrigerating Machines, ammollia valves, pipe fittings and pipe coils of every description. All the
punips and machinery manufadtured by the company are put up under the supervision of experienced machinists, and are specially adapted for use
by the careful selec'tion of material and by construction in accordance with the reqtiirements which experience has shown to be desirable. In addition to
handling their own manufa6tures, the company are
agents for the Schutte Condensers and Injetors,
and are thoroughlyprepared to do all kinds of work
belonging to the business of a first-class machine
shop, and to fit up blast furnaces, rolling mills
and manufatories in perfert working order. In
addition to their manufa6turing premises, the company at present occupy a two-story building,
50XI60 feet in dimensions, at 5I and 52 Water street,
which they will use as office and warehouse until
April I, I889, and where they carry at all times a
complete stock of steam pumps, pipes, valves, fittings, with a specialty in improved water works and
hydraulic pumping machinery. The company has
achieved success as a consequence of the fat that
its management and dire6tion is in the hands of
men of praical knowledge of the business, who
closely supervise all the details so as to maintain
the quality of the produt at the highest grade of
excellence, and the business is very large and constantly increasing, the demand for goods of this
manufaure coming from every part of the United
States.
TANKS, CANS,,TC.
Excelsior Manufacturing Company.J. C. Dilworth, Proprietor; Manufaturers of Oil,
Cellar and Faucet Tanks, Cans, etc.; I06 Market
Street.- Under the style of the Excelsior Manufacturing Company, Mr. J. C. Dilworth embarked in
business January 27th, 1883. By adopting enterprising and accurate methods of dealing, he has acquired
a large and increasing business, and is now largely
engaged in the manufa6ture of galvanized iron oil
tanks, faucet tanks and cellar tanks of all sizes,
galvanized iron ash and grease barr,ls, waste cans,
fire pails, syrup pails, syrup cans, barrel caps, bung
pans, flour pans, measures, funnels, etc., specialties
-      _A   r   4-, - I i  _-%_ C.1_
being made  of the  "Duchess,"  the
"Gipsy" and the "Crown" oil tanks.
Fine sheet metal work of every description in copper, tin, brass, zinc and galvanized iron is done, and models for
patents and for inventors' patented articles are furnished.  The business of
the house extends all over the country,
and Mr. Dilworth sustains a high reputation both for reliable dealings and for
the superior charater of all his produts.
His trade is at wholesale exclusively.
Rankin  Holdship.--Malufacturers of Lithographed, Plain and Japanned Cans, Pails, Boxes, EDtc.; Office
and Works, Marion Avenue and Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne  Chicago Railroad,
Allegheny.-This establishment, which is
olie of the leadiing oiies in its line in this section, was
founded twelve years ago by the Pittsburgh Tiinware
Corllpally, ILimited, fromi whom it was acquired in
February, I888, by the present firm, of which Messrs.
James H. Rankin  and G. 1. Holdship are the individual members. They occupy as works a threestory alid basement building, 5ox75 feet in dimenisions, equipped with all the requisite modern machinery adapted to the efficient prosecution of the
branch of business in which they are engaged, and
employment is given to a force of forty hands in
the inanufa6lure of every description of lithographed, plain and japanned cans, pails, boxes, etc.,
alld the firrl has such a recogiiized reputation for
excellence ill its product that a large demand has
been built up for its goods extending throughout
Pel-nsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Virginia, Illinois, Kentucky, Michigan and other States. Mr.
Rankin, of this firm, is a native of Shippensburg,
Cuniberland County, Pa, and was formerly engaged
in the drug and also the house furnishing business,
and Mr. Holdship, son of Mr. Henry Holdship, of
the firm of Holdship  Irwin, is a native of Allegheny and a gentleman of superior business attainnients. Both are active and progressive men, who,
basing their claims to success upon the merit of
their produt, have already earned recognition and
an increasing prosperity, which gives promise of
future success for their enterprise.
SHEk? Ai]ETAL TOOLS.
Pittsburgh Sheet Metal Tool Company, Limited.-Manufa6turers  of Dies and
Tools Used in Sheet Metal Work; Corner of Sandusky and Robinson Streets, Allegheny.-This company is composed of Messrs. H. Hipwell, L. H. Duncan and Thomas Hipwell, Mr. H. Hipwell being
C-hairman and Lv. H. Duncan Secretary and Treasurer.
The firm was organized in November, I887, succeeding to the Pittsburgh Engraving Co., by whom the
business had been previously conducted.  Greatimprovements have been made in the introduion
of special machinery calculated for the production
of superior work in this line, and employment is
given to a force of highly skilled workmen in the
manufacture of every kind of dies and tools used in
sheet metal work, including combination, double
action, stamping, perforating, lettering dies, etc.;
and all kinds of engraving in brass and steel is
done. This is the only establishment of its kind
in this section of the country; and its facilities are
in every respect unsurpassed and its work is of the
highest and most artistic character. The company
is in charge of gentlemen of high business attainments, who prosecute its affairs upon methods
which have commiended it to the favor of the trade,
not only in Pittsburgh, Allegheny and their surroundings, but also to manufacturers of sheet metal
work in all parts of the East and West; and the
business has steadily increased in volume from year
to year.
SToVES AND HOUSI FURNISHING GOODS.
Crea, Graham  Co.-Manufacturers of
Stoves, Ranges, Grate Fronts, Fenders, etc; 923
ILiberty Street.-The manufacture of stoves and
ranges forms one of the most important industries
of the Iron City, and engages the attention of many
large and prominent houses here. The firm of Crea,
Graham  Co., of which Messrs. J. Crea, W. Graham,
J. B. and W. H. Crea, and J. Graham are the individual members, started in business in I877, as manufacturers of stoves, ranges, grate fronts, fenders,
etc., and have since built up a very large and lucrative
trade throughout Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and
Eastern Ohio, where their products are in high
repute. Their foundry is located on Rebecca street,
Allegheny, the entire plant covering an area of Icox
200 feet, and including a moulding room, goxIoo
feet, a fitting shop, 3sx95 feet, two stories high, and
an engine room, I4X20 feet. Here they have a complete equipment of all the latest and most modern
machinery adapted to stove manufature, and give
employment to a force ranging from forty to fortyfive skilled workmen. Their warehouse and office,
which is located at 923 Liberty Street, Pittsburgh,
occupy a three and-a-half-story and basement building, 25xIIO feet, and contain at all times a full line
of the superior goods manufactured at the foundry.
Messrs. J. Crea and W. Graham are both natives of
Ireland, the former gentleman coming to Pittsburgh
fifty years ago, and the latter forty-seven years ago.
Mr. J. Graham, who is a brother of Mr. W. Graham,
is also a native of Ireland, and in addition to his
connetion with this business is a member of the
firm of Graham  Courtney, of Allegheny, salt
manufacturers. Messrs. J. B.  W. H. Crea are sons
of Mr. J. Crea, and are natives of Allegheny.  All
these gentlemen are first class and experienced
business men, and possess a thorough knowledge of
the important industry in which they are engaged.
Faust, Jackson  Co.-Dealers in Stoves,
Ranges and House Burnishing Goods, E1tc.; Manufaturers of Tin, Copper and Sheet Iron Ware; 57
Federal Street, Allegheny. -This business was established five years ago by the firm of J. D. Graff 
Co., who were succeeded in I887 by the present
firm, of which Messrs. W. J. Faust, R. T. Jackson
and C. F. Weaver are the individual members.
They occupy an eligibly located store, 25XIOO feet in
dimensions, where they carry a large and complete
stock, embracing the finest goods in stoves, ranges,
grate fronts, house furnishing goods, and all kinds
of stove castings, and they also do a large business
as manufac'turers of tin, copper and sheet iron
ware, tin roofing and spouting. All of the members are thoroughly practical and experienced men
in every detail of the business, and prior to the
formation of the present firm had been conneEted
with other establishments in the same line, Messrs.
Faust and Weaver having been with the firm of J.
D. Graff  Co., and IMr. Jackson having been with
Anzshutz, Bradberry r Co., thus bringing to the inception of the business the pradtical knowledge of
its details. Basing their transacrtions upon correck
business principles, the firm has already built up
a large patronage which is steadily growing.
J. B. Nobbs.--Stoves, Hard~ware, Etc.; 2629
Penn Avenue.-Mr. Nobbs is a native of England,
but came to the United States when a child. He is
a pracrtical tin and iron worker, and was employed
by other parties for several years prior to emnbarking in business on his own account in I863, and for
the last quarter of a century he has held a recognized position as the leader in his department of
business in his vicinity. He occupies as salesroom
premises 2sxso feet in dimensions, and has a workroom adjoining of the same dimensions, and he
carries a large and comipletely assorted stock, embracing all the leading makes of stoves for use with
anthracite or bituminous coal or with natural gas,
and he also carries on hand a large and completely
assorted stock, embracing every description of shelf
and heavy hardware, and house furnishing goods of
all kinds. He gives employment in his shop to
expert workers in the line, making a specialty of
roofing and' jobbing work generally, which he is
prepared to execute promptly and in the most satisfaory manner. His long continued fair dealing,
and the propriety of his business conduEt have
secured a steady expansion in his business.
Demmler  Schenck,-Stoves, Tinware
and House Furnishing Goods; 624 and 626 Lciberty
Street.-This business had its inception fifty years
ago by Mr. J. H. Demmler, who was later joined by
his son, Mr. B. W. Deminler, in the formation of
the firm of Demmler  Son, which condued the
business until I876, when the present firm, composed of Messrs. B. W. Demmler and F. B. Schenck,
acquired the business. The firm has an interest in
the Reed Foundry, located at Bennett Station, Pa.,
where they have most of their stoves made, and in
this city they occupy a four story and basement
structure, 3oxgo feet in dimiensions, at 624 and 626
Liberty street. Here they carry a very large and
complete stock of stoves, tinware  and every
description of house furnishing goods, giving
employment to fourteen competent hands in the
operations of the business, and doing a very large
and constantly increasing business in the city ald
throughout the State. The house has an old established reputation for the superior quality of all
goods handled by it, and for fair and liberal dealings. Both members of the firm awe natives of
Pittsburgh and thorough and reliable business men.
Prior to the formation of this firm Mr. Schenck was
engaged in the banking business, and Mr. Demmler
has always been identified with the industry in
which he is now engaged.
DeHaven  Co., Limited.-Isaac DeHaven,
Chairman; John A. Roe, Secretary; Philip Mowry,
Treasurer; Manufacturers of Stoves and Portable
Ranges, Hollow Ware, Etc.; Preble Avenue and Stanton Street, Allegheny.-As one of the old established
manufacturing concerns in the city, and also as a
producer of a superior line of goods in its department of manufature, the firm of DeHaven  Co.,
Limited, is entitled to special and prominent mention. The business was established in I857 by Mr.
D. DeHaven, the father of the present Chairman, and
removal was made in I882 to the location now
occupied, and three years ago the present partnership was formed. The firm occupies spacious premises, the warehouse and office building being a threestory structure, 40xI50 feet in dimensions, the factory a one-story building IOOXI75 Feet, the shipping
department occupying 30x70 feet, and the cleaning
department 40x80 feet. In all these various departments a large force of hands is employed, every detail of the business being supervised by active and
experienced superintendents, and the greatest care
being taken in maintaining in the product the high
grade of excellence for which the firm has so long
been celebrated. Among the manufactures of the
firm the celebrated "Cinderella" ranges and stoves
occupy a leading place, and they also manufacture
full lines of hollow ware, and make a specialty of the
produfion of natural gas burners for use in stoves
and ranges. Mr. DeHaven, the Chairman of the
company, is a native of Allegheny, and has been in'dentified with the business from its inception, having
been associated with his father for many years in
the business, and being thoroughly practical and experienced in all its details. Mr. Mowry, the Treasurer of the firm, has been conneced with it since
I860 and Mr. Roe, the Secretary, has been with the
establishment since I880. Bach of the members devotes his time and attention to the improvement and
increase of the business, with the satisfactory result
of a large and growing trade throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia. The firm is one of
ample resources and superior facilities, and basing
its claims to success upon the merits of its products,
it has fairly earned a representative place among the
leaders in its branch of manufacture.
Reed Foundry Company, Limited.-J.
C. Reed, Chairman; EL. W. Demmler, Secretary and
Treasurer; Manufacturers of Stoves and Ranges;
Foundry, Bennett Station, West Penn Railroad;
Office, 626 liberty  Street.- This establishment,
which holds an important place among the iron
manufa6ures centering in Pittsburgh, began business in I882 under the firm name of J. C. Reed  Co.,
thus continuing until January I, I886, when the
present firm was formed, with Mr. J. C. Reed as
Chairman, Mr. E.W. Demmler as Secretary and Treasurer, and Messrs. P. B. Schenck and A. Krauscope
as the members. The foundry premises, which'are
located at Bennett Station on the West Penn Railroad, are completely equipped with every description of modern machinery and appliances adapted to
stove and range manufacture, having a melting
capacity of three tons per day, and employment being given to a force of twenty-three skilled and experienced workmen. At the works is carried on the
manufacture of all kinds of ranges, cook stoves and
heating stoves, a specialty being made of cook stoves
and ranges after the most approved patterns and
which are in high favor and constantly increasing
demand, not only locally, but also throughout all
the territory tributary in a business sense to Pittsburgh. Mr. J. C. Reed, the Chairm-An of the company and the founder of the business, is a gentleman
who has long been prominently identified with the
iron industries of the city, and Mr. Krauscope, who
still remains a member, was associated with Mr.
Reed in the firm of J. C. Reed  Co., prior to the establishment of the present company. Messrs. X. W.
Demmler and F. E. Schenck, the other members of
the company, are well Known business men of Pittsburgh, and in addition to their interests in this company, compose the firm of Demmler  Schenck,
dealers in stoves, tinware and house furnishing
goods. The company enjoysas aresultofthesteady
maintainance of excellence in its produs a constant
increase in the volume of its business and a deservedly high place among the manufacturing establishments engaged in this department of produffion.
VORGINGS AND BLACKSMITHING.
Chester B. Albree.-Manufacturer of Artistic and Structural Wrought Iron Work; I8 24
Market Street, Allegheny.-Mr. Albree established
himself in business at the corner of Craig and Killbuck Streets, Allegheny, in I886, for the purpose of
engaging in the manufacture of every description
of ornamental iron work and forgings, and continued
business at that location for six months, when his
works were destroyed by fire, and he erected his
present works, occupying two floors, each 8oXI20
feet in dimensions. These premises are completely
equipped with the mosthighly improved machinery
and appliances adapted to the special branch of
manufacture in w1hich Mr. Albree is engaged, and
employment is given to a force of highlv skilled
workmen in the production of all kinds of artistic
wrought iron work, railings, crestings, grilles, fire
escapes, structural work, and all kind of general
forgings, the establishment being specially celebrated for the superior excellence of its designs.
Mr. Albree is himself a practical mechanic and deat Lancaster, ceded to Great Britain a tract of land
west of Penn's grant, extending down the Ohio
Valley.
The French were active in the western country
and established settlements and forts in the endeavor to strengthen their claim to the region
between Canada and Louisiana. Mackinac was occupied in 1690, Detroit established in I702, Vincennes in 1735 and St. Louis in 1764, and there were
other smaller settlements at various places. On
the other hand, English traders had made frequent
trips down the Allegheny and Ohio rivers, and a few
hardy pioneers had built rude cabins in parts of
West Virginia, but no organized effort had been
made at colonization. The French, following the
Lancaster treaty, became impressed with the necessity of action to enforce their claims to the country
watered by the Ohio and Allegheny
rivers, and Celeron de Bienville, with
300 men, was dispatched in I749 by
Marquis de la Gallisoniere, Governor
of Canada, to take formal possession,
and he placed leaden plates at the
mouths of the principal streams, on
which were recorded the statement
that France had taken possession of
the country. Celeron also wrote a
letter to the Governor of Pennsylvania, dated August 6, I749, making
similar statements of the French
the Virginia Assembly, Laurence and
Arthur Washington and Thomas
Hanbury, a London merchant, petitioned the English Government for
Mountains.  The petition was favorably received, and the government
of Virginia was instructed to grant
500,000 acres within the bounds of
the colony, 200,000 of which were to
be immediately located and to be
held free of quit rent for ten years,
provided the company would put one hundred
families on it within seven years and build a fort to
protect the settlement. Christopher Gist, an English surveyor, was sent in I750 to explore the
country on behalf of this Ohio Company, and had
a conference with the Indians at Logstown, where
Tannacharison, Chief of the Mingoes and a sachem
of the Six Nations, resided. He continued his travels west to the Muskingum, and at a Wyandot village on that river met George Croghan, who was
making a similar exploration at the instance of the
Governor of Pennsylvania. The two continued
their trip to the Miami Valley, from whence Crog
han returned to Pennsylvania, and Gist continued
his trip to the mouth of the Miami, and crossing
the Ohio at the falls above Louisville, returned
through Kentucky to Virginia, arriving home in
May, 1751. About the same period some traders
from Pennsylvania located for trading purposes at
Loramie Store, about fifty miles north of Dayton,
in the Miami country, and the French, hearing of
their presence there, demanded of the Miamis that
the traders should be surrendered to them, and this
being refused an engagement ensued in which
fourteen Miamis were killed, and the traders were
captured, taken to Canada and never heard of more.
The news of this action was received with profound indignation in Pennsylvania, and this was
intensified by a rumor, probably unfounded, that the
captive traders had been burned at the stake by the
French. In I762 Gist,Lennox, Patton and Fry were
sent to Logstown as commissioners by Virginia to
secure from the Indians recognition of the trading
EARLY HISTORY.
THE ORIGINAL SETTLEMENT OF PITTSBURGH AND
ALLEGHENY-EVENTS TO THE YEAR 1800.
HISTORY is made up of events, not years.
The oldest historical record now extant
dismisses with a sentence the story of
the indefinite period, covering certainly thousands, perhaps millions
of years, embracing the ages when " the earth was
without form and void, and darkness covered the
face of the deep;" while several chapters are written to record the doings of the first created pair
and their immediate progeny. In like manner
American history, prior to the occuraces, although doubtless comprising much that is interesting in regard to the struggles of tribes that
have passed away and left no trace, is
represented in its entirety by a series
of unauthenticated traditions and
unsubstantiated conjectures. That
a race of Mound Builders once
peopled the continent is proved by
the mounds which still exist and
bear internal evidence of human con
struction; but what became of them
whether they were merged into the
tribes of their conquerors, or whether
they were driven to commingle with
more friendly races-there is neither
record. The races that followed the
Mound Builders were both migratory and warlike; and in all portions
of North America, particularly those
west of the Allegheny Mountains,
tribe succeeded tribe as often as the
exigencies of combat or the allure
ments of the chase compelled or  invited the several tribes to seek new
locations.
With the advent of Europeans began the dawn
of definite American history -a story of struggle
and triumph; of the brave acts of plain and unpretentious pioneers, who subdued a wilderness; of
patriots who taught humanity the grandest lessons
in liberty; and of brain and muscle and earnest en
deavor from which have been evolved grand States,
united in a Nation, the inherent strength of which
is greater than that of the proudest empire. No
story contains more elements of human interest,
none points a better moral, than that of the unprecedented progress of these States.
Of the various details which go to make up
American history those which relate to the settlement, the rise and the unparalelled advancement of
the West-in its broader signification of the country to the westward of the Allegheny mountains -
constitute the most remarkable chapters, and furnish
the most gratifying record for the contemplation of
the student of social, political and industrial progress. The struggles of the early settlers, the surmounting of obstacles and difficulties, the improvement of opportunities, and the expansion of material prosperity which has been accomplished within
the space of three or four generations, make up a
narrative which excels in dramatic interest the
record of any previous history.
Narrowing the field of investigation to the facts
which relate to the history of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, it will be found that none tell a story of
more wonderful development, or exhibit more fully
the triumphs of American energy and enterprise.
EARLY VISITORS AND MILITARY OCCUPATION.
At the time of the arrival of the first European
visitors the Indian inhabitants of this region were
of the tribes known as the Six Nations, or Iroquois,
who had conquered and reduced to submission the
Delaware Indians, who had previously held this
region. Preceding the Delawares this section had
been inhabited by a tribe known as "Alligewi,"
from whom the name "Allegheny" is derived. The
Shawanese, who had also been subdued by the Iroquois, were scattered in villages through the upper
Ohio Valley, one of which was known to early visitors as Logstown, and was located on the Ohio,
seventeen miles below Pittsburgh.
The early claims of European dominion over
Western Pennsylvania were numerous in kind and
COL. BOUQUET'S REDOUBT. (From a photograph by Histed.)
conflicting in construction. France, by virtue of
La Salle's exploration of the Mississippi in 1682,
claimed not only the country watered by that river,
but also all the region bordering on streams which
flowed into it, thus including all the vast area between the dominion of Spain on the West and
Southwest and the Allegheny Mountains on the
East; and was endeavoring, in a somewhat feeble
way, to protect and hold for the king the region
between the French settlements known as Louisiana and those of Canada. These claims were disputed by England, and several grants were made by
the English crown to lands embraced in the
territory thus in dispute. The first grant which
may have included Western Pennsyvania was that
given by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Walter Raleigh in
I564, but the western boundary of that grant was
not defined, and whatever may have been included
in it, the subsequent unhappy fate of that brilliant
but unfortunate nobleman ended all controversy on
the subject. The extensive grant of James I., made
in 1609 to Robert Cecil, Lord Salisbury, doubtless
covered this region, and it was upon this grant that
Virginia afterward claimed dominion over it. By
the charter received by William Penn, dated March
4, 168I, exclusive proprietorship was given him by
Charles II. over the territory five degrees westward
from the Delaware River, and lying between the
fortieth and forty-third degrees of north latitude,
which included all that portion of the Cecil grant
now embraced in Western Pennsylvania. The rival
claims of France and England remained in abeyance until 1744, when the Iroquois, by a treaty made
Pittsburgh and Allegheny Illustrated Review.signer, and the high grade of the production. of his
establishment are proof of his superior skill. The
trade extends to all parts of the United States, and
is steadily expanding, showing the estimation in
which the superior character of work turned out by
this establishment is held. Mr. Albree is a native
of Allegheny, and a member of one of the oldest and
best known families in Allegheny County. He is a
graduate of Worcester, Mass., Polytechnic Institute,
and a gentlemen of the highest attainments in connection with the production of artistic iron work.
The industry in which he is engaged is a progressive one, and its business has enjoyed a steady expansion from its inauguration to the present time
Allegheny Forge and Wire Works.-H.
C. Seipp, Proprietor; Manufa6turer of Wire and Iron
Railing, Etc., 4 West Diamond Street, Allegheny.Prior to establishing this business four years ago Mr.
Seipp had been engaged in the blacksmith trade, at
which he is a thorough mechanic, understanding
every detail of the manufacture of all kinds of iron
work. The premises occupied by him embrace the
two-story building, 25x75 feet in dimensions, at 4
West Diamond street, and he also occupies a part of
the second floor of the adjoining building, and gives
employment to a force of ten hands in the manufacture of wire and iron railing, coal and sand screens,
nursery fenders, flower stands, iron cellar doors,
shutters and coal chutes, makijg a specialty of
builders' iron and wire work. The uniform excelleuce of all the products of his establishment have
secured for Mr. Seipp a prosperous and steadily
growing business in Pittsburgh, Allegheny and all
points within a radius of seventy-five miles.  The
reputatioli and trade which he has earned he maintains by a close supervision of all the details of the
manufacture so as to secure ur iform excellence in
the product, and he manufactures on an average Io,oo0
square f et of wire screen, and about Ioo feet of iron
railing per week, besides other products. Mr. Seipp
is a native of Allegheny and an enterprising and energetic gentleman, who has enjoyed a notable success
in business as a re-ult of industry, accuracy and reliability.
George Roberts.-Steamboat and Machine
Blacks:nith, and Manufaturer of Tools and Supplies for Telegraph, Telephone and Electric light
Companies; Corner of First and Liberty Avenue.Mr. Roberts, who is an Englishman by birth, came
to America in I860, having learned his trade as
blacksmith in the old country, and worked as an
employee for other parties prior to I878, when he
embarked in business for himself. He does all
kinds of steamboat and machine blacksmithing,
and possesses every convenience and facility for
conduftfing the business, and he makes a specialty
of the man,*fature of tools and supplies for telegraph, telephone and ele6tric light companies, this
being the only establishment in the city engaged in
this b Isiness. Mr. Roberts is assisted in the prosecution of his business by his two sons, both of
whom are skilled and expert workmen, and a large
local business is done, Mr. Roberts' dealings with
his customers always being of' the most satisfaory
chara6ter, and all jobbing work receiving prompt
and careful attention.
E. Bishop..-Blacksmith; Anchors, Chains and
All Kinds of Forging; 32 First Avenue.--Mr. E.
Bishop has had forty-five year6' experience as an
iron worker and blacksmith, and was formerly conneed with the firm of Patterson  Bishop, which
dissol;ed January, I887. In April of the same year
he established his present enterprise, and has since
continued it with marked success, and a business
which increases in volume every month. His facilities are of the best character, and he is assisted in
the operations of the business by a force of skilled
and expert mechanics. He does a general blacksmithing businesE, and makes all kinds of forgings,
anchors, chains, sockets and hooks. All orders are
promptly attended to, and the first-class charater
of all work turned out at his establishment has
caused it Io be regarded as a leading and representative enterprise. Mr. Bishop has resided in Pitts
burgh nearly all his life, and is highly esteenied
and respeted by his nunierous friends.
Charles Rogers.-Manufacturer of and Dealer in Patent Iron Capstans and Light Machinery,
Etc.; 72 Water Street.-Mr. Rogers was born in
Beaver County, Pa., but has resided in Pittsburgh
for the past forty years, where he has been engaged
in the manufacture of capstans, steam pumps, models
and experimental machinery for many years. He
was the inventor of the McCombs Broom Sewing
Machine, the Beckwith Pneumatic Signal and many
other intticate devices, and has lately invented, and
is now manufacturing Rogers' Improved Iron
Balance Packing Rings, for pistons in steam cylinders, locomotives, marine and stationary engines.
This packing is of very recent origin and is being
used successfully for marine purposes, where high
steam is carried, giving extra satisfaction where
other packing has failed. It saves ilel, oil and labor,
has little friction and is almost a perfect balance
packing. For the past eleven years Mr. Rogers has
occupied his present premises at 72 Water street,
where he utilizes a building, 40x80 feet in dimensions,
and gives employment to a large nuniber of workmen- His trade extends along the river to New
Orleans, and also to South America, Mexico, Manitoba and Canada, and among the numerous houses
engaged in this particular branch of the iron industry in Pittsburgh, Mr. Rogers' establishment justly
ranks among the foremost.
Wt W. Patterson.-General Steamboat Blacksmith; Manufacturer of All Kinds of Heavy Purchase
Blocks, etc; 54 Water Street.-This is an old established business, having been founded in I854 by the
firm of Patterson  Bishop, Mr. Patterson becoming
the sole proprietor January I8th, i887. He does a
large business as a general steamboat blacksmith,
and gives special attention to pipe line work, occupying, for busiliess purposes, a three story building,
25x7s feet in dimensions, at 54 Water Street, where
he has a complete equipment of all the necessary
machinery and appliances, and gives employment
to twelve mechanics.  He manufactures a4l kinds
of heavy purchase blocks, with patent self-oiling
sheaves, also patent rachet couplings and chains of
every description, block and cobble paving raminers,
bridge and roofing bolts, etc. Mr. Paterson thoroughly understands every department of this important branch of industry, having had a life long
experience in this business, and he personally supervises all the details of manufa6ture in order to maintain in his produt the high reputation that has attached to it since the inception of the business. He
has a wide spread reputation, and his trade covers
the entire Union, as well as Canada.
C. John Reiling. -Iron Railing and General
Iron Worker; 3230 Penn Avenue.--In the special
department of production in which he is engaged, a
leading excellence is accorded to Mr. C. John Reiling.
The business was established in I876 by the firm of
Ft~lix Reiling  Son, and was carried on under that
style until the death of Mr. Felix Reiling, when Mr.
C Johnu Reillng becamne the sole proprietor. The
premises occupied embrace an area of sox200 feet,
equipped with all the necessary conveniences and
appliances, including special machinery for the
~manufacture of railings and generalyeiron work and
amp'e steam power foi thebusiness. Employment
is given to a force ranging from sixteen to twenty
hands in the manufacture of iron railing of every
description, iron cellar doors, window gratings, wire
and iron window- guards, etc., and a specialty is made
of bridge railing and general bridge work and cemetery and park railings. This establishmient has
furnished bridge rails for many of the most important bridges in the country, including I,700 feet for
an ornamental bridge in Chicago, I,700 feet for the
Pennsyla7ania Railroad bridge at St. Paul, Minn.,
3,200 feet for the Unliondale Cemetery in Allegheny,
400 feet for the Wells Street Bridge in Chicago, and
this house does work of that character for the Keystone Bridge Company, the Sheffler Bridge Works,
the Pittsburgh Bridge Company and also for the
lassig Bridge and Iron Works, of Chicago. This
establishment is th? largest of its kind in the city,
and turns out more work than all other siniilar works
in the country combi ed. It has a widespread reputation for the superior quality of its product, and
is deservedly credited with manufacturing the finest
iron railing for stair work in this section of country.
Mr. C. John Reiling, th- present proprietor, is a native of Pittsburgh, and was associated with his
father in this business for upward of nineteen y-iars,
and educated in all its details. He supervises all
the operations of the business, and is prompt and
reliable in all his transactions.
PURFECTION COOKING UTENSILS.
A  W. Obermann.-Inventor ard Manufacturer; Office, IOI8 Penn Avenue.-Mr. Obermann is
a native of Germany, but came to America when
quite young, settling in the State of Illinois, He
devoted part of his time to inventions, procuring
over a dozen patents in different articles. Four
years ago Mr. Obermann came to Pittsburgh, and
established his present enterprise, which consists of
the manufacture of the "Perfection Cooking Utensils." These cooking utensils are the niost pra6tical
and accident-preventing article ever known to the
world and superior to all oth-ers in their line. They
are in large demand all over the Union on account of
their utility, and the trade constantly increases as
the goods beconie known over a wider territory. A
large number of traveling salesmen are employed
by Mr. Obermann in introducing these goods, which
are guarEnteed to give perfe satisfa6tion in every
instance; and all the details of the business are under
Mr. Obermann's personal supervision.
MANUFACTURERS OF HARDWVARI.
Nimick  Brittan Manufacturing Company. - Alexander Nimick, President; Arthur Brittan, Manager and Treasurer; Glendy S. Graham,
Secretary; Manufacturers of Builders' Hardware;
Office, 4II Wood Street.--This important manufacturing enterprise which, under progressive management, has advanced to a representative position as a
leader in its department of produftion, was originally established in I855 as the " Variety Works "
under the proprietorship of Jones, Wallingford 
Co., followed by the incorporated company known
as Jones  Nimick Manufaturing Co., in I863, which
was succeeded in I872 by the Jacobus  Nimick
Manufaturing Co., and in November, I882, becoming
the Nimick  Brittan Manufacuring Co, with a
capital of $Ioo,ooo. Prior to the incorporation of the
present company the business was restrited to the
manufacnture of common locks and novelty goods,
but upon its accession the facilities were considerably enlarged, and the range of manufature
extended, so that it now includes a full line of builders' hardware, plain and ornamental, genuine and
imitation bronze goods, door locks, door knobs, escutcheons, latches, butts, sash locks, sash lifts, shutter bars, shutter knobs, bell pulls, flush bolts, etc.,
padlocks and scales. The concern is one of the most
important in Pittsburgh, its trade occupying a field
not only covering the entire Union but also including a large and growing export business to Canada,
Mexico, South America and Australia. The works,
which are located at Lockton Station, on the Pan
H indle railroad, occupy about seven acres of ground,
and give employment to a force of about 3oo hands.
Mr. Alexander Nimick, President of the Company, is
one of Pittsburgh's leading financiers and businessmen, being, in addition to his connection with this
company, head of the iron commission house of
Nimick  Co., and of the firm of Phillips, Nimick
 Co., and President, respectively, of the First
National Bank and the Western Insurance Company, as well as owning other important interests in the business affairs of Pittsburgh. The
other officers of the company, Mr. Arthur Brittan,
Manager and Treasurer, and Glet dy S. Graham, Secretary, are also connected in a prominent and influential way with the business life of the city. The
company is progressive and enterprising and holds
a leading and commanding position in the confidence of the hardware trade of the country.
H. W. Minnemeyer  Co.-Union Malleable
Iron Works; Manufaurers of Saddlery Hardware,
Etc.; Fatory and Office, I87-I95 River Avenue, Allegheny. -These well-known works were established in I862 by Mr. S. Reynolds, but since I877
have been conducted by the firm of H. W. Minnemeyer  Co. The plant covers one and a half acres,
including a two story foundry, 50x300 feet, a twostory brick warehouse, 40x200 feet and every facility
for the receipt, handling and shipment of goods by
rail or river. Employment is given to a force of
115 hands, who are steadily engaged in the ptoduction of superior goods in saddlery hardware of all
kinds and refined malleable castings of every description. The completeness of the equipment and
the great care taken in the produR so as to secure
a uniformly high grade of excellence, have resulted
in a steady increase in the volume of the business
from year to year, and now a large trade is not only
done in all parts of the fJnited States and Canada,
but the firm also has an export trade to Europe.
Mr. Minnemeyer, the principal in the firm, is a native of Pittsburgh, and this establishment is the
only one of its kind in the city, and the largest in this
section of the country. Mr. Minnemeyer carefully
supervises every detail of the business in a manner
which has commended him to the steadily increasing favor and patronage of the trade.
McKinney Manufacturing Company.Manufa6turers of Strap and T. Hinges, Steel Butts
etc; Corner Market and Locust Streets, Allegheny.-Prominent among the varied important industrial enterprises which have contributed to the
world-wide fame of Allegheny County as a manufacturing centre may appropriately be mentioned the
immense establishment operated by the McKinney
Manufacturing Company, which is the largest manufatory in the world of strap and T. hinges, steel
butts and felloe plates. This industry was inaugurated upon a comparatively small scale by its present proprietors, Messrs. W. S. and J. P. McKinney,
in I868 at Hamiton, Ohio, and removed to Allegheny
City in I876. In September, I887, they took possession of their present conimodious, elegant and conveniently arranged struture, which was ereed by
them expressly for this business and which is one
of the finest buildings in the country devoted to
manufa6turing purposes. It contains three stories
and basement, each 45x400 feet in dimensions, and
is thoroughly equipped with iniproved special
machinery, by means of which and the utilization of natural gas as a fuel they enjoy facilities enabling them to successfully compete with
any  contemporaneous establishment at home
or abroad in th-is department of industry. Three
hundred skilled operatives are employed in the
various departments and the products of this
house meet with a ready sale, not only throughout.
all sections of the United States but also in Canada,
England, Continental Europe, Australia and South
Aulerica. Both members of this representative firm
are natives of Troy, N, Y., and have been residents of Alleghenry City for the past twelve years.
A. P. Longdon.--Dealer in Hardware, Cutlery and Tools; 64 Ohio Street, Allegheny.--This
business was established in I887 by the firm of
Longdon  Morton, who condudted it until I888,
when Mr. A. P. Longdon became the sole proprietor
of the business. He carries constantly on hand a
large and completely assorted stock of shelf and
heavy hardware, table and pocket cutlery, tools of
all kinds, and everything usually carrried in a first
class hardware establishment, his premises at 64
Ohio street being completely equipped and conveniently arranged for the pllrposes of the business.
A staff of competent clerks assist Mr. L~ongdon in
the operations of the business, and, although of
recent establishment, this house has already built
up a large and flouri ~hing trade in the city and its
vicinity, which is constantly increasing in volume.
The quality of the stock is at all times maintained
at the highest standard, and the affairs of the house
managed upon a fair and equitable basis and in a
manner which testifies to the high order of business ability possessed by Mr. Longdon.
Wharton, BakewelI -  Co.-Jobbers in
Heavy and Light Hardware, Etc.; I8 Wood Street.A valuable and important addition was recently
made to the wholesale hardware establishments of
Pittsburgh in the formation of the firm of Wharton,
Bakewell  Co., April I, I888. The individual members of the firm are Messrs. Charles Wharton, Jr.,
B. C. Bakewell and J. P. Wheeler, all experienced
and enterprising business men, who have already
built their business up to large proportions. At
their commodious and perfectly appointed store at
IS Wood street they carry very large and complete
stocks of every description of heavy and light hardware, including builders' hardware and shelf goods,
machinists' tools, foundry and mill supplies, farm
and garden tools, table and pocket cutlery, carpenters' tools, house furnishing goods, locks, bolts,
screws, hardware specialties of all kinds, embracing
Prentiss' vises, McCaffrey files, patent file handles!
Coe's wrenches, hammers, rivets and b rrs, Wharton's patent shovels, brass and steel riddles, Philadelphia Norway carriage bolts, W. Butcher's goods,
American Screw Co.'s screws, etc. Employment is
given to a large staff of clerks and assistants, and
the trade territory of the house embraces Western
Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Eastern  Ohio.
Mr. Wharton formerly resided in Philadelphia,
where he was engaged in the hardware business,
while Mr. Bakewell is a native of Pittsburgh, of
which city he is a well known, prominent and highly
respeted citizen. Mr. Wl;eeler is a native of Wellsburg, W. Va, and all three gentlemen are thoroughly informed in regard to this department of
trade, and their enterprise bids fair to become one
of the very largest in its line in the city.
J. B. Kaercher. -Dealer in Hardware; 442
Wood Street.-Mr. J. B. Kaercher established himself in business as a dealer in hardware, etc., in I878,
locating at 73 Market Street, and removing to his
present stand at 442 Wood Street in I880. Here he
occupies a three-story building, 20X60 feet in dimensions, and constantly carries on hand a large and
carefully seleted stock of hardware of all kinds,
house furnishing goods, table and pocket cutlery
and tools. Mr. Kaercher has a large city trade,
which is constantly growing in volume, and gives
employment to four competent clerks in the operations of the business. The house is one of the most
popular retail hardware establishments in Pittsburgh, and receives a liberal patronage on account
of the first class goods carried in stock. Mr. Kaercher is a native of Pittsburgh, and has always been
engaged in this line of business. He is a thorough
business man, and manages his affairs upon a perfet and accurate system.
Wolff, Lane  Co. - Importers and Dealers
in Hardware and Cutlery; 304 Wood Street -This
house is, with one exception, the oldest wholesale
hardware and cutlery establishment in the city, having been founded in I836 by the firm of Whitmore
1 Wolff. Several changes occurred in the style of
the firm until in I880 the present firmi name was
adopted, and in February, I887, Mr. C. H. Wolff died,
the remaining members now beillg Messrs. Thomas
H. Lane, John D. Cherry, G M. T. Taylor and H. G.
Darsie. The business was -located at the corner of
L:,berty and St. (;lair streets until the fire of I845,
since which it has occupied quarters at: 304 Wood
street, consik ting of a handsome four-story brick
struEture, I00X22 feet, with an Le having an entrance
on lvhird avenue. This firm carries a very large
stock of every description of goods coming under
the head of shelf hardware, as well as a full line of
cutlery, handling only goods of the best manufaSture, and doing a very extensive business at
wholesale exclusively throughout West Virginia,
Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, in which territory
a force of traveling salesmen represent them to the
trade. All orders receive prompt and careful attention, and the relations of the firm with its customers
are always of the most satisfadtory charadter. All
the members of the firm were brought up in this
business as employes of the house of which they are
now the proprietors, anid they devote their entire
attention to the management of their affairs, and
with the most satisfadtory results, the volume oi
their trade steadily increasing year by year.
Joseph Woodwell  Co.-Dealers in Hardware; Corner of Wood Street and Second Avenue.This prominent and old established business was
founded in I847 by Mr. Joseph Woodwell, who was,
in I884, succeeded by his sons, Messrs. W. K. and
Joseph R. Woodwell, the present proprietors of the
business. This house carries the largest variety of
goods in the hardware line in this part of the country, their stock embracing everything in the line of
builders', machinists', railway, cabinet and general
hardware, in large supply and complete assortment.
Mining and mill supplies and house furnishing
goods of every description are also handled, and
fourteen clerks and assistants are given employment.
The firi occupies a four-story and basement brick
and iron building, fronting 20 feet on Wood street
by Ioo feet on Second avenue, with an' 1L " of 80 feet,
which is constantly filled with large stocks of goods.
They handle many specialties, including the Norto a
Door Check Spring, tubular iron barrows, etc., and
in which their trade covers the entire country, while
in the general department of the business they have
a very large and constantly growing trade in Pittsburgh and vicinity.  Mr Joseph Woodwell, the
founder of this house, was for many years one of
Pittsburgh's most successful hardware merchants,
and was also connected with various other enterprises during his active business life, and his sons,
both of whom have resided in Pittsburgh all their
lives, have been raised to this business, and continue
it with the same success that has always attended it
from its inception. Mr. Joseph R. Woodwell is one
of the best known artists in Pittsburgh.
BLAST FURNACIS.
Riter   Conley.-Manufa6turers of Blast
Furnaces, Iron Buildings, Bridges, Boilers, Oil Tanks
etc.; 55  56 Water Street.-The hive of industry
which the city of Pittsburgh presents to the world
of today, could scarcely have been pi6tured to the
most extravagant visionary in the early days of its
existence, and while in this limited space it would
be impossible to trace the rise and progress of those
elementary operations which led up by degrees to
her present important position as a commercial and
manufauring metropolis, a brief notice of one of
its most prominent firms and its agency in the development of the immense iron interests for which
Pittsburgh has an honored and world-wide reputation may afford some idea of the many causes which
have established her present greatness. The house
now condued by Riter  Conley was established
in I868 by Mr. James M. Riter, who was succeeded in
I873 by the present firm, consisting of Thomas B.
Riter and Wm. H. Conley, under whose energetic
and enterprising management the business has
steadily increased and the scope of its operations
extended until the producs of their skill are found
in almost every civilized country on the face of the
globe. The plant occupied by their works covers
an area of about one acre, upon which are ere6ted
commodious one and two story buildings equipped
with improved machinery and special devices necessitating the employment of not less than six hundred skilled workmen in the various departments.
The specialties produced here are blast furnaces,
rolling mill stacks, converters and ladles for steel
works, boilers and oil tanks, roof frames, iron mill
buildings, iron bridges and every description of
copper work. Both members of this representative
firm are skilled in mechanics, praffically familiar
with the most minute details of the business in
which they have been so long and successfully engaged, and to the management of which they devote
their personal attention.
PLUMBERS, GAS VITTIRS, ETC.
A. H. E h'I e rs. - Plumber, Gas and Steam Fitter,
Tin and Sheet-Iron Worker; 28 Chestnut Street, Allegheny.-This is an old established house, dating
its inception back to I863, when the business was
founded by the firm of A. G. Ehlers  Brother, who
continued it until 1873, when Mr. A. G. Ehlers
became the sole proprietor, and has since continued
it with marked success. Mr. Ehlers was born in
Brunswick, Germany, but when quite young came to
this city, where he has ever since resided.  He is a
tinner by trade, but his son is a practical plumber
and gas and steam fitter. As Mr. Ehlers employs
only skilled workmen, the work executed by him
never fails to give satisfaction, and his services are
consequently much in demand in the two cittes. He
does all kinds of tin and sheet iron work, and makes
a specialty of laying sewer pipe aild fitting up
houses for natural gas. All orders for every description of work in these lines receive prompt and
careful attention, Mr. Ehlers personally supervising
all the operations of his business with great care
and attentiou. He occupies two floors, each 20x7s
feet in dimensions, at 28 Chestnut street, where he
carries a complete stock of every description of
plumbers' and gas and steam fitters' supplies, and
has every convenience and facility for the successful prosecution of his business.
Reinecke   Co.-Sanitary Plumbing, Gas
Fitting, Hot Water Heating, Etc.; Dealers in Fine
Gas Fixtures, Iron andWood Pumps, Etc.; 309 Wood
Street.-This establishment, which is recognized as
a leader in its line of industry, was founded in I870
by the firm of Reinecke, Wilson 8 Co., who were
succeeded by H. Reinecke   Co., followed by
Reinecke  Brothers, and changing in I883 to its
present style, with Mr. J. P. Reinecke as proprietor
of the business. Mr. Philip Reinecke, father of Mr
J. P. Reinecke, was one of the founders of the business, and was a prominent and influential business
man. He built the old and new gas works, on the
south side of the city, and was superintendent of the
gas works there, and an affive business man up to
the time of his decease in I873. Mr. J. P. Reinecke,
who now conducts the business, is thoroughly informed in all its details, and by close supervision
has secured a reputation for superior work which
has earned for him a notable success in his enter.
prise. He occupies as business premises the basement, first and second floors of the building at 309
Wood street, where he carries a large and complete
stock of sanitary plumbing appliances, fine gas fixtures, ele6trical fixtures, etc.  He does all kinds of
plumbing work, gas fitting and supplying public
and private buildings with hot water heaters, using
the celebrated Gurney heater, which has no superior, affording the greatest heating surface. It is
safe, clean, comfortable, simple, healthful, and under better control than any other method of heating.
Mr. Reinecke pays special attention to the fitting up
of hot water heating apparatus, and to putting in
fittings for natural gas. Ile also handles the Peerless Pump, the simplest, most useful and best in the
market. In gas fitting he does a large business,
among other large jobs in this line satisfatorily
executed by him being those of fitting the Allegheny
Theological Institute building, the Braddock public
school building and many other important structures. Mr. Reinecke has a very large business
which is constantly increasing, and employs a force
of twenty men. He is prepared to furnish plans and
specifications for plumbing, draining and ventilation
and to execute all such work in accordance with the
most progressive ideas of modern sanitary science,
also to do natural or artificial gas fitting, hot water
heating or putting in electric light fixtures in the
most skillful and complete manner.
Halpin, Kennedy  Co.-Sanitary Plumbers
and Dealers in Gas and Oil Fixtures; 20I Smithfield
Street.-This business was founded twenty-five
years ago by the firm of Jarvis, Halpin  Co., the
present firm, of which Messrs. William Halpin,
James J. Kennedy and O. H.- Stinson are the members, succeeding to the business in April, I882. Mr.
William Halpin has lived in Pittsburgh forty one
years, and is one of the oldest plumbers in the city.
He was'born in Ireland, and upon his arrival in
America, came directly to Pittsburgh and was engaged as a machinist. He was Inspector in the
Pittsburgh Gas Company for thirteen years. Mr.
Kennedy, who is a native of Cincinnati, and Mr.
Stinson, who was born in this city, are both experienced in this branch of industry, and thorough
business men. Their store, which is 22X80 feet in
dimensions, is filled with a complete line of gas
fixtures, oil fixtures, plumbers' supplies, etc., and
two clerks are employed, while from fifteen to
twenty expert plumbers, gas fitters and laborers are
constantly engaged outside. A specialty is made of
natural gas fitting, and in this brauch of their business their trade is very extensive.  This house
ranks among the leaders in the line in Pittsburgh,
and consequently has a gratifying and steadily
growing business.
Munden  Addy.-Plumbers and Gas Fitters; Dealers in Lamps and Lamp Trimmings, Etc.
I7gFederal Street, Allegheny. The plumbing and
gas fitting establishment, located at I79 Federal
street, and conduted by the firm  of Munden 
Addy, is one of the most prosperous and prominent
concerns in this line of business in the two cities.
The business was founded four years ago by Messrs.
George Addy and James H. Munden, both praftical
men in this department of industry, and a thriving
business has been built up by them in Allegheny,
Pittsburgh and the suburbs in all lines, a specialty
being made by them of natural gas fitting. In addition to a general plumbing and gas fitting business,
the firm also deals extensively itl lamps and lamp
trimmings, oil and gas chandeliers, brackets, pla;n
and fancy globes, shades and lanterns, carrying full
and complete lines of these goods at their commodious and convenient store, 20XIoo feet in dimensions, and which occupies the main floor of a twostory building. The firm gives employment to a
force ranging from ten to twenty-five hands, according to the season, the members themselves personally supervising all the operations of the business with care and attention. Mr. Munden is a native of Allegheny, and has always been engaged in
this line of business, and Mr. Addy, who was also
born in this city, and now resides at Swissvale on
the Pennsylvania Railroad, is also a praical
plumber, and was formerly engaged in business as
a brass founder.
PLUMBERS' SUPPLIIES, ETC.
William  G. Price  Co.- Manufacturers of
Plumbers' Iron Ware, Lead Pipe, Sheet Lead and
Plumbers' Materials; Office and Warerooms, I3 and
I5 Wood Street.-The fame of Pittsburgh's iron industries is world wide, and there is no chapter in
the history of produive enterprise which is more
interesting than that of the development of the^
principal industry of this great Iron City.  The
oldest house in Pittsburgh among those conneted
with the early history of manufatures of iron isthat now known as William G. Price  Co. This
business was founded in I808 by William Price,
whose grandson, Mr. William G. Price, has been the
principal in the firm for the past twenty years. The
foundry, known as the Berlin Works, is located on
Fifth avenue, Price and Caldwell streets, and covers
half a square of ground.  The plant is a complete
one, with a cupola of large capacity and every modern convenience and accessory for carrying on the
business upon an extensive scale, employment being
given to a force averaging one hundred hands. The
principal business of the firm is the nianufaure of
every description of plumbers' iron ware, and a
large business is also done in the prodution of
lead pipe, sheet lead and all materials used by
plumbers. Of these goods a large stock is. carried
embracing all the latest and most improved plumbing and sanitary devices, a commodious four-story
and basement building, 50xI00 feet in dimensions,.
being utilized as office and warerooms. Mr. William
G. Price, the proprietor of the business, is a native
of Pittsburgh, and throughout his business life has
been conneced with this establishment. His com--
plete knowledge of the business in all its details,
and his uniformly upright and honorable business
course have not only made him a prominent figure
among the leading manufadturers of Pittsburgh,
but have also secured for the firm a steady expansion of its trade and created a large and constantly
growing demand for its produts in all parts of the
Union.
Jarecki    Manufacturing    Company,.
Limited.-Brass Work, Malleable and Gray Iron
Pipe Fittings for Steam, Gas, Water, Oil, Etc.;
Main Office and Works, Erie, Pa.; Pittsburgh
Branch, 953 Liberty Street.-- Holding a distinguishled
place among the most important manufaturing
concerns of the country is the Jarecki Manufacturing Company, Limited, which has works at Erie,
Pa., covering ten acres of ground, completely
equipped with a valuable outfit of machinery and
appliances adapted to the manufaure of every description of brass work, malleable and gray iron
pipe fittings for steam, gas, water and oil, oil and
gas well supplies, pipe cutting and threading tools
and ur achines, etc.  The business was established
about twenty years ago, and the company is one of
heavy capital and facilities unsurpassed by any concern in its line in the Union, and it has a specially
active trade in the oil and gas regions of Pennsylvania, New York and Ohio, maintaining branches at
Bradford, Butler, Washington and other points in
Pennsylvania, Lima and Cygnet in Ohio and Bolivar,
N. Y., as well as in this city. The company has a
recognized reputation not only for the extent of its
trade, but also for the superior quality of its produts, every detail of its manufature being under
the supervision of competent and experienced heads
of departments, and its goods being in every way
adapted to the purposes for which they are designed.
As a consequence they are in large and steadily increasing demand, and among the several branches,
from all of which a large trade is done, none is more
prosperous than that at Pittsburgh, from which an
extensive trade is controlled in Western Pennsylvania, Ohio and Indiana. Mr. A. B. Weart, the General Manager for the company, resides in Pittsburgh,
while the management of the Pitts~burgh branch is
in the hands of Mr. W. H. Watson, a thoroughly
efficient business man, who has contributed largely
toward extending the trade of the company.
A. H. Rowand.--Proprietor of the Keystone
Joint, Etc.; 67 Isabella Street, Allegheny; Opposite
PittsburJh and F;ort Wayne Railroad Depot. -This
business was established in I886. The specialty is
The Keystone Joint-, an ingenious device, by the use
of which all screw and lead joints are dispensed with
in the fitting of steam, water, gas casings and oil
pipe joints. The Keystone Joint, which is made on
the wedge principle, is entirely me allic, and can be
more easily put together and taken apart than any
other joint. It canl be made to conform to any angle
or deflec'tion required, is absolutely tight and is a.
device of the highest utility to the plumber, gas fitter and steam fitter and for water and gas mains. In
addition to these joints Mr. Rowand manufac'tures~
a compound known as No. 3 Red I,iquid Packing,
which, after the severest tests, had been pronounced
the best material in the market for steam pipe joints
and ammonia pipe joints. This material is betterand cheaper than red lead, does not get hard except
when the pipes are hot, and when the pipes are cool
the joints canbe easily unscrewed. It does not strip
from the thread, as the lead mixtures do. It is most
efficient as a packing, as aqua ammonia, water or
steam has no effect on the material. The No. 2 screw
joint packing has been used on most of the gas lines
in this vicinity, and has given entire satisfaftion.
He also manufatures a paint for iron stacks, which
is pronounced the best in use. Mr. Rowand has a
large business extending throughout the Eastern,
Middle and Northern States, and which is constantly
increasing as a result of the recognized excellence
of his inanufatures. Testimonials are furnished on
application.
SCALI.
Fairbanks  Co.-Standard Scales, Etc.; 1,.
S. Moore, Manager; 302 Wood Street.-WVhat Steph-,enson was to steam locomotion, and Morse to the
art of telegraphy, Thaddeus Fairbanks, of St. Johnsburg, Vt., was to the art of weighing. It was he
who, in I830, invented the system of the multiplication of levers for platform scales, and revolutionized the processes of weighing; and by introducing
a correct weighing machine by which the largest, as
well as the smallest articles, could be accurately
weighed, conferred a lasting benefit upon every
class of business. The firm of Fairbanks  Co. has
long been recognized as the leading concern engaged in the manufacture of scales in this country,
fitly perpetuating the name of the great inventor,
who died about two years ago, full of years and
honors, having been entitled Sir Thaddeus bythe
Emperor of Austria a few years before his death.
Agencies for this great company have been established in all the leading cities of the United States,
that in Pittsburgh having been founded about
twenty-five years ago, and for the past three years
been under the capable and experienced management of Mr. IL. S. Moore, who has been connected
with the house here from its inauguration up to the
time of taking charge of the ma-nagement. The
premises occupied comprise a three-story brick
building, 25xI00 feet in dimensions! including salesrooms and a complete repairing department in
which scales are promptly and accurately repaired.
A large and complete stock is carried, embracing
Fairbank's Standard Scales of all kinds and for all
purposes, the Pratt and Cady valves, with vulcanized asbestos renewable discs, asbestos packed
cocks, Hancock inspirators, a complete line of
grocers' sundries, butchers' supplies, coffee and spice
mills, mleasures, oil tanks, alarm  money tills, heaters, radiators, flax and asbestos packing; hydraulic,
lever and screw jacks; portable forges, warehouse
trucks of all kinds, lawn mowers, letter presses,
Bailey copying machines, and a large variety of
other goods. Mr. Moore has built up for the house
a large trade which has steadily increased from year
to year, and this agency is now one of the most
prosperous of the many conducted by Fairbanks 
Co. in all parts of the Union.
H. C. Dickinson  Co., Limited.-Manufaturers' Agent for Standard Scales of All Sizes,
Etc.; Warehouse, 75 Third Avenue.-This firm,
which was formed in I887, iS composed of Messrs. H.
C. Dickinson, S. Doubt and A. H. Chesley. Mr.
Dickinson has had a long and valuable experience
in the scale business, being, in fact, one of the
pioneers of that business in Pittsburgh. He was in
the scale business at Cincinnati and Chicago prior
to I866, in which year he came to Pittsburgh as the
representative of Fairbanks' scales, remaining in
that connecnion until I886. Mr. Doubt, who is a
native of England, a th-oroughly praEtical and experienced man, and Mr. Chresley, the other partner,
are both gentlemen of superior business attainments.
T~he firm represents a number of the leading manufacturers of scales and balances, including Henry
Troemner, the celebrated Philadelphia manufaiturer
of Standard Scales, which combine all the most valuable improvements and are used by United States
-mints and assay offices, by the Treasury Department at Washington, and the Department of
Finance of the Dorn.inion of Canada. They are also
-manufacrturers' agents for The Buffalo Standard
Scales, Chatillon's Spring Balances, and represent
other lines, such as Sims' Automatic Boiler Cleaner
and L~ow Water Indicator; Penberthy Automatic In~jector; Brock Friction-Clutch Pulley; Reynold's
Patent Truck, and other trucks and wheelbarrows;
~cash drawers and grocers' fixtures generally. They
occupy a three-story building, 22x80 feet in dimensions, the first floor being utilized as offce and
wareroom, the second floor being also used for
wareroom purposes, and the third floor being a repairing shop, in which repairs to all kinds of scales
are executed in a skillful and workmanlike manner.
The business has already assumed important proportions and is steadily growing as a result of the
merits of the goods handled and the energy and
honorable methods of the members of the firm.
FIRE AND BURL;AR PROOF SAFES.
Barnes Safe and Lock Company.Manufaturers of Fire and Burglar Proof Safes;
I24, I26, I27, I29 and I31 Third Avenue.-The needs
of business call for the protetion of money and
valuables from the ravages of fire and the assaults
of burglars, and as a consequence of the demand for
safeguards of this charatter an important industry
has been built up in the manufa6ture of fire and
burglar proof safes, and modern mechanical skill
has been invoked to secure added excellence in the
produt. The only manufaAuring establishment in
Pittsburgh engaged in this line of prodution is
that of the Barnes Safe and Lock Company, of
which Thomas Barnes is sole proprietor, whose
safes have earned a national reputation by reason of
their superiority in construion and materials, and
the perfet protetion afforded to their contents.
A four-story building, 60XIoo feet in dimensions, is
utilized, and these premises, completely equipped
with all the latest and most highly improved machinery and appliances adapted to this branch of
business, give every facility for the manufacture of
fire-proof and burglar proof safes, in which a force
of I50 skilled workmen are engaged. The business
had its inception in 1845, when it was established by
the firm of Burke  Barnes, who carried it on until I873, when, upon the death of Mr. Burke, the entire business was purchased by Mr. Thomas Barnes,
who is now sole proprietor of the business. He is
an experienced safe manufaturer, and closely supervises every detail of the business so as to secure
in the produ6t the maintenance of the high standard of quality which has given it such an extended reputation. He has throughout his long
business career commended himself to confidence
and esteem by the probity of his business conduct, and is a worthy representative of the best
element of the business life of the Iron City.
GAS VURNACIS.
William  Swindell   Brothers.-Builders
of Regenerative Gas Furnaces for Natural and Manufacured Gas; 548 Smithfield Street.-This firm, of
which Messrs. William, James D. and John C. Swindell are the individual members, has for more than
forty years been prominently identified with this
special branch of industry, and in 1860 started their
present enterprise in Pittsburgh. They furnish designs and estimates, and contra6t for the construction of furnaces for rolling mills, steel plants and
similar works, and at their shops at 548 Smithfield
street, give employment to a force ranging from
twenty-five to seventy-five skilled and expert workmen. A specialty is made of regenerative gas furnaces for natural or manufatured gas, and this firm
has designed and construted furnaces for most of
the leading iron and steel works in this vicinity, including Park Brothers, Hussey, Howe  Co., Carnegie Brothers, Union Mills, Miller, Metcalf  Parkins,
Zug  Co., and many others. Mr. Wm. Swindell
was engaged in this branch of trade for I5 years
prior to the establishment of this business, and has
been a member of the Council of Allegheny for the
past I5 years. All the members of the firm are natives of Allegheny County, and have devoted their
life-long attention to this industry. They consequently possess a thorough knowledge of all its details, and by the produciion of a superior article in
their line, and dealing upon the most reliable principles, they have deservedly gained a leading position among the representative houses of the Iron
City.
ROLLING MILL TOOLS.
S. Tretheway  Co., Limited.-Industry
Rolling Mill Tool Works; S. Tretheway, President;
F. Tinker, Secretary; John Kenworthy, Treasurer;
Forty-Ninth and Harrison Streets.-An important
and progressive industry which has steadily grown
both in its facilities for manufature, and the volume of its trade and output, is that known as the
Industry Rolling Mill Tool Works, which was originally established in I883 by Mr. S. Tretheway on a
limited scale. In I885 the present firm was organized, and with increased resources has added to
its capacity. The buildings occupied at present are
50XIOO feet in dimensions, and to secure increased
facilities, the company have recent'y purchased lots
on Forty-,seventh street, and are now engaged in the
ereion of buildings which, when completed, will
be IOOXI36 feet in dimensions, and thus enable them
to more conveniently carry on the business upon a
large scale. The range of produts is a wide one,
including the manufacture of steam hammers, solid
steel shear knife blades, circular roll turning tools,
jewelers' rolls, etc., and in addition to this branch
of manufature the firm makes a specialty of repairing steam hammers and general mill work. The
firm has secured the patronage of some of the
largest rolling mills in this section, and is now engaged in making shears of the largest size for the
Pittsburgh Bridge Company, and have made all of
this kind of work for Park Brothers; Howe, Brown
 Co.; W. D. Wood  Co.; the United States Tin
Plate Co., and many other large works. The company
is now prepared to add to its business the manufacture of solid steel rolls hardened specially for jewelers' use, brass finishing, etc. This is an industry
which has never yet been carried on in the United
States, all such rolls having heretofore been supplied by Krupp, of Germany. TPhe gentlemen composing this firm are experienced bllsiness men. Mr.
Tretheway, the founder of the business, is a native
of England, who came to the United States in I863,
and was employed with the Crescent Steel Works
prior to establishing in the present business. He
has charge of the entire business in all its details.
He is a thoroughly skilled manl in every department
of this business, a gentleman of sound business
judgment, and recognized prominence as a manufadturer. Mr. F. Tinker, the Secre~tary of the company, is a carpenter, contractor and builder, and carries on an extensive business in that line. Mr. John
Kenworthy, the TIreasurer of the company, is in the
furniture business on Penn avenue, near TwentyELighth street.
AXES, SHOVET48, ErC.
Hubbard  Co.--Pittsburgh Axe, Saw,
Shovel, Hoe and Drain TIool Works; W~orks, Pittsburgh and Beaver Falls; Office, Hamilton Building,
9I Fifth Avenue.--This establishment, which is now
one of the largest in its line in the Union, was
originally founded in I846 by the firm of L/ippincott  Co., and after several changes became Hubbard, Bakewell  Co, to whom the present firm of
Hubbard  Co. succeeded about two years ago.
The present members of the firm are Messrs. C. W.
Hubbard, Charles l,ockhart, W. N. Frew, David M.
Long, S. D. Hubbard and S. A. Rankin, all gentleman of pratical business experience, and with the
exception of Messrs. Frew and Lockhart, active
participants in the business of the house. The
company has extensive works both in this city and
at Beaver Falls, Pa., the Pittsburgh plant being
located at Forty-eighth street, covering five acres,
two and a half of which is under roof, while the
works at Beaver Falls, which also cover five acres,
include one and a half acres of buildings. The
equipment of these establishnients is in every respect complete, including all iron and steel working
machinery, and giving employment to a large force
of hands in the manufature of their various lines
of goods, including 50,000 dozen axes, 20,000 dozer
shovels, 20,ooo dozen planters' hoes, and a large
number of circular, cross-cut, gang, drag and mill
saws, saw teeth and drain tools of every description. A specialty of the firm is the celebrated Lippincott axe, which has secured such a general approbation on the part of users of axes in all portions of the country as to create a deniand which
makes this firm the largest producer of axes in
the United States. The firm also makes a superior
quality of all other goods embraced in their line of
manufadures, carefully supervising every detail of
the manufacture, so as to produce the most satisfatory results and miaintain the high reputation
which the firm has deservedly achieved.
BUTCHURS' AND PACIKRS' TOOLS.
B. Gloekler.-Manufaurer of Butchers' and
Packers' Tools, Machinery and Supplies: Office and
Factory; IIIg and II27 Penn Avenue.-This establishment, which has a special celebrity in all parts
of the United States for the exellence of its manufaures, was founded in I858 by John WVagner, w ho
was a thoroughly praical and experienced man in
every department of this business, and was the inventor of many and great improvements in butchers'
tools. The business passed in I876 into the hands
of the present proprietor, who is also an expert in
this departtment of mauufacture, and who has since
been steadily engaged in business, occupying as
business premises the two buildings at III9, II27
and II29 Penn avenue, and giving emiployment to a
force of twenty five skilled workmen. He continues
to manufacture the well known John  WVagner
butchers' tools, as well as a fall and complete line
of butchers' and packers' machinery and supplies.
Many of the machines are of his own invention and
covered by letters patent obtained by him, including his Improved Pork Fat Cutting Machine, his
Portable Furnace Cauldron, his New Patented Meat
Rack, etc. In addition to these specialties he handles a full line of the most improved machines, including steam and hand stuffers, meat rockers,
scalding tubs, meat choppers and mixers, steam
kettles for rendering lard, corn beef presses, cooling
rooms and a full stock of tools, sausage casings and
supplies. The completeness of his assortment and
the carefuLtl selection of his goods have secured for
Mr. Gloekler a trade extending all over the United
States and Canada, and he has even shipped goods,
to Australia. He closely attend s to his business
with every detail of which he is thoroughly conver'
sant, and as a consequence of his experience and industry he is constantly increasing his trade.
GOLD, SILVER AND NICKEL PLATTNG.
Walter E. Hague.--Hague's Silver Plating and Britannia Works; Gold, Silver and Nickel
Plating; 522 Wood Street. - Mr. Hague established this business in I87I, and has since
conduted it with steadily increasing success.
He has been engaged in this industry for the
past thirty years, having learned the trade in
Sheffield, EDngland, and keeps fully informed in
regard to all the latest improvements and devices in this line. At his works he has a complete outfit of machinery and appliances adapted to every branch of the business, and gives
employment to a force of fifteen expert workmen. He manufatures silver plated and britani
nia trimmings for glass manufacturers, potters, etc.,
and does all kinds of gold, silver and nickel plating
and bronzing, a specialty being made of repairing and
replating silverware. Mr. Hague does a large business in nearly every State in the Union, his trade
being particularly large in Western Pennsylvania,
1Eastern Ohio and West Virginia. The house is one
of the largest in its line in this section of the country, and has been built up to its present position of
prominence by the enterprise and industry of the
proprietor.
ELECTRO PLATING.
Pittsburgh Electro Plating Company,
Limited. -P. H. Laufman, Chairman; James Benney, Jr., Secretary; Manufacurers of O'Neill's Cop-.....,................................. a.....................................,.X
:.,',,','-,,',...'''..'.''.'-.'.... 4,-,..  S..........'
P.. H..AU.....
pered and Tinned Steel Sheets, etc.; Wiorks, Apollo,
Pa.; Office, 543 Wood Street. -This company, occupy ng a special promiinence in its department of
mianufaAture, was incorporated in I885 with a paidup capital stock of $Ioo,ooo, The works of the
cornpany are located at Apollo, Pa., and are completely equipped for the purposes of the manufacture carried on hy the company; and ermployment
is given to a force ranging from twenty to thirty
hands in- the producncion of O'Neill's Coppered and
Tinned Steel Sheets, as well as nickeled stove
knobs, hinge pins, towel rods, etc., galvanized and
coppered steel wash boilers, and all kinds of galvanized and electro coppered hollow ware. The processes employed are the most m-rodern and improved
methods t^or procuring excellent work in electroplating, and the operations of the comipany are under the direct management of M~ir. Laufman, who is
a resident of Allegheny City, Pa., and has charge of
the business, aild he carefully supervises every detail of the mianufacture so as to maintain for the
company the high reputation it enjoys for the superior qu lity of the producRion.  MRlr. Laufnian  is
a native of Pennsylvania, and a prominent lDusiness
man, and in addition to his position at the head of
this company is also proprietor of the Apollo Sh-_et
Iron Works. Mr. Benney, the Secretary, is also an
efficient and thoroughly capable business man, who
attends to the duties devolving upon him with
mnarked efficiency.
SrTAM/3P~ED  NVARE, ErC.
De m m 1er B rot h ers. Jobbers  of Stamnped
and Japanned Wiare, Bird Cages, Sheet Iron, Tinners'
Trimmings, Etc.; 526 and 528 Smithfield Street.--The
establishment conducnced by the firm of Demmler
Brothers has been in existence since I860, when it
was established upon a modest scale. By industry
and careful attention to business, however, the pro,
prietors have yearly added to the volume of their
trade, and their house now contains the largest and
most complete stock of its kind in the city.  Their
facilities for the transation of their flourishing
business are of the best chara6ter, and they occupy a
comodious four-story building at Nos. 526 and 528
Smithfield street, with an extensive annex on Virgin
alley, where they carry constantly on hand a very
large stock of staniped and japanned ware, bird cages,
sheet iron, tinners' trimmings, etc.  They have a
large jobbing trade throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio,
West Virginia, Maryland and nearly every section of
the country, and make a specialty of all the latest
and best novelties in the house furnishing line, including the Boss One Minute Coffee Pot, the
Anthony Wayne Washing Machine, Imperial and St.
Jo' n lMilk Shakes, Polar Ice Shaver, indurated wood
fibre ware, all varieties of air moisteners for natural
gas fires, the Alaska refrigerator, filters, ice cream
freezers, etc., while they make a special effort to
carry all the best kinds of millers' lamps.  The
Messrs. Demmler Brothers are experienced business
men, and are well and favorably known in business
circles.
John Dunlap  Co. - Manufacurers of
Stamped and Japanned Ware and Tinners' Supplie,;
Importers and Dealers in Tin Plate, Block Tin,
Sheet Iron, Sheet Zinc, WVire, Etc.; 28 and 30 Market Street, and 74, 76 and 78 Second Avenue.-Mr.
John Dunlap, the founder of this business, is one
of Pittsburgh's oldest and most highly esteemed
merchants, having established himself in business
in I839. On January I, I887, the present firm was
formed, with Messrs. John Dunlap, Thomas G. McClure and William A. Dunlap, son of the founder,
as the individual members. They manufaure a
superior quality of stamped and japanned ware and
all kinds of tinners' supplies, and their works are
coinpletely equipped with all the most approved
machinery and appliances, and give employrment to
sixty-five hands, including niany expert operators
and inechanics. Mr. WVilliam A. Dunlap has charge
of the inanagemient of the works and stamping department, and having been brought up in this business,possesses a thorough knowledge of all its details,
and supervises it with a carefulness and accuracy
that largely contributes to the great success and
prosperity of the house. The firm also iniports
and deals extensively in tin plate, block tin, sheet
iron, sheet zinc, wire, etc., carrying large stocks
constantly on hand, and the trade of the house
extends throughout Western Pennsylvania, West
Virginia, Ohio and Indiana. Mr. John Dunlap is a
native of Ireland, and on coming to this country
settled in Patterson, N. J., from which place he removed to this city and established this business.
Mr. McClure, who is a native of this city, has been
connedted with this house for the past sixteen years,
and is a most intelligent, ative and energetic business man. The history of the house presents a
gratifying example of the prosperity which attends
industry and judicious management in business,
and it is in every respect a representative establishment.
GALVANIZING NVO RKS.
James McQuiston  Co. Galvanizing
Works; Twenty-sixth and Railroad Streets.-In the
special department of industry in which it is engaged, one of the largest establishments in the
country is that conducted by the firm of James McOuiston   Co, of which Mr. McQuiston is the
principal, and whichhas been conducted under his
experieneed and thoroughly capable management
ever since I870. The works, which are 84x2IO feet
in dimensions, are provided with all the necessarfT
appliances for the proper execution of galvanizing
processes, including a pickling bath, 25 feet long,
32 inches wide and I8 inches deep, a pot for melted
zinc I2 feet long, 30 inches wide and 52 inches
deep, holding twenty-eight tons of melted metal
and other machinery and appliances, and a large
business is done in galvanizing for the trade
various manufactures of iron, including about
fifteen tolls of pipe per day, hoop iron to the
amount of from I2,000 to I5,000 tons annually
and a large number of other articles.  At these
works are galvanized steel stamped sinks for
h use purposes, manufactured at Columbus, O.,
and sent to these works in car load lots to be
galvanized, also large numbers of steel shovels
and other produs of leading manufaturers
of this vicinity and from all parts of the United
States. In all departments of the business the
output is very large, and in materials the conI        -    I
sumption is very great, including 300 tons of zinc
annually, 25,000 pounds of sal ammoniac and more
than $6,ooo worth of acids. All the operations of
the works are conduted under the personal supervision of Mr. McQuiston, who is thoroughly andpractically conversant with this special branch of
industry, aiid who has obtained a merited distinction for the uniform superiority of the work turned
out at his establ shment. The superior facilities
he possesses, and the care taken in the pro npt and
accurate execution of orders, have secured for his
house a leading positiol aniong mianufaturers of its
class.
COPPER AND BRASS.
Pittsburgh Copper and Brass Rolling
M i I IS. -- C. G. Hussey  Co.; No. 49 Fi fth Avenue.Among thf- diversified industries which have been
mainly instrumental iti dis eminating far and wide
the fame and reputatioii of Pittsburgh as a manufaturing metropolis and producing centre for a vast
variety of articl-s, none have exercised a more import,nt influence in this direction than that condu6ted by Messrs. C. G. Hussey  Co., under tlie designating title of the Pittsburgh Copper an,1 Br ss
Rolling Mills, which name succinctly sets forth tie
nature of the operations condu6ied at tleir extensive works located on Second Avenue, in the Soho
district, wh~re a ground space of nearly five acres is
occupied, upon which is erected numerous buildings
specially adapted for this special branch of industrial enterprise. Two gr at engines furnish an aggregate power equivalent to 600 horses and a bat.tery
of six boilers of I50 horse power each complete the
equipment of the steam plant. The machinery and
appliances are of the most approved construcaion
for the successful and expeditious manufa6lure of
copper and brass in a great variety of forms and an
average force of nearly one t undred operatives, a
1  _ _ _   _-   __. X'!    _   _   -   r   _1_  -    -   - 1     *11  l -
large proportion of whom are skilled
workmen, is regularly employed. The
produts of these works include sheet
brass and brass kettles, sheet copper in
all sizes and shapes, sheething copper,
fire box sheets, copper pits aud flats,
kettle pattterns an I seginent sheets.
They also m ke a specialty of cold
rolled (leveled by a patent process)
snlooth and bright, an I planished copper, and have also in operation a smelting furnace where their scraps and the
produc6s of one of the Lake Supericr
mines are sl-lelted. They also handle
largely ingot copper, pig tin, lead,
spelter and antimony. The offices and
warerooms of this firm are located in
the Hussey building, No. 49 Fifth
avenue, where the first floor and basement, each 30XI20 feet in dimensions,
are occupied for offices, sales and storage
purposes. The individual members of
the firm are Dr. C. G. Hussey, Mr. N.
Veeder and Mr. E. T. Dravo, who are
collectively anld individually widely
ktnown throughout this section as
among our niost li ~eral and enterprising citizens
and successful business men.
The foregoing notices, while not covering the
entire field of the iron, steel and other metal industries of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, include mention
of the leading and representative establishnients in
the various branches of those lines of prodution.
It is the iron and steel interest of the city to which
may be traced, in the largest measure, the commanding position in the eye of the civilized world
which Pittsburgh holds as a manufa6turing center.
It is in the means and instrumentalities for the
maintenance of leadership in the prodution of
iron, steel and other metals that Pittsburgh excels,
these means including an ample supply of raw materials easilyaccessible, a fuLel supply more abundant
than any enjoyed by any other city or town in the
history of industry, a central position and means of
distribution matchless in their completeness, and
the capital and experience needed to utilize the unparalleled advantages thus enjoyed. The name of
the Iron City, popularly applied to Pittsburgh, is no
misnomer, for she has advanced to a position not
equalled by any city in the western world as a center of iron and steel produdtion, and is not surpassed by Sheffield, Birmingham or any other of the
old world industrial centers.
Vast in volume and commanding in impoitance
as these interests are, however, they by no means
circumscribe the boundaries of Pittsburgh's prominence as a manufaturing center, there being a
large number of other important industries carried on
here which also add to the volume of Pittsburgh's
produdtion, and the consideration of which will
occupy the succeeding chapters.
THE GLASS INDUSTRY.
A BRANCH OF MANUFACTURE IN WHICH PITTSBURGH
LEADS ALL OTHER CITIES IN THYE UNION.
While in bulk and value the iron manufa6luring
industries of Pittsburgh are, of course, larger than
any other interests in the city, there is no branch of
bus;ness in which the city niore pre-eminently asserts and m intains her leadership than in that of
the manufa6ture of glass, which is the oldest of the
principal industries of the city. The first venture
in this branch of produ6tion in Pennsylvania was in
1762, when Baron Von Stiegel established business
at Manheim in I,ancaster County. In I796 arrangements were made by James O'Hara and Isaac Craig
for the erection of the first glass works here. Peter
William Eichbaum, of Philadelphia, Superintendent
of the glass works there, was engaged to oversee
the work.  The works were completed and put in
operation in the followiog year. At the same time
that the works of O'Hara  Craig were building,
Albert Gallatin was constructin- a glass house at
New Geneva, but the Pittsburgh concern was comipleted about a month before its comrpetitor, and immediately put in operation. The works occurfied a
frame shed where the Point Bridge Works of Thomas
Wightnian  Co. now are. The equipment was
an eight-pot furnace, holding, it is said, not over 500
pounds of material to the pot. A portion of the
land upon which the glass works were located was
purchased from Ephraim Blaine. The inauguration
and maintenance of the enterprise was attended with
numerous obstacles, one of which was the difficulty
of procuring coal in sufficient quantities to operate
the works, but a greater one was the pra6tical impossibility to get skilled workmen to come so far
out into the wilderness, and as a consequence a large
amount of material was spoiled on account of the
inexperience of the hands. Mr. Peter W-. EichbauLm,
who had superintended the erection of the works,
was a praicil glass blower, and l-ad the entire supervision of the manufa6turing operations of the
business; but in consequence of the drawbacks
above nlentior ed, the expenses were far in excess of
the anticipatioiis of the projectors, who in December, I798, leased the works to a firm composed of Mr.
Eichbaum and other pra(tical workmen, who conduted the business under the name of Eichbaum,
Wendt  Co. They were less troubled with the
causes which had previouslv interfered with the success ol the enterprise than their predecessors, but
they still found consider.ble difficulty in securing a
sufficient supply of sand and clay, and the latter article was especially scarce and had to be brought
from New Jersey for a number of years.
These works turned out an article which in quality was considered excellent for those days, but the
demands of the market in quailtity were not very
exacting and a produ6t of thirty boxes a week of
window glass, and hollow ware to about one third
that amount, was sufficient to supply the requirements of that day. The prices of glass were very
high, and it is said that 8XIO window glass sold at
$I3.50 and IOXI2 at $I5. William Price, of Iondon,
came here in i80o and was employed by Craig 
O'Hara's factory, where he made the first flint glass
manufa6tured west of the mountains. Several flint
glass works were projeed, but none were built until I807, when George Robinson and Edwin I,nsel
ereted a furnace, which they shortly afterward sold
out to Bakewell  Page, which was the pioneer establishnient devoted to that department of gla,,s
manufa6ture in Pittsburgh. The first furnace built
had a capacity of six twenty inch pots and the works
occupied the site now covered by the Baltimore 
Ohio Railroad depot. It continued in successful
operation until the great fire of I845, when it was
destroyed, but was afterward rebuilt and continued
for several years.
The progress of the manufature is indicated in
Cramer's Almanack for I8 r0, which stated that there
were then "three glass works in handsome operation" producing flint glass to the value of $30,ooo
and battles and windo w -lass to the vatue of $40,000.
This p, obably, however, includes the Gallatin VVorks
at Geneva, as at the date of the publication the
O'Hara Works and those of B 3kewell  Page were
the only ones known in the city limits. Two years
later, however, Beltzhoover, Wendt  Co., erected a
glass house on the lot bounded by the river bank
and Muriel street, South side.
WVilliam McCully was an early pioneer in the glass
manufa6turing business, and probably the first person who learned his business in Pittsburgh to engage in that trade as a master. He had been an apprentice and journeyman in the O'Hara oVOrks, and
in I829, in conjun6tion with Captain John Hay, established the Union Flint Glass Works, later becoming associated in the eretion of a bottle house on
the Allezhety side, and afterward being identified
with a large number of the important glass manufauring industries of Pittsburgh.
In the early history of the business it was the
-   4      -   - - -1- - 1   --1 - - _   _ - -      I   -- -
custolm to make bottles urder the same
roof with window glass, and this continued until I837, at which time a vial
works and a black bottle fa6tory were
established. In I837 there were thirteen
glass faories at Pittsburgh, six of
which niade flint glass, five window
glass, one vials and one black bottle.
In I856 there were nineteen firms engaged in the business, operating thirtythree faories; in I865 the number had
increased to twenty-two fir-Qs and fiftyfive facories and in  I876, according to
" Pittsburgh and Allegheny in the Centennial Year'3 there were thirty eight
firms working seventy three fa6tories
and having 690 pots. Of these twentyfour were window glass fatories,
twenty-five table glass fatories, eight
vial, bottle and druggists' ware faories,
eleven green glass bottle and jar factories and nine chimney factories.
The increase from 1865 amounted to 80
per cent. in the number of firms engaged, over 40 per cent. in the number
of factories and pots, over Ioo per cent
in the produion of window glass, nearly 300 per
cent. in the amount of table ware niade, and in spite
of the large decrease in the nine years intervening
in prices of glassware, there was an increase of
about 20 per cent. in the gross value of the produ.
In the ten years following, as shown by " Pittsburgh's Progress and Industr7es," there were engaged in the different varieties of glass manufacture a total of forty-two firms, having ninety-three
fa6tories and working 984 pots, employing  8,ooo
hands, paying annually over $4,000,000 in wages and
having a produ aggregating $7,500,000 in value.
The increase during the ten years was scarcely
noticeable in the number of firms, but there was a
large increase in the number of faories and pots,
and in all the items included in the capacity of the
firms for manufaturing. The history of the glass
industry of Pittsburgh is one of a steady rather
than a rapid growth, there being a perceptible increase each year in the amount of the produt, while
the great progres3 made in the introdution of conveniences for the proper and efficient prosecution
of manufaiuring operations, and the improvements
in the quality of the glass turned out, have been
still more remarkable. Upon this subje6t a pamphlet issued by the Chaniber of Commerce in I884
upon the Mercantile, Man ufa6turing and Mining Interests of Pittsburgh says:"While for some years past there has been no
great growth in the number of table-ware fatciries
in the city, the p,odutive capacity of those operated has be en greatly augmented by the introduftion
of better forms of melting furnaces and appliances
for the more rapid manipulation of the glass. In
styles of ware produced our manufaturers are little,
if any, bebind the most famous foreign artificers,and every season brings radical advancement in this
line. In fact, we are now supplying new shapes to
both France and Austria, manufaturers in those
countries having placed orders with our moldmakeIs and glass press manufacurers for miolds
and presses, and have engaged a number of Pittsburgh workmen to go over and instrut them in
their use. Each of the leading flint table-ware factories now keeps an artist constantly employed in
devising new designs, ranging through all classes of
articles produced, so that there are novelties constantly offered to the trade. There are twenty-nine
facories engaged in the produ6tion of flint and
lime glassware, their specialties ranging from the
highest forms of ornamental and table glassware to
prescription vials, including such novelties as glass
cloth, feathers, etc."
The range of the glass manufa6tures of Pittsburgh covers everything in the line of glass, from
ordinary window glass to the finest pressed and cut
ware, and it is notable also that here is manufactured plate glass of a quality so excellent that it has
long superseded foreign glass in the American mar1--ort  T r tO  manilf4llr\C ofi,-  orlt 1q.,
kets. In the mlanufa6ture of plate glass
it was for a long time difficult to overcome the prejudice of consumers in favor
of the foreign made article, there being
an established convi6tion that it was impossible for American manufaurers to
produce plate glass of a quality equal to
that imported, but there is now no longer
any doubt of the mnrit of the domestic
produt, which has improved so greatly
in quality that it is in fat superior to
the foreign article. This is true, not
only of plate glass, but also of all kinds
of glass manufaured in Pittsburgh, the
natural gas fuel having contributed
largely to the improvemelit in the
quality of the produt, which, when made
in factories using natural gas, acquires
a clearness and brilliancy not possible
with the sulphurous and smoke creating
fuels necessarily used by manufaturers
in less favored districts, foreign and
domestic.
In the consideration of the progress
of the glass manufaiures of Pittsburgh,
too much stress can not be laid upon
the importance to the industry of the
substitution of natural gas for coal as
fuel in all the processes of glass making.
This perfe6t fuel enables Pittsburgh to
furnish both window glass and table ware
superior in all respes to those imported
from Europe, the glass thus manufaured
being free from flaw or speck; and in
addition to this increased superiority in
quality, there is an economy in the cost
of manufature secured by the  much
longer time of service of melting pots
with natural gas fuel than with coal, the
saving in, the cost of coal handlers and
furnace men and the very important
saving in breakage from inequable heat
in annealing.
In the manufature of glass chimneys
for oil lamps, an industry which the use
of petroleum for illuminating purposes
has made an important one, Pittsburgh
11'aC;a s,necial leadershi-D. the Drodutio
has a special leadership, thie producItion ot tile
eleven fa6tories of the city aggregating about
45,000,000 chimneys annually. The trade in this
branch - is very large, and in addition to covering
the United States, also includes a considerable export business to Central and South America, Mexico and Cuba. Not only do the glass houses of
Pittsburgh produce window glass, plate glass, bottles, pressed flint and lime table and ornamental
glass ware, lamps and lamp chimneys, demijohns,
flasks, druggists' ware and fruit jars, but they also
manufaure glass balls, telegraph insulators and
stained and ornamental glass of every description.
A great advance has been made in the departments of glass cutting, grinding and ornamentation
during recent years, the most experienced and expert workmen of all kinds having been attraed
here, while many improvements have been made by
Pittsburgh artists and workmen, and to-day the
fatories of Pittsburgh produce designs and ornamentation in glass ware not inferior in any respect
to that turned out by the most noted faories of
Europe.
GLASS HOUSI SUPPLIUS AND MATIgRIALS.
Intimately related to glass manufaure are the
various trades engaged in supplying moulds, pots
and material for the nianufadture of glass. There
are a nuiniber of firms engaged in making iron and
steel moulds in which the forms of the tableware of
Pittsburgh are pressed, and there has been a
marked improvement in the quality of these
moulds, as well as in their artistic design, and the
ingenuity and originality of the shapes which they
impart during the past few vears. Formerly each
glass house had its mould shop, but the making of
glass moulds is day by day becoming more generally recognized as a separate and distinct business,
and as a general thing the moulds are made by
those who have a specialty of the business, and
who have gained dexterity and expert workmanship by years of experience. The same is true of the
inanufa6ture of clay pots for mielting glass, which
was also formerly conneted with the glass houses,
but which is now sensibly relegated to those who
have special appliances for the manufacture of the
pots, and enjoy superior facilities for the procurement of material from which to make them. Supplying sand for glass works is also another important industry, in which several large firms are engaged, and the investment of capital in these various
lines, and the improvement of facilities for the
procurement of raw material and appliances have
played no unimportant part in the wonderful development of the glass industries of the city.
A.  D, H. Chambers.- Pittsburgh Glass
Works; Manufaurers of Window Glass, Bottles and
Vials; Sixth and Bingham Streets, South Side.Among the oldest established glass manufa6turing
concerns of the city that of A.  D. H. Chambers
has long been prominent, by reason of the extent of
its output and the uniformly superior quality of
its produts. The business was originally estab  
lished in I843 by Messrs. Alexander and D. H.
Chambers, who built it up from comparatively small
beginnings to a position of recognized importance
in this department of production, and in I862 Mr. D.
H. Chambers died, and Mr. Alexander Chambers
continued the business until I875, when he also
died, and the business passed into the hands of
James A. Chambers and Henry B. Patton, who have
ever since conducted it, retaining, however, the old
and honored name by which this establishment has
been known for the past forty-five years. The plant,
which is located at Sixth and  Bingham  streets,
covers an area of more than five acres, including nine
buildings, with six furnaces and fifty-six pots, and
giving employment to a force ranging from 400 to
450 hands, and they also have other works located at
McKeesport for the manufature of window glass.
The produts include all kinds and sizes of window
glass, a specialty being made of the manufaure of
extra large, double thick cylinder glass, which is
unrivalled for strength and quality, and is in every
way equal to the finest French cylinder glass. In
druggists' glassware also this firm occupies a leading and prominent place, its product not only being
in demand in all parts of the United States, but also
having a considerable export trade to foreign countries. The produ in window giass includes all
sizes from 6x8 to 4ox80 inches, includi-ng picture,
coach, car and photograph glass and a specially superior quality of glass for store fronts and fine residences. The fuel used at the works of the firm is
liatural gas, and the processes employed are of such
a character as to secure the best results and to produce glass of standard transparency and excellence.
1\/ri Toirrc\   AC' InmlemtrcL nf t1n fic? firm;
Mr. Janies A. Chatnbers of this firm is
prominent as a leading and progressive
citizen, and in addition to his interest in
this firm, he is also President of the
Chartiers Valley Gas Company, a corporation with a capital of $4,000,ooo, and
one of the largest producers of natural
gas in the country, furnishing about
Ioo,ooo,ooo feet of gas daily to Pittsburgh
and Allegheny.  Mr. Henry B. Patton,
the other member of the firm, is also a
practical and expF rienced gl iss manufaturer, and the system upon which the
establisbments are conduted, the superior character of their facilities and
the thoroughly reliable methods employed are steadily increasing the trade
of this old and prominent manufaturing
concern, and maintaining the high reputation which it has so long enjoyed.
Chambers  McKee.-Manufacturers of Window Glass; Works at
Jeanette, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania.-Among the centers of production
of natural gas, the region- known as the
Grapeville District, which has its outlet
in Grapeville Station, on the Pennsylvania Railroad, has proved to be the
most prolific. Attrated by its contiguity
to the gas belt, Mr. H. Sellers McKee in
I887 purchased a large tract of land in
that se6tion, and interesting with himself Mr. James A. Chambers, head of the
wellknown glass manufacturing firm of
A.  D. H. Chambers, the two formed the
firm of Chambers  McKee, and began
the erection of a plant so vast in size as
to make it the largest window glass
manufactory in the world. The plant
occupies twenty-five acres, fifteen of
which are built over with the seventeen
buildings contained in the window glass
plant, these buildings comprising four
separate window glass factories, so arranged that each can be operated independently of the other, and the whole is
L   1-  - -  -     t   -;   I -1, 1.  4   c.; 1; + _
fitted up with every convenience and facility
for the receipt of raw material and the shipment
of the manufactured product. The factories are
numbered I, 2, 3 and 4, and each is complete
in every appliance for the carrying on of the
manufacture of window  glass on an extensive
scale, the seventeen houses being built of stone and
covered with corrugated iron roofs.  With the four
factories in operation the firm will give employment
to a force of over 500 hands, and each factory has a
capacity for the prodution of 6,200 fifty feet boxes
of glass each week, or for the whole plant 24,800
boxes of fifty feet each weekly.  Many improvements have been introduced into the plant of this
factory, by which the quality of the product and
capacity for its manufacture is improved, and the
pleantiful supply of natural gas fuel, together with
the superior completeness of the works, will enable
the firm to excel not only in quantity, but in quality.
The natural gas for the plant is obtained from a well
owned by the firm, 4,000 feet from the works, and
supplied through two six-inch pipes. The well is
I,300 feet deep, and shows a pressure of 500 pounds.
The works are under the superintendence of Mr.
George Moore, the General Manager, who is a thoroughly pratical and experienced man in this department of manufature. The members of the firm
are well known to the glass trade of the country, Mr.
James A. Chambers, the senior member, being, in addition to his conne6tion with this establishment, also
the head of the prominent window glass nianufaturing firm of A._ D. H. Chambers, while Mr. H. Sellers
McKee is also prominently known in connection
with this branch of produdtion. This great enterprise, with its vast facilities and unequalled capacity,
worthily represents the great progress which has
been made in the industry of glass miaking in Allegheny county.
William  McCully  Co.-Manufacturers of
Wilidow Glass, White and Green Glass Ware, Etc.,
I04 and I06 Wood Street.-In the early history of
the glass manufacture, the mail most active in building up this important branch of industry was undoubtedly Mr. William McCully, who was himself a
thoroughly practical glass-maker, and had learned
every detail of the business in the works which had
previously been established by Gen. O'Hara. He
began business in I83I in associatioll with Capt.
John Hay, and built a bottle manufactory on the
Allegheny River at the foot of Twentieth street.
Prl-   1q__A1  -I r  11-0-,, 1   A-f-"'Arra,  +,,-%
The floods of I832 caused damage to these
works, and afterward Mr. McCully withdrew from that enterprise and built new
works at Liberty and Sixteelnth streets.
In I834 he became interested in a window
glass manufactory at Monongahela City,
and in I840, with Frederick Lorenz, became connected with the Sligo Window
Glass Works, which had been established
by Mr. Lorenz in I824, and he also became
interested in the old O'Hara Wo3rks. This
firm was dissolved, and in I850 Mr. McCully
purchased the Sligo Works, and with his
son formed the firm of William McCully
 Son. Two years later Mr. Mark W.
Watson became a partner, and the firm
name became William McCully  Co. Mr.
McCully died in I869, but the same name
has been retained, the principals of the
firm now being Messrs. Mark W. WVatson,
John McM. King, J. W. Scully  W. C.
Silley. In addition to the Sligo Window
Glass Works and the Pittsburgh and
Phoenix Bottle Works there have since
been acquired the Mastodon Works, and
two white glass ware and bottle works on
Twenty-eighth street. As now operated
the firm has two window glass factories
with two twenty-pot furnac es, two flint
glass works of the sarme capacity and two
green glass works with two fifteen-pot furnaces.  In these establishments a large
force of hands is engaged in the manufacture of all sizes of single and double thickness window glass, every kind of white
and green glassware, fruit jars, black
bottles and denlijohns, as well as all kinds
of druggists' glassware, a specialty being
made of the manufacture of phials and
bottles to order.  The equipment of all
these factories is in every respect complete,
and the use of natural gas as a fuel has
contributed in an important way to the
improvement of the product, and the firm
now enjoys a large trade extending to
every part of the United States.  Every
A-4-41   -f' +T.,,1,af nt11   i, o   -1;   
detail of the manufacture is carried on upon
perfect and accurate system and under experienced
supervision, while its relations with the trade
throughout the country are of the most favorable
character, its management being made up of business men of superior attainments and recognized
prominence in the financial and manufacturing circles of the city. Mr. Mark W. Watson of this firm
is President of the Exchange National Bank and
connected with many important corporations, and
Mr. King is also prominent as a director in numerour corporations. The firm is one which has long
held a superior reputation, which has been fairly
earned by long continued accuracy and integrity in
its methods of conducting business.
Adams  Co.-Flint Glass Manufacturers;
Tableware and Lamps; Office and Works, Tenth and
Sarah Streets, South Side.--Among the large concerns which have in an important way contributed
to build up the extensive business and superior reputation of Pittsburgh as a center of the manufa6ture
of various kinds of glass, that of Adams  Co., occupies an important and representative place. The
business was originally established in I85I by the
firm of Adams, Macklin  Co, the original works,
called the "Jenny Lind," being located at the corner of
Ross and First street, and ten years later the firm became Adams  Co., and the works were removed to
the South Side, where they have since remained with
steady additions to the manufaturing facilities and
the volume of the output from year to year. Mr.
John Adanis, the founder of the business, remained
conneAed with it until his death, November, I886,
and the business is now owned and operated by his
heirs, Messrs. Adolphus A. and William Adams, with
whom are associated Messrs. George F. Easton, Godfried Miller, David E. Carle and S. G. Vogeley. The
plant, including two furnaces with twenty-four pots,
decorating and engraving departments is located at
Tenth and Sarah Streets. Every appliances and convenience which can in any way contribute toward
the improvement of the produ and the increase in
the volume of the output is at hand, and employment
is given to a force averaging about 350 hands in the
produ6tion of superior qualities of glass tableware,
including many new and novel designs, which are
in large demand by consume s and the trade. The
use of natural gas as fuel has greatly improved the
chara6ter of the product, and now there is no concern in the United States which turns out a more
excellent class of goods than that of Adams  Co.
In addition to their line of tableware, they are also
manufaturers of a complete line of Limps, including,
in addition to standard patterns, some of the newest
and most admired ornamental designs. In its various lines the company has a trade which not only
covers all the United States, but also includes a large
export business, to facilitate which depots have been
established by the firm at New York and San Francisco through which a large trade is done with parties
in Europe, South America and the West Indie-s. Mr.
John Adams, the founder of the house, was throughout his lifetime prominent as one of the leaders in
glass manufaure, and his sons, Messrs. A. A. and
William Adams, were thoroughly trained to the business in all its details. Mr. George F. ECaston was for
a number of years an employee in this business prior
to becoming a partner in the firm, and his twentyfive years' a -tive service in connetion with the
enterprise has largely contributed to its success.
Mr. David E. Carle and Mr. Godfried Miller are also
tlloroughly pratical and experienced nien in this
branch of industry, each having been identified with
these works for a number of years.  Mr. S. G.
Vogeley, who has charge of the mould making department of the business, is one of the most expert
mechanics in this branch of industry in the country
having entered as an errand boy that department
which he now superintends with a high order of
skill and ability. The firm has the benefit of systematic and prudent management, and its efforts are
directed toward maintaining the recognized superiority of the produt and to preserving for the firm
the favorable relations which have existed between
it and the trade at large througbout its long and
honorable history.
Thomas Wightman   Co., Limited.Thomas Wightman, Chairman; Glass Manufacturers;
209 Wood Street.-The pioneer glass works of the
city, which occupied- the site of the window glass
factory of this house, was that established in I795 by
General O'Hara. Among the pra6tical glass blowers
who learned the trade in this pioneer factory was
Mr. William McCully; whose practical knowledge
and enlightened business methods were afterward
turned to account by the establishment in October,
I834, of a business of his own. He conducted it
alone until I840, when the firm became William
m vr rs 1~Q r oQ    _
McCully   Co., succeeded  in  I85I by
ILorenz  Wightman, which in I874 was
followed by Thomas Wightman  Co. The
present corporate style was adopted in
I883. The works, which are three in number, are located respetively, the first on
Carson street, the second on Main and
Alexander streets, and the third at Parker,
Pa.  The works in the city cover seven
acres, and there the manufacture of window glass in all qualities and dimensions
is carried on, while the other works are
devoted to the production of flint glass
ware for druggists' use. From 400 to 500
hands are utilized in the operations of the
business, and, in addition to the produ6ts
above mentioned, a large amount of green
glassware, such as beer and wine bottles,
fruit jars, etc., is manufatured.
W. H. Hamilton    Co.- Flint
Bottle Manufacturers; Railroad, Twentieth
and Twenty-first Streets.--The position of
Pittsburgh as a center of manufaure for
every description of glass is recognized as
the leading one in all branches of that industry, and among these branches one of
the most important is that of the manufa6ture of flint glass bottles.  There are
several firms engaged in this special departmfent of prodution, and of these none
has contributed in a more material way to
the maintenance of the reputation of the
city as a center for the inanufature upon
a large scale of flint glass bottles of a
superior quality than that of W. H. Hamilton  Co. This business was established
in I863 by W. H. Hamilton  Co., which
consisted of Messrs. W. H. and Joseph S.
Haniilton, the membership remaining the
same until the death of Mr. W. H. Hamiltoll November 5, I884, since which time
Messrs. Joseph S., James M. and Alexander
M. Hamilton have constituted the firm;
the estate of Mr. W. H. Hamilton still retaining llis interest in the business.
Pmises occuDnied  for  hb usi n R.c:u nll orqqcL
The premises occupied for business purposes
cover a lot I77X400 feet, and another I20XI44
feet, these lots being for the most part covered
with buildiligs adapted for manufaturing and
storage purposes, mould rooms, etc., and having a
complete equipment of all the necessary machinery
and appliances for "the manufaure of flint glass
bottles, prescription ware, druggists' sundries in
glass, the equipment including three ten pot melting furnaces, eighteen tempering ovens and every
appliance adapted to aid or expedite the operations
of the business. Employment is given to a force
ranging from 250 to 300 hands, who are kept steadily
busy for ten months in the year. The reputation
of the goods manufaured by this firm is in every
respe first-class, and it is this excellence of quality
which has secured for the firm a trade extending
all over the United -States with a national reputation. This is the'oldest flint glass house continuously in business in the city. The members of the
firm are all thoroughly practical and experienced in
the business, and supervise the operations in a
manner which has steadily secured for the firm ari
annual increase in the volunie of its trade throughout its quarter of a century of history.D. O. Cunningham.-Manufacturer of Window Glass, Bottles and Fruit Jars; Office, TwentySixth and Mary Streets, South Side.-One of the
oldest of the glass manufacturing concerns Qf Pittsburgh is that now conducted by Mr. D. O. Cunningham. It was originallv established in I849 as the
Pittsburgh City Glass Works by Mr. Wilson Cunningham, his two brothers and Mr. George Duncan,
and continued under this style until I865, when the
firm name became Cunningham  Ihmsen, and in
I878 the interest of Mr. Dominick Ihmsen was pur+%A - Af^1 - 1-    -9,+u    rf /111i_
chased and the firm ot Cunningham  Co., compored
of Messrs. Wilson Cunningham, his brother, Mr. Robert
Cunningham, and Mr. D. O.
Cunningham, the son of Wilson Cunningham, and two
years later the  ownership
passed into the hands of Mr.
D. O. Cunningham, who has
since conducted the entire
business. The manufacturing
p r e m i s e s consist of two
plants, that at Twenty-Second
and Jane streets being devoted to the manufacture of
all kinds of bottles and fruit
jars, and the other plant at
Twenty-Sixth andJane streets
being two window glass factories. The Twenty-Second
street plant is 3I2XI20 feet
in dimensions, and completely equipped with
all the necessaty appliances for the manufacture
of a superior quality of green and amber glass
goods, and the two window glass factories extend from Jane to Mary streets on Twenty-Sixth
street, covering an area of about 425X425 feet.
In the three factories employment is given to a
force of 350 hands, and every description of goods
in the lines enumerated is manufactured, including
window glass from 8 x IO to 54 x 90 inches and bottles
of all kinds and for every use. Careful supe,vision
is maintained over all the details, of the
is maintained over all the details of the
manufacture, so as to maintain thehigh
reputations its products have ever enjoyed, and a large trade in done in both
lines which extends to every part of the
United States. Mr. D. O. Cunningham
the proprietor, is a thoroughly practical
and experienced glass-maker, having been
connected with the business from his
youth, and he is in addition, connected
with a number of other important enter
prises, being the senior member of the
lumber firm of Schuette  Co., an active
member of the Chamber of Commerce, a
director of the City Insurance Company
and the Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank,
and otherwise identified with the progress of the city. Mr. Cunningham was
born in Allegheny County in 1834, and
the thoroughness of his business niethods and close attention to all the details
of the enterprise under his control have secured -for
him a steady expansion in trade and a merited
success.
Phcenix Glass Company.-Andrew Howard, President; Manufaurers of Flint, Colored,
and Venetian Glass Ware; General Office, 43 Sixth
Avenue.-In no branch of manufauring industry
in the United States has the increase of production
and the improvemenlt in ine q ual-Ly oi tint
manufacture been so marked or so gratifying
as in the glass making industries of Pitts
burgh. This industry has for many years
been an important one, but it is only in comparatively recent times that the glass man nfacturers of the section of which Pittsburgh
is the center ever attempted to compete with
European fatories in the produEtion of the F
finer and more artistic grades of flint, colored
and Venetian ware. In this particular branch!2
of glass manufature the leadership is conceded by all to be with the Phcenix G ass
Company, a corporation formed in I880, originally for the manufaure of lamps, chim
-neys, but which soon branclied out into a` 1.1r -_ _-  -.1   1;,    x-1i;,,1  4 r-n-x7TP
cialty of fine colored glass, in which improvements
have been steadily made until now its produ6is are
recognized as the equal in beauty to the finest Bohemian ware. Since the introdution of natural
gas as fuel there has been amarked improvement in
the lustre of the glass produced at Pittsburgh and
surrounding fatories, and of the Phoenix Glass
Company's production it may be said -with absolute
truth that there is no establishment at home or
abroad which can excel it in the beauty of its artistic glassware for table use. This company also
manufactures a full lire of gas and kerosene goods,
and imakes a specialty of globes for electric arc and
incandescent lights. The works are located at Phillipsburg, Beaver County, where they operate one
ten-pot furnace and one twelve-pot furnace, and
they also have another fatory at the same town,
with an eight-pot furnace. The conipany are the
sole manufaturers in the United States of the celebrated " Webb" glass, and this branch forms an
important item in their trade. The demand for the
goods of the company reaches to all parts of the
United States, and also covers a large export trade
throucrh Canada, British Columbia, Mexico, and
South Armerica, their etched and tinted goods being
in specially large demand. The general office of
the company is at 43 Sixth Aveliue in this city, the
general show room and warehouse at 729 Broadway,
New York, with A. H. Patttrson as manager, and
they also have a branch house at 577 Market street,
San Francisco, with H. F. Marsh as agent. The
President of the company is Mr. Howard Andrew, a
native of Pittsburgh, who is assisted by his son,
Charles, and the Acting Secretary and Treasurer is
Mr. E. P. Ebberts, a native of the Juniata Valley,
and conne6ted since his boyhood with Mr. Howard
in his husiness.
George Duncan  Sons. Manufaturers
of Fine Crystal and Colored Glass Tableware;:75
Tenth Street, South Side.-This manufaturing concern, which holds a prominent place among the most
important industrial establishments of the city, WaS
originally founded in I866 by Rjpley _ Co., of which
firm Messrs. D. C. Ripley, Sr., George Duncan, Th os
Coffin, John Strickel, Jacob Stricker and Nicholas
Kunzler were the members, and in I874 was changed
to George Duncan  Sons, the firm then being composed of Messrs. George Duncan, James E. Duncan
and Augustus H. Heisey, the last two named gentlemen being the present proprietors of the business. The extensive plant of the firm covers about
two acres of ground, including factories, mould
shops, stock and sample rooms, offices, packing
rooms, etc., and in addition to two furnaces of the
1 A.;_--  A~_  AL-  Wn;\   _v_
largest size and most perfeCt
construffion, the firm has
every convenience and accessory calculated to improve
the produc'c or increase the
quantity of the output. The
produ6ts of the  establishment include every description of fine crystal and colored  glass tableware, j ars,
lamps, etc., embracing tumblers, goblets, water, wine,
brandy and lemonade sets,
decanters, pitchers, ice cream
sets, fruit sets, salt cellars,
mustard  and  pickle  j ars,
syrup jugs, etc., including
the finest and most artistic
engraved, cut, stained  and
edged  ware, lamps of all
standard designs as well as
many uliique and artistic proS _ _ L i;,1 4-;   1 +,io   
ductions in that department, and a specialty is made
of colored goods, such as Amberette, Polka Dot, Old
Gold, Canary, Blue and other popular tints. The
house has a spE cial celebrity for the variety of its
produions and the beauty of the designs, and enjoys a trade, which not only covers the United
States and Canada, but also includes a large and
steadily growing export trade to Mexico, Cuba and
all the countries of South America. Messrs. Augustus II. Ileisey and James E. Duncan, who compose
the firm, are both thoroughly experienced men in
all the details of glass manufacure, and
they have brought to the prosecution of
their business intelligent and progressive
methods which,;,'-aVe contributed to steadily increase the trade from year to year,
and to secure. for the e tablishment a
merited fame and deserved success.
Lyons, McKee  Co., Lim ited.J. R. Lyons, Chairman; H. W. McKee,
Treasurer; R. J. Carroll, Secretary, Ma-nnfacturers, Importers and Jobbers of
Queensware, Glassware, Lamps and Fancy
Goods; 79 Third Avenue.-An important
addition was made to the list of houses
engaged as dealers in glassware, etc., in
Pittsburgh in I887 in the formation of the
firm  of Lyons Brothers   Co., which
changed a few months later to its present style, an incorporation being formed
w th officers as above named. The comn-1  evo nmn1lPteflv divr ilsr.i fied1
pany carries a large and completely diversifed
stock of queensware, glass ware, lamps and
fancy goods, decorated pottery, etc., being direct iinporters of A. J. Wilkinson's iron-stone
china, Burslem, EDngland, and also agents for
George S. Harker  Co, East Liverpool O., manufacturers of Etruria Pottery. The premises occupied consist of a three-story building, 25 x IOO feet
in dimensions, and part of the adjoining building,
and a full staff of clerks and assistants iS employed. The house does a very extensive
business, reaching  the trade in  Pennsylvania, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia and
Maryland through travelilig salesmen, and a
large and constantly growing retail business
done in the city and its surroundings.
-  the company are all experi-_,cal business men, and under
Ltieir carc-ial guidance the affairs of the house
are prospering, and its future success is fully
assured.
Fred. Schiedel. -Manufacturer and
Dealer in Ornamental Glass; 7 Market Street.
-Mr. Fred. Schiedel, who was born in Germany, came to America in I866, and settled in Pittsburgh. He learned his trade as an ornamental glass
worker in the old country, and has worked at it all his
life, embarking in business for himself three years
ago. He has since experienced a steady increase in his
busine s, and now  gives employment to severalskilled and expert workmen in the manufacture of
ornamental glass of all kinds, a specialty being
made of fine church work. At this establishment
glazing of wood and lead sashes and crystalizing
glass is done to order and glass cut in all shapes to
order, and at his shop, which embraces a threestory building, 25x40 feet in dimensions, he has
every facility and convellience for carrying on the
business.  In addition to a large local business the
trade of the house covers the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio and WVes- Virginia,
where its products are in high repute aild
large demand on account of their superior
excellence in every respect.
Fawcett     Milli ken, -  Dealers  in
Oueensware,  China,  Glassware,  Etc.; 3I
Diamond Street, between WVood and Market
Streets.-This  business  was  established
in  I865 by  the  firm  of Bennet   Faw-  
cett, which changed to its present style in 2
I88I, the individual merubers ilow being
Messrs. C. C. Fawe6tt and.F. M. Milliken.
They occupy a commodiols three-story building, 25X80 feet in dimensions, at 3i Diamond
street, which they keep completely stocked
throughout with a large and carefully
assorted line of queensware, decorated dinner and chamber sets, china, glassware of all
kinds, lamps, lamp trimmings, and everything usually carried in a first class china,n t  C] ol,, c Q r -ri-fqh1i1im nt   T1 i.0c iq onr
and  glassware  establishment.  This is one of
the oldest crockery houses in the city, and,
throughout its history, it has maintained a high
Ieputation for carrying a superior line of goods,
and is consequently in high favor with the people of
Pittsburgh and the surrounding country, by whom
it is liberally patronized. Mr. Fawcett was born in
Pittsburgh on the South Side, and now resides in
Braddock, Pa. Mr. Milliken is a native of McKeesport, Pa., and now resides at Hazelwood. Both
gentlemen are well and favorably known in the
business circles of the city.
W. G. Walter. Flint Glassware Designer and
Mould Maker; 89 and 9I Third Avenue, between
Market and Wood Streets. Mr. W. G. WJalter, who
is an experienced and expert flint glassware designer
and mould maker, established himself in business
here in March of the present year, his business being
the only one in the line in the city. He is a modeler
as well as a designer, which enables him to show the
exact appearance of designs before the mould is
made, and he designs and makes moulds for glass
faories, having a large trade with glass manufacturers in the city and surrounding country. Fi.v --
ornamental and head subjets are artistical'
moulds, and his moulds of suhbi,-' -
especially fine. Mr. Walter L
second floor of the building at -, dnCL,- iiird
avenue, but his bnsiness has increased so rapidly
that he is now in need of more commodious quarters.
He is a native of Pittsburgh, and enjoys'a high
reputation both for the superior charater of his
work and tlle honorable and accurate manner in
which he deals with his customers.
Atterbury   Co.-Manufaturers of Fancy
Colored and Opal Glassware; Office and Works,
Corner of Carson and First Streets, South Side.Among the manufauring firms which have contributed in an imnportant way to building up the superior reputation of Pittsburgh as a center for the
manufature of the finer grades of glass tableware,
one of the most prominent is that of Atterbury 
Co., which operates extensive works at Carson and
First streets on the South Sihe, where its buildings
and premises cover an area of 200X600 feet, extending to the Monongahela River. The plant includes
a most perfe aild complete equipment of every
convenience and appliance adapted to the manufacture of table and fancy glassware upoll the most approved processes, and the exclusive use of natural
gas as a fuel also contributes materially to the superior quality of the product.  In its special lines
of colored and opal glassware the firm holds an established reputation for excellence of quality, and
this is maintained by careful supervision over every
detail of the manufacuring operations. The business was originally established in I859 by the firm
of Hale, Atterbury  Co., who were succeeded later
by the present firm, of which Messrs. Thomas Band James S. Atterbury are the individual members.
Both of these gentlenien are natives of Pittsburgh,
and have long been prominent in the manufa6turing
and financial circles of the city as business men of
reputable methods and progressive ideas, and Mr.
Thonias B. Atterbury, in addition to his menibership
in this firm, is also President of the Iron and Glass
Dollar Savings Bank, and otherwise prominently
identified with important business enterprises. Mr.
James S. Atterbury, the other member of the firm,
is also a leader in extensive business concerns, being president of the Cresson, Clearfield County and
New York Short l,ine Railroad, a diretor of the
Mechanics' National Bank and otherwise conneted
with Pittsburgh's progress and prosperity. Thus
managed by successful and enterprising business
men, and equipped with all the facilities for the
production of goods of the highest merit, the trade
of the firm has steadily increased from its inception, and now covers not only a large trade in all
parts of the United States, but also includes a considerable export business to foreign countries.
The J. P. Smith Lamp, Glass and
China Co.-Late J. P Smith, Son  Co.; Manufacturers, Importers and Jobbers; 935 Penn Avenue,
Near Tenth Street.-Among the many palatial business edifices of Pittsburgh, which have been called
into existence by the exactions of her steadily increasing trade, none are more strikingly adaptea to
the purposes for which they are occupied than the
new and commodious six-story and basement building at 935 Penn avenue, erected and fitted up expressly for the occupancy of the above old and wellknown house, who took possession of the same during August, I888, removing from their old established warerooms at 6I7 Liberty street, where for
more than a quarter of a century their house has
been one of the pronlinelit landmarks of that busy
thoroughfare.  Their  present  elegant business
structure covers a ground space of 32XI65 feet, makitng nearly an acre of flooring and( extendin
ing nearly an acre of flooring, and extending
back to Fayette street, from which entrance
all shipments and deliveries connected with
their large business are made. This immense
struture is filled to repletion with an almost endless assortment of kerosene lamps,
chandeliers and hall lights, adapted to
churches, work  shops, public and private
buildings, foreign and domestic glass and
glassware, pressed and blown, art glass forming a specialty of this hoiise, Haviland
French china, as well as Vienna and Carlsbad
china in tea, dinner and toilet ware, both
plain and decorated, finely decorated game,
fish and ice creani sets in English printed
satili glass goods in large variety, white
granite ware from the Royal Albert Pottery
of Alfred Meakin,Timshall, Elngland, tog ther
with a full line of queensware, ranging
fromi the cheapest to the very finest
goods produced in this country or abroad;.,,,, __,,,,,  * 1_  4o1-,,,cl  S_1  44  1_E_t
gas fixtures, bronzes and clocks, pedestals, easels
and  tables,  in  brass, bronze, Mexican  onyx,
bric-a-brac, comprising art pottery of Doulton,
Royal Worcester, Old Hall, Rhenish Crown,
Hungarian antique ivory, bisque, Italian cut
marble, fine porcelains, embracing rich, rare and
elegant wedding and holiday gifts. In fact, this firm,
being direct importers, have constantly afloat importations from Italy, Bordeaux, Antwerp, Hamburg
and Liverpool, covering all the new and attraftive
novelties. Many very rare and tempting pieces can
be seen in the art room, which is on the second
floor, and reached by a passenger elevator.  On the
same floor will be found quite an innovation, which
will be very much appreciated by lady shoppers,
namely, a ladies' retiring room, the same being elegantly fitted up with all modern conveniences and a
lady in attendunce. The firm extend a cordial invitation to all shoppers, whether patrons of tite house
or not, to visit both art and retiring rooms. This
large and growing business was established by Mr.
J. P. Smith, in I860, since which time no changes
of ownership have taken place, except the admittance
of Mr. William L. Smith as a partner. The firm's
strong points are prices the lowest-stock the largest
-assortment the most complete.
Dixon, Woods  Co.-C ntractors and
Builders of Glass House Furnaces, Tanks, Leers,
Etc., and Manufacturers of Fire Brick; Corner of
Thirtieth and Jane Streets, South Side. - This
business, which was established in I884 under the
style of H. T. Dixon  Co., limited, changed to its
present name and partnership in May, I888, Messrs.
H. L. Dixon, W. B,. Dixon, R. E. Woods and J. C.
Woods being the individual members of the firm
They occupy business premises three stories high
and:IO9 X360 feet in dimensions, completely
equipped with all the machinery and appliances
adapted to this department of industry, and employment is given to a force ranging from I50 to I75.rights of the English, and after several consultations the commissioners, having enlisted the cooperation of Montour, an Iroquois chief, secured a
ratification of the treaty of Lancaster and seleted
the mouth of Chartiers Creek as a favorable site for
a fort.
In June, 175I, Joncaire, a half-breed commandant in the French army, sent to Governor Hamilton
a letter strongly emphasizing the French claims to
the region, and in the two years following several
commissioners were sent by Virginia on fruitless
errands in the endeavor to gain the good will of the
Indians and a firm foothold for English trade.
In I753 the French became very active in their
operations, and established the forts of Presqu' Isle
(Erie), Le Boeuf (Waterford, Brie Co.) and Venango,
located on the site of Franklin. Governor Dinwiddie, of Virginia, in a commission dated October 30,
I753, appointed George Washington, then an Adjutant General of the Virginian forces, as a commissioner to visit the French forts which had been
recently ere6ted on the Ohio and its confluents, and
also to report upon the lands held by the State of
Virginia on the Ohio, and those which had been
granted to the Ohio Company.  He engaged the
services of Mr. Jacob Van Braam as French interpreter, and pushed on to Will's Creek, where he engaged
Christopher Gist as a guide and four other men as
servitors, and on November 22 he arrived at the
house of Mr. Frazier, an Indian trader, at the mouth
of Turtle Creek on the Monongahela. The next day
the party proceeded to the Forks
of the Ohio, as the site now occupied by Pittsburgh was then
called, and of which Washington
in his journal has this to say:
"As I got down before the canoe,
I spent some time in viewing the
rivers and the land at the Forks,
which I think extremely well
situated for a fort, as it has
the absolute command of both
rivers.  The land at the Point
is twenty-five feet above the
common surface of the water
and has a considerable bottom
of flat, well timbered land all
around it very convenient for
building. The rivers are each
a quarter of a mile or so across
and run here nearly at right
angles, the Allegheny bearing
northeast and the Monongahela
southeast. The former of these
two is a rapid and swift running water, the other deep and
still, without any perceptible
fall. About two miles from this,
on the southeast side of the
river, at the place where the
Ohio Company intended to erect
a fort, lives Shingiss, King of
the Delawares. We called upon
him to invite him to a council at Logstown. As
I had taken a good deal of notice yesterday of
the situation of the Fork, my curiosity lead me
to exanline this more particularly, and I think
it greatly inferior either for defense or advantages, especially the latter; for a fort at the Forks
would be equally well situated on the Ohio and
have the entire command of the -Monongahela,
which runs by our settlement and is extremely well
designed for water carriage, as it is of a deep, still
nature; besides a fort at the Forks might be built at
much less expense than at the other place."  This
extrac't is given as doubly interesting, not only from
the fact that it is the earliest written description of
the site now occupied by Pittsburgh, but also because it shows how great a value was placed upon
the natural situation of Pittsburgh by the great
patriot, who was afterward to found this Nation.
Washington in the following month visited a
number of Indian villages and French forts, and
found the French officers generally defiant and declaring their intention to maintain their claims to
the land west of the Alleghenies by force of arms, if
necessary; and the investigations of Washington
settled beyond dispute the fadt that the French were
determined to use every means to further their
scheme of uniting Louisiana and Canada and to cut
off the English from further territorial acquisitions
in the West. The return of Washington from Fort
Le Boeuf, in what is now Venango County, down
the Allegheny was rendered difficult by floating
ice, and while crossing the Allegheny on December
26 he was thrown in the river and narrowly escaped
drowning, finally, howerver, by dint of expert swimming, reaching an island, which, it is said, is
identical with what was afterward called Wainwright's Island, and which has since been united to
the main land by the filling up of the river channel
between it and what was formerly the shore; the
exat spot being said to be the same as that now
forming the foot of Forty-Eighth street in the
present city of Pittsburgh. Washington and his
party remained on the island until the next morning, then crossing on the ice to the main land, and
they pursued their journey toward Virginia, arriving
at Williamsburg January I6, I754.
The report of Washington showing that action
was necessary upon the part of the English colonies
if they desired to maintain their claims to the region
west of the Alleghenies, Governor Dinwiddie
ordered the organization of two companies, one of
which was commanded by Captain Trent and the
other by Major Washington. The Governor also dispatched messages to the Governors of Pennsylvania
and New York, asking for their assistance.  New
York voted 1-5,ooo currency for the war, but the
Colonal Assembly of Pennsylvania, being divided in
sentiment as to the respeive rights of England or
France to the territory, and being also atuated
doubtless by the local dispute as to the territorial
rights of Virginia and Pennsylvania respetively,
were divided into two parties, with the result that
the assembly adjourned without doing anything in
aid of the war. The French added to the number of
their forts, building one at Venango and others elsewhere, and preparations were begun for the
erreftion of a fort upon the site of Pittsburgh. The
company under Captain Trent, amiounting to thirtythree men, was sent by Governor Dinwiddie for the
purpose of holding possession of the country
around the forks of the Ohio, to which they proceeded, and on their arrival at the Point began
hewing timbers and laying the foundations of a
stockade. The weather was not favorable for work,
and Captain Trent remained but a few days, returning to Will's Creek and leaving Ensign Ward in
charge at the Point.
Ensign Ward was left undisturbed until April,
when, the ice having broken up, the French and their
Indian allies, making a combined force of about 700
men, with eighteen pieces of artillery, came down
the river, and on the I7th of April Captain Contrecceur demanded of Ensign Ward the surrender of
the stockade. The overhelming superiority in numbers and armament of the French force compelled
Ensign Ward to accede to their demands, and he
departed with his men for Will's Creek, leaving the
French in possession. Contrecoeur immediatelybegan to work completing the fortification which had
been begun by the Ohio Company, and which he renamed Fort Duquesne, in honor of the Marquis
Duquesne, Governor General of Canada.
On March 3Ith Governor Dinwiddie commissioned George Washington as ILieutenant Colonel of
a regiment of which Colonel Joshua Fry was commanding officer, and he was ordered to take the
troops then quartered in Alexandria and to proceed
to the Ohio " to help Captain Trent build forts, and
to defend the possessions of His Majesty." Upon
arriving at Will's Creek, Colonel Washington received from Ensign Ward the particulars of thesurrender of the fort at the Forks of the Ohio, and
Washington determined upon the recapture of the
fort, and early in May set out at the head of a small
military force, arriving at the Great Meadows, after a
toilsome march in which the men were compelled
to drag their cannons and cut the road as they pro--
ceeded, on May 24. A message was received from
Half-King Tanacharison, who was encamped with
some of his warriors about six miles off, conveyingthe information that the French were near his encampment, and asking for assistance, and Washington determined to surprise the French camp, which
he attacked on May 28. The engagement was a
brief and effeftive one, lasting only about fifteen
minutes, and resulting in a victory for the Virginian
forces and the surrender of the French after a loss
of ten killed and one wounded; Jumonville, theFrench commander, being among the killed, and
twenty-one of the French being taken prisoners,
while the Virginians loss was one killed and two
wounded. Washington returned to Great Meadows
and completed his temporary fort, which he called
Fort Necessity, and he soon received reinforcements,
which brought the number of his regiment up to.
400 men. Colonel Fry, in command of the regiment,
died on his way to Great Meadows on May 30, and
Washington was left in entire command.
The Virginians began to suffer from scarcity of provisions,.
and it was determined to remain
at this point until supplies could
be received. On the 3rd of July,,
however, General De Villiers,
with a force of 500 Frenchmen
and 400 Indians, advanced on
Fort Necessity, and after a loss,
of twelve men killed and fortythree wounded Colonel Wash--
ington was compelled to capitulate, Captains Stobo and Van
Braam being retained by- theFrench as hostages, and Colonel
Washington, with the remainder
of his troops, retreating over the
mountains to Will's Creek. The
triumphant French returned to
Fort Duquesne, and a number
of English, who, emboldened by
the presence of the Virginian
troops, had ventured to settle
in the neighborhood,were driven
off, and the settlements were
destroyed by fire.
BRADDOCK'S FIFLD.
England and France, while.
ostensibly still at peace, were
making active preparations for
__ 4-- ------- -4---  4-1- _-~ -
war. French reinforcements were constantly arriving
in Canada, and, on the other hand, in February, 1755,
General Edward Braddock, Commander-in-Chief of
the Fnglish armies in North America, landed in
Virginia, and began preparations for expeditions
against the French, whom he hoped to finally eject
from what was claimed as British soil. Of Braddock
it may be said that no worse commander could possibly have been seleed for a military undertaking
of this chara6ter. Of his personal bravery no doubt
can be entertained, and no more gallant man ever
held the king's commission. He was an officer in
the English Coldstream Guards, but his training and
environments had been such as to render him
peculiarly unfit for a command on the colonial
frontier. Thomas Carlyle well describes him when
he says that he was "without knowledge, except of
field drill; a heart of iron, but brain mostly of thepipe clay quality; a man severe and rigorous in
regimental points; contemptuous of the colonial
militia that gathered to help him; thrice contemptuous of the Indians, who were the vital point
in the enterprise ahead." Braddock had with him
about a thousand of the regular army, and his call
for colonial troops was answered by Virginia, New
York, Maryland and North and South Carolina,,
while Pennsylvania, ruled by the peace-loving
Quakers, failed to furnish any troops for the expedition. Braddock spent about two months at
Alexandria concentrating his forces, and in April,
I755, began his slow and tedious march toward FortDuquesne. Toward the end of May the army arrived at Will's Creek, and from here, after a conpersons in preparing the materials, and building
glass house furnaces, tanks, leers, glory holes, pot
arches, ovens, etc., of every description, and the
firm are also large manufacturers of fire brick,
(special styles and sizes), rings, stoppers, etc., silica
cap, brick and all kinds of iron work for the construction and repairing of furnaces, leers, etc., also
enameled fire brick and tile in all colors, the latter
being something new in this country and especially
useful to architects, builders and supply houses generally. The facilities of this firm for efficient work
in this line are in every respect unsurpassed, and
the efficient manner in which they have executed all
contracts has earned for the firm a business extend-!   -   __   *L   * -   __  L - -   __   Y  *_   L I, - T _   -'.L -
ing to every part of tne united
States and Canada where glass is
manufactured. They are also miners
and shippers of the celebrated Crescent pot and fire clays, and sole
agents for Tondour's Annealing
Leers, Ripley   and   Brockumer
Double Leers, Thomas Coffin  Co.'s
Missouri Pot Clays. The firm are
now engaged in building the glass
house of Chambers   McKee, at
Jeanette, also the works of McKee
Brothers at the same place, and
they also have large contrats on
hand  for glass works at Tiffin,
Findlay, Toledo, Marion and Newark, 0., Butler and Greensburg, Pa.,
Montreal, Canada, and  at other
points, and they are prepared to
furnish estimates, plans and specifications promptly on request. The
members of the firm are all practical and  experienced  men  in
this department of industry. Mr. Dixon has long
held a prominent place as a leader in manufactures
conne6ted with furnace brick, pot clays, etc., being
President of a glass pot factory located at Findlay,
0., and Secretary and Treasurer of the Thomas
Coffin Company, manufacturers of glass pots at St.
Louis, Mo. There are no firms in the country
which excel this one in the extent of its facilities
for the prosecution of this business.
Thos. Evans Company.-Crescent Glass
Works; Thos. Evans, Secretary and Treasurer; Manufacturers of Lamp Chimneys, Lamps, Globes, Jars,
etc.; IBighteenth andJosephine streets, South Side.As the largest manufauring concern in its line in
in the world, the establishment conduted by Thos.
Evans Company is fairly entitled to enumeration as
one of the niost distintively great industries of
Pittsburgh. The business was established in I869,
t1; - T TQQ 1X, Ci       r,-r  t--a
and in I887 was incorporated
under its present style with a
capital stock of $320,000. The
extensive premises, located on
Eighteenth and Seventeenth
streets, South Side, are equipped with three furnaces, thirtyfive pots, and all the necessary conveniences and facilities in the way of buildings
and appliances necessary to
secure excellence in the produ6t, and a steady increase in
the volume of output, and
the vastness of the enterprise
may be conceived when it
is stated that a force of 650
hands is employed, and that
60,000 lamp  chimneys  are
produced daily, in addition to
a  large   amount of other
goods, such as lamps, founts
lantern globes, squat and
specie jars, ring jars, bat+,v-;ec!ro-        q"ranl    laar(
tery jars, refletors, and a large variety of other
goods.  But it is not only in  the  matter of
quality that this great manufaturing establishment
excels; for many of the vast and notable improvements which have enabled Pittsburgh manufacturers
to compete successfully, in the more artistic classes
of work, with the celebrated factories of Europe,
have been introduced and developed by the enterprise and progressiveness of this firm. The natural
gas fuel, which being smokeless, permits the utmost
brilliancy and clearness in tints, has added largely
to the facilities of this establishment for the produion of goods of the highest artistic merit, and
the constant accession of new designs and shapes,
the care taken in the manufa6turing processes, and
the careful supervision maintained over every detail
of the manufa6ture, have enabled this firm to produce goods rivaling in beauty the finest Venitian
and Bohemian ware, and a trade has been built up
which not only covers all of the United States, but
includes a large and increasing demand in foreign
countries, and the plain, engraved and decorated
lamp chimneys and other goods turned out of this
establishment are representatives of the most advanced processes of art glass manufature. The
business is under the supervision of gentlemen of
the highest reputation.  Mr. Thos. Evans, Secretary and Treasurer of the company, is a thoroughly
praftical and experienced glass manufa6turer, and
in addition to his connecion with this company is
also prominent in conneftion with the miany of the
most important financial and business corporations of
the city, being a director in the Allegheny National
Bank, and the Iron and Glass Dollar Savings Bank,
and also a prominent stockholder in the new electric railroad located on the South Side. With unexampled facilities, and all the necessary resources,
combined with skillful and careful management, the
business of this concern has been steadily built up
to its present commanding and representative
position in the line of industry in which it is engaged.
The glass manufa6turing firms mentioned in the
foregoing paragraphs are the leaders in this branch
of industry, not only in this secaion, but also throughout the United States, and, in some lines, are not
surpassed in the world. Much of this prominence
in the manufafture is due to natural advantages of
situation, fuel supply and accessibility of raw
materials, but much, also, is due to superior methods
of management, improved machinery and appliances,
and the utilization of advanced and progressive
ideas. In no department of industry does Pittsburgh
more emphatically lead than in the manufa6ture of
glass.
GLASS MOULDS.
Washington Beck.-Manufacturer of Glass
Moulds, Presses and Machinery for Working Glass;
60 Sixteenth Street; South Side.-There are few
men who by excelling in their special department
of produffion achieve a reputation and a trade extending to all parts of the world in which their produts are used, and whenever one becomes so distinguished it is evident that genius, as well as
energy, has been applied to the development of his
business. Of men of this charater Mr. Washington
Beck is a notable example. The fame of Pittsburgh
as a center for the produ6tion of new and beautiful
designs and perfet workmanship in pressed glass
ware could not have been achieved without a superior
skill in those by whom their moulds and presses are
made, and it is to the last named department of
manufature that Mr. Beck has devoted himself for
nearly thirty years with such success that his
presses, moulds and machinery are not only in use
in the local field and throughout the United States
and all points where pressed glassware is made, but
are in demand by the glass works of Great Britain
A~~~~~~~~~~~,,,   L,,
and   every   Furopean   country,
where glass manufature is carried on, and are also used by
faclcories in Japan.  Mr. Beck established this business in I859 in
a little room, 8XI2 feet, but by the
merit of his produts has continued
to build up his patronage until he
now  requires  for the successful
operation of his business a twostory buildinig, 72X80 feet, where
he gives employment to a force
of thirty hands in the designing
and manufacture of presses and
moulds.  From   his fatory  are
constantly being introduced new
forms of beauty to be used for the
produ6tion of pressed glassware,
and the reputation so long held
of superiority in this department
of manufacture is steadily maintained by the ealployment of none
but the most highly skilled workmen  and  the  careful supervisioli of the proprietor, so as to secure a uniformity of excellence in the workmanship and finish of all the
moulds, presses, etc., turned out at the establishment.  The earnest and untiring efforts of Mr.
Beck have had much to do with the improvement of
the great glass making industry, and he has earned
the reward of his well direed efforts in a - steady
prosperity and a high reputation as a leader in
this department of producnion.
NATURAL GAS AND GLASS-MAKING.
There is no branch of Pittsburgh's niany and
varied industries to which the introducion of
natural gas as a fuel has been more beneficial than
to the manufaure of glass in the many forms in
which it is produced in this city. Other industries
have been benefited in many ways, such as the ease!1:ve_~   L1:  _1  2 e _  ~__1.  A
with which the volume of heat
is regulated, the saving in coal
handling, freights and other
matters of economy, and these
also apply to glass manufature
but in the latter there is the
added advantage of a marked
improvement in the quality of
the product.  The equability
of the heat generated makes
the melting processes much
more easy of regulation, while
in transparancy, which is the
first and' greatest desideratum
in glass, and in added briliancy, the natural gas fuel gives
advantages which no other
combustible can offer. This
superiority arises from the absence from the gas of smoke,
sulphur or any other element
affeting the brilliancy or transparency of glass. The large
glass making concerns of
Pittsburgh have not failed in appreciation of the
advantage thus gained and there has been a general
utilization of this fuel by them in all the processes
of their manufa6ture.
Since the introduftion of natural gas the glass
houses of Pittsburgh have all experienced a large
increase in the deliland for their produt, and while,
in the intervening period, there has been no great
increase in the number of concerns engaged, nearly
all of them have largely increased their capacity.
Thus it will be seen that the glass interests of
this city, the oldest of its manufaturing industries,
have received a gratifying augmentation in importance during recent years. The natural gas fuel has
proved to be an invaluable faor of success in glass
making.GLASS SAND.
Speer White Sand Company.-605 Hamilton Building, 9I Fifth Avenue.-This business has
just passed its semi-centennial, having been originally organized in August, I838, by Mr. L. M. Speer.
They can congratulate themselves that, throughout
this half century of its existence, the business of
the company has steadily grown and expanded, and
its produ6ts are in high favor with glass manufacturers and other users of the produ. throughout
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia. The company has a number of mines and works, including
the Juniata Woxrks, located at Mapleton, Pa., on the
Pannsylvania Railroad, I59 miles east of Pittsburgh;
the Empire Works, one mile west of Juniata Works;
the Connellsville Works at Sand Works Station, Pa.,
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, 60 miles east
of Pittsburgh, and the Pennsylvania Works at Layton Quarry on the Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad, 45 miles south of Pittsburgh. The Empire
Works and Juniata Works produce 200 tons daily of
flint glass sand, chimney and prescription ware
sand, and window glass sand, and the produt at the
Connellsville Works and the Pennsylvania Works,
amounting to I50 to-ns dtaily, consists of chimney
and prescription ware sand and window glass sand,
and a grade of sand suitable for locomotive use
is made at all these works. The works also produce
a special fine ground sand for sanding fire brick
moulds. The works are each equipped with dryers
of improved make, those,of improved make, those
at the Juniata and Empire
Works having a capacity
of I50 tons daily, and that
of the Connellsville Works
of 50 tons daily. The business is very large, the produ6t being in demand by
all the principal glass
manufacturers, steelworks,
fire brick manufacturers,,etc., throughout Pennsylvania and adjoining States,
and a large business is also
done with dealers in lime,
cement, etc., in car load
lots. All of the different
works are equipped with
the -latest and most improved machinery and appliances for crushing,
grinding, sifting, washing,
drying and loading the
sand, gotten up especially
for the business; and the
operations are supervised
with perfect system, resulting from experience in
management and the perfection  of its  facilities.
The promptness and ac-., I   I     I   I  1   1     ---
curacy with which all orders are filled, and'general
reliability have made this company the leader in
-the branch of industry in which it is engaged.
THE OIIL TRADE.
AN IMPORTANT BRANCH OF BUSINEiSS IN WHICH
PITTSBURGIH IS LJEADFR.
The prodution of petroleum in Western Pennsylvania has had much to do with the unparalleled
prosperity of this region. It is strange, in view of
the everyday familiarity which the people now have
with refined petroleum  as an illuminant, that it
should have been so long regarded as a mere natural curiosity, useful as a liniment for certain
-diseases, but looked upon as useless for fuel or illuminating purposes because of its odor and smoke.
Sarnuel M. Kier, now deceased, at that time engaged in the manufaure of salt on the Allegheny
River, was one of the pioneers in the oil industry
He had a high opinion of the healing qualities of
petroleum and after some experiments opened an
establishment in Pittsburgh for its sale under the
namie of " Kier's Petroleum and Rock Oil." He
afterwards began experimenting with the refining of
the oil and at length produced a lamp by which the
obstacles to the use of petroleum as an illuminant
were measurably overcome. Following this, others
worked in the same field of experiment, with the
result that the oil began to have a recognized value
and the sinking of wells became an important in-dustry.
Beginning in I859 and continuing to the present
time, there have been about 40,000 oil wells drilled
in Western Pennsylvania and the average daily produftion for the whole period of the history of the
industry is stated to have been about 26,400 barrels.
While Western Pennsylvania is not the only oil
producing region of the country, it is by far the
most produftive one, and in the matter of quality
far ahead of all the oil fields. It is said that there
are wells in Russia which are more prolific in quantity of production than any in Pennsylvania, but
neither in the quality of raw material nor in
methods of refining and the means of distribution
can any country compare with the Western Pennsylvania oil fields.
Of the oil markets of the country Pittsburgh is
recognized as one of the most important, and this
branch of commerce engages the attention of a
large number of dealers and brokers.
Another branch of industry which centers here
and which is intimately conneed with the oil
trade is the manufacture of supplies and tools for
oil wells. The leading establishments of this character are located here, and their activity has been
greatly increased by the development of natural
gas, the same firms supplying the tools and supplies
necessary for developing gas wells. The most
prominent of these establishments -are noticed in
connetion with this chapter.
Another branch of manufaure which properly
comes under the head of the oil trade is that of the
produftion of lubricating oils and greases. The
great manufacturing acivity which is shown by
Pittsburgh and the region of which it is the center
makes this industry a prominent one, as the effedtiveness of machinery depends, in a large measure,
upon the quality of the lubricants used. The following notices refer to individuals and firms who
are representative in the various lines conneted
with the oil trade.
John A. Snee.-Oil Producer; 4I9 Smithfield
Street.-One of the most prominent and successful
citizens of Allegheny County who have turned their
attention in an important way to the development
of the oil resources of Western Pennsylvania, is Mr.
J. A. Snee, who now has his office at 4I9 Smithfield
street. Mr. Snee is a native of Jefferson township,
Allegheny county, and having received a thorough
busiliess training, he engaged extensively in the
lumber business. Ye became interested in the oil
industry to such an extent that he found it advisable, in order to efficiently attend to his interests
in this direction, to abandon the other occupation,
and since I883 has devoted his entire attention to
the developing and operation of oil property. Mr.
Snee is a representative and successful citizen, deserving and enjoying the highest confidence and
esteem of the commercial and financial centers of
the city.
James Dalzell's Son  Co., Limited.Manufacturers of Lard and Petroleum Oils, and
Dealers in Cotton and Wool Waste; J. W. Dalzell,
Chairman; L. W. Dalzell, Trz-asurer; W. J. Crawford, Secretary; 70 Water Street.-One of the oldest
houses in Pittsburgh engaged in the oil industry,
and with one exception -the only one in the city conneed with this special branch of the industry (the
manufacture of lard oils), is that of James Dalzell's
Son _ Co., Cimited. The business was founded in
I840 by James Dalzell  Son, who continued it until
I884, when upon the death of the elder Mr. Dalzell,
the present company was incorporated with officers
as above named. They do an extensive business as
manufacturers of lard and petroleum oils and dealers
in cotton and wool waste, occupying for business
purposes a three story building, 40XI70 feet, and
employing a full staff of hands. The company sells
its products through the States of Pennsylvania,
Ohio, Maryland and West Virginia, and to a considerable extent throughout the entire country, and
also has a large foreign trade. The Messrs. Dalzell
and Crawford are all natives of Pittsburgh, and Mr.
W. J. Crawford, the Secretary of the company, has
the active management of its affairs. Messrs. J. W.
and L. W. Dalzell, in addition to their conneion
with this business, are also largely engaged in the
iron commission business, to which they devote
most of their attention. All are thorough and experienced business men and prominent in the business and financial circles of the city.
Enterprise Oil Company. Limited.Manufaturers of and Dealers in All Kinds of Machinery Oil; Office, Corner of First Avenue and West
cZ+-   _T ,T- 4     4  
Street.-No industry is of
more importance to the
manufa6turing i n t e r e s t s
than that having for its
objet the supplying of
machinery oils. An important addition to the establishments engaged in this
branch of business was
made in April last in the
formation of the Enterprise
Oil Company, Messrs. S. T.
Groom, H. Wagner and
George Bending being the
originalprincipals. In June
the interest of Mr. Groom
was purchased by Mr.
George Bending, who with
Mr. Wagner continues the
business. This firm is
largely engaged in the prodution of oils of great
merit, including Wagner's
Champion Harness Oil,
which has no superior
Amber Valve Cylinder Oils,
which are in high favor
with users of machinery,
and Diamond Sperm Sewing Machine Oil, which is
especially adapted to small
or intricate machines.  The business is independeut of oil monopolies, and the firm enjoys
facilities which enable it to offer superior inducements both as regards quality and price of its
produt. Mr. Bending is an aftive and experienced
young business man who has heretofore been variously engaged in mercantile pursuits upwards of
eight years, with commendable success. Mr. Wagner
is an oil merchant of high repute and possesses an
accurate knowledge of every detail of this important
branch of commerce, in which he has engaged
-forty years of his life. These gentlemen have already
built up a large trade with a steadily increasing
volume of business, as a consequence of the merit of
their product, and the fairness and accuracy they
exercise in all their dealings. Their continued success is assured.
Pittsburgh Grease and Oil Company.J. H. A. Czarniecki  Co.; Factory, 457 Beaver Avenue,
Allegheny.-This business was established in I882
by J. H. A. Czarniecki, the original location having
been on First street, Allegheny and the operations at
first being upon a comparatively small scale, only one
kind of harness oil being manufaured. In I884
he removed to his present location, and increased
from time to time the scope of his operations,
until he now manufaAures a full line of oil and
grease for various purposes, including hot and cold
neck mill grease, axle, pinion and cog grease, hot
bed or skid grease, rolling mill, furnace, miners',
railroad and machine shop supplies of iron wares,
animal, lubricating and rosin oils, and he also carries at all times large and complete stocks of steampackings of the Monitor, King Graphite, White
Star and other brands, round braided torch and
lamp wick, etc. His produs are exclusively of
animal fats, and in their manufa-ure he utilizes
most of the dead horses and animals of the two
cities, using from 2,500 to 3,ooo animals per annum.
His premises cover a ground space of 20XI40 feet,
and he gives employmient to a full force of men, in
addition to which he is represented by traveling
salesmen to the trade through Pennsylvania, Ohio
and West Virginia. Mr. Czarniecki is a native of
Allegheny and a son of Dr. Edward L. Czarniecki,
the well known veterinarian and fall master for the
past fifteen years. Mr. Czarniecki is also an accomplished veterinary surgeon, and assists his
father in his professional duties. In his manufacturing business he is steadily increasing his trade
as a result of the uniform excellence of his manufaEtures and the close attention paid to every detail
of the business.
]ARLY OIL DMVWIOPMUNTS.
Appropriate to the history of the oil developments the following extra from a recent review in
the Pittsburgh Leader will prove interesting:
"According to the most reliable data handed
down to the present generation, petroleum peculiar
to these regions was first discovered by the Indians
on Oil Creek, and the pracnice was to collet it by
saturating blankets in it as it would be found on the
surface of the waters. As early as I805 oil was discovered by the drill in the Kanawha Valley while
drilling for salt, and later still while in the same
search up the Allegheny River. In I8IO wells were
drilled for salt in the neighborhood of Tarentum.
They were comparatively shallow, but in many of
them small quantities of petroleum often interfered
more or less with their successful operation. In
I8I9, a salt well was bored in Wayne County, Kentucky, and produced such quantities that it was
abandoned for brine. With the exception of using
this petroleum for its medicinal purposes, but little
attention was paid to it for half a century. Not until
late in the fifties was the utility of the product fully
appreciated, and the drill brought to bear for the
purpose of development of oil. At this writing
authorities divide honors with Col. Drake and some
others for plying the first drill, but most authorities
agree in placing the scene of the first test near
Titusville. From this date to the early sixties
development proceeded rapidly until the oil craze
of the early sixties set in. Cherry Run was discovered in I864, the WVoods and Stevenson farms, on
Oil Creek, in I865 and I866, Tidioute and Triumph
Hill in I867. In I868 the Pleasanltville oil-field
furnished the chief center of excitement. The bestknown West Virginia territory was developed in
I865. About I870 the " lower country" lying in
Butler, Armstrong and Clarion counties, began to
be of importance, and the first oil was found at Bradford in I87I. These remained the principal oil producing territories until, within the past four aiid a
half years, came Thorn Creek and a little later the
Washington County field, and which later proved
the most extensive pool of the kind ever encountered."
The necessity for derricks, tools and appliances
for the development of oil has called into being
firms niaking a specialty of this department, and
who have, since the natural gas developments alio
manufacured supplies for that industry. Of these
the following mentioned houses are the leading
ones:
OIL WELL SUPPLIUS.
Oil Well Supply Co., Limited.-John
Eaton, President; E. T. Howes, Treasurer; K.
Chickering, Secretary; K. Saulnier, Assistant
Treasurer; 9I and 92 Vvater Street.-This company,
which was incorporated in I878, is one of large resources and unexcelled facilities for the manufacture of machinery, tools and supplies used in drilling and operating artesian wells for oil, gas or
water, or for testing mineral veins. It also makes
a full line of steam fittings and all the most improved devices for obtaining, conveying, utilizing
and consuming natural gas. The business has
steadily grown from its inception to the present
time, and now includes a trade not only covering
the entire Union, but also including a large export
trade to foreign countries. The company is intimately connecced in all business matters with the
Eaton, Cole  Burnham Company, of New York,
the stockholders of which are also principal stockholders in the Oil Well Supply Co. In connetion
with their business the company have an extensive
plant at Bradford, Pa., including a complete blacksmith, tool and machine shop, where drilling and
" fishing" tools are made; a sand reel shop, where
thev mallfacture bull and band wheels, sand reels
and wooden rigs, and they also have a large office
and warehouse in that city. They also have at Oil
City, Pa.. a large machine shop in which wrought
iron and steel work of all kinds is done, and in this
shop they have two of the largest drop hammers in
the United States, the larger of which is thought to
be the heaviest in the world. In Oil City they also.
have a large pipe warehouse. In addition to these
they have a saw-mill and sucker rod works at Van
Wert, O., and the productions of the brass and iron
foundry and manufactory of the Eaton, Cole 
Burnham Company, at Bridgeport, Conn., are available to the customers of this company. In the
various shops and factories of the company they
give employment to I,200 men, and they have largel
stores and stocks at Allentown and Bolivar, in the
State of New York, an office and store at 9I and 92
WVater street, Pittsburgh, and a warehouse on'thecorner of Railroad Avenue and Twenty-First street,
and well stocked stores at Clarendon, Warren,
Butler, Washington, and Mldred, Pennsylvania, and
Lima, Marietta and Cygnet, Ohio. Their stock
embraces all machinery and supplies for oil, water,.
steam and natural gas, including many of the most
useful patented specialties, and their enumeration
and illustration takes up two large catalogues, oneof 244 pages and the other (with its supplement)
214 pages. Mr. John E;aton, President of the company, is a resident of Pittsburgh, Mr. ED. T. Howes,,
Treasurer, resides at Bradford, Pa., Mr. Kenton
Chickering, Secretary, at Oil City, Pa., and Mr. K.
Saulnier, Assistant Treasurer, at Bradford, Pa. All
are business men of the highest character, whose
training and abilities fit them for the successful
management of this great manufacturing enterprise.Enterprise Drilling Company. - Contra6tors for Gas, Oil and Artesian WVells; TwentyFirst and Pike Streets.-Under this style Messrs.
Albert Garrett and Samuel Woods forrned a partnership in November, I884, for the purpose of engaging
in the business of drilling and developing gas, oil
and artesian wells. Mr. Garrett brought to the enter ~
prise a long and pra6tical experience in this branch
of industry, he having been for more than fifteen
years engaged as a driller in oil territory, and Mr.
Woods, his partner, also possesses an accurate
knowledge of the business, which contributes
largely to i he efficiency of the firm. Since the organization of the firm it has been largely engaged in
drilling wells for oil and gas, and they fill important
contracts in the line in Pennsylvania, Ohio, New
York, Indiana and Illinois, and at the present writing they have about fifteen wells in course of development. The number of hands employed varies
according to the work on hand, but will ordinarily
range from eighty to one hundred men, and the
company is completely outfitted with all the necessary equipment for efficient work in their line, and
a careful supervision being maintained over all the
operations enables them to guarantee the best and
most satisfactory results in every instance. The firm
is one of the leaders in the department of industry
in which it is engaged, and all contracts are faithfully and expeditiously filled.
MECHANICAL ENGrINEERS.
-THE MEN BY WHOM PITTSBURGH'S MANUFACTURING PLANTS ARE CONSTRUCTED.
Throughout this book it will appear that Pittsburgh and Allegheny derive their importance chiefly
from the number, the extent and the prominence of
their manufauring interests. To buildup a center
of ativity of this character it is not only necessary
that the raw materials shall be easily accessible, but
-it is also required that the machinery and appliances of the various industries shall be of a
superior charaer and be put up and set in motion
by men who thoroughly understand the principles
of mechanics.
This requirenient has been nobly met by Pittsburgh, and it is safe to say that there is no city in
-the Union in which there is a greater number of
able and experienced mechanical and construftive
-engineers. Among them are men -of the highest
standing in the progressive science of mechanics, and
who have not only distinguished themselves in the
local field, but have also had a hand in the construction of plants for manufa6turers in all parts of the
country.
The most prominent and representative of the
individuals and firms engaged in this most useful
branch of aftivity are mentioned in the paragraphs
which follow.
James P. Witherow.-Engineer and Con-tractor; 605 Smithfield Street.-Mr. Witherow established this business twenty-five years ago, and has
since pursued a successful career as an engineer and
contrator for putting up steel and iron manufac-turing establishments in whole or in part. In I880
Mr. Witherow accepted Mr. Gordon into partnership
with him, and thle business was continued under
the name of Witherow  Gordon, until April I5,
I884, when Mr. Gordon withdrew, since which time
Mr. W~itherow has conduEted the business alone.
He has completely equipped works at New Castle,
Pa., where he gives employment to a force of 3oo
hands in the manufacnure of engines, boilers, castings, etc., and he is prepared to execute contraAts
for machinery or boilers for blast furnaces, steel
works, etc., and is, at all times, lcept busy in this
department, sometimes having as many as 600 hands
working on outside contradt work. A specialty of
his manufaSture is the celebrated " Heinie Safety
WTZater Tube Boilers," which are recognized as the
safest and best boiless in use. They are built on
perfecCtly scientific principles, and their principal
advantages are a positive circulation, avoidance of
incrustations, steady pressure, a great saving of fuel,
and freedom from explosion. The boilers are equally
adapted to any kind of water and any kind of fuel,
coal, wood, bark, shavings, seed hulls or gas, and
are used for all purposes in which steam is required,
water works, gas works, heating buildings, ir on
works, eledtric light plants, etc. The " Heine Boilers"
are in use in the leading iron and steel establishments
-throughout the country, and have proven their
superior adaptability to use in this branch of manufature. Mr. Witherow has filled contracs for the
constru6tion of important works in all parts of the
country, and is recognized as one of the most distinguished and able engineers for this class of work,
thoroughly understanding every detail of the
requirements of such establishments, and performing
satisfacory work in every instance.
Lewis  Hvde.-Consulting Engineers; Manufacturers of Decorative and Crystalized Tinplates;
I,ewis Block, Smithfield Street.--Among the many
additions which have been made during the past
year to the new industries of Pittsburgh, none
promise to be of greater value than the one recently
started by the firm of Lewis  Hyde, consulting
engineers, metal and mineral brokers. This firm
makes a specialty of the decoration of tinplate for
show cards, labels and all metal packages generally,
for merchandise.  This is a special branch owned
and operated by this firm alone. The work which
they propose to turn out is liow only made in Wales,
but during the present year extensive works will be
opened in this district for the manufacture of these
spe(-ialties. The firm will also turn out specimens
of crystalized tin and zinc plates for trunk covers
and similiar pnrposes. They are builders of open
hearth furnaces, and undertake to furnish drawings,
and erect mills, for the manufacture of tin plate, merchant iron, sheets, plates, galvanizing plants, etc., and
to work same after erection if desired, in any part of
the country. The individual members of the firm are
Mr. D. Trevor lewis, late of the Cwmavon Iron and
Steel Works, and Swansea Bay Tinplate Decorating
Works, South Wales; and Mr. Charles Hyde, recently conneted with the open hearth department
of Carnegie, Phipps  Co., and holder of the Whitworth medal for engineering. Both being practical
engineers and manufaturers, their enterprise bids
fair to become an important industry in the Iron
City.
G. W. G. Ferris  Co.-Civil Engineers,
Inspe6tors of Struural Iron and Steel; Hamilton
Building, 9I Fifth Avenue. - This prominent firm of
engineers, of which Messrs. G. W. G. Ferris, Frank
C. Osborn and J. C. Hallsted are the individual members, succeeded in I887 to the business established
in 1883 by Mr. Ferris. The firm inakes a specialty
of the inspeftion and testing of iron and steel for
use in bridges, buildings and roofs, and of rails,
splices and other materials used in railroad constrution. They also do a great deal in the line of
preparing specifications and dlesigns and making
estimates for struEtures of iron and steel, and are
frequently called on as experts for testimony regarding the condition of existing strutures. Among
the strucures upon which the firm has been engaged
are the Chicago Auditorium Building, in which was
held the late Republican National Convention; the
new  Arcade Building  and  the  Savings Bank
Building, Cleveland, O.; new City Hall at Richmond,
Va.; Lrouisville  Nashville Railroad bridge over the
Ohio River at Henderson, Ky.; steel arch bridge
over the Mississippi River for the city of Minneapolis; iron arch bridge over the Mississippi
River between St. Paul and Minneapolis; Harlem
River Bridge, New York city; Third Avenue Elevated Road, New York city; the steel work on
Chatham street extension to Brooklyn Bridge; the
High Bridge over the Mississippi River at St. Paul;
tell large steel bridges for the city of Chicago; the
bridge over the easterni branch of the Potomac
River at Washington, D. C. for the United States
Government, besides a great many other strutures
of lesser size and importance. All the members of
the firm are graduate engineers, who have added to
their technical training years of pratical experience
confined stritly to the specialties now pursued by
them. The growth of their business has been such
as to necessitate the establishment of branch offices
in New York, Chicago and Philadelphia, and a complete chemical laboratory in Chicago. The reputation and trade of the firm covers the entire Union,
and has been obtained by the exercise of a high
order of ability, together with energy, push and
close attention to business. The demand for their
services is continually growing, and the excellence
of their work brings the highest prices paid for such
work.
S. Diescher.- Civil and Mechanical Engineer;
Rooms 807 and 808 Hamilton Building, 9I Fifth
Avenue.-Mr. Diescher, who has a national reputation as one of the most successful and efficient civil
and mechanical engineers in the country, has been
located in this city in the practice of his profession
since I875, in which year he established himself at
the corner of First Avenue and Snlithfield street,
where he remained until the completion of the
Hamilton Building, of which he was the first tenant. He is a thorough master of all the details of
his profession, but for a number of years has made
a specialty of planning and construfting incline
planes and electric railroads, and has probably done
a larger amount of work in this line than any other
engineer in the country. He superintendedthe construction of the Duquesne, Fort Pitt, Penn, Troy Hill,
and Nunnery Hill Inclines in Pittsburg and Allegheny, and has been conneted with numerous other
similar works. He hasjust completed the construffion
of an incline plane at Orange, New Jersey, 3,700 feet
long, and has superintended a large number of
others throughout the country. The demand for
his services is very great, his known efficiency and
the success of the works he has inaugurated keeping him busily employed, and he has superintended
engineering works in all parts of the United States,
East and West and as far South as Georgia. All
work entrusted to him is conscientiously executed,
and he is thoroughly representative of the highest
progress and efficiency in his profession.
S. Stutz.-Mining and Mechanical Engineer;
Office, 5I4 Market Street.--Mr. Stutz is a skilful and
highly educated mining and mechanical engineer,
having gone through a thorough scholastic and collegiate training in technology in Germany, of which
country he is a native, and having made a special
study of all the details of mining and mechanical
engineering, to which he supplemented several
years of work in machine shops to learn the machinists' trade, and both in its mechanical and
scientific branches he is a thorough master of his
profession. He came to the United States in 1870,
first going to Ohio, but the following year coming
to Pittsburgh, and in I872 he established himself in
business, locating in the English Block on Fourth
avenue, from whence he removed later to his present
offices and designing rooms now in the McClintock
*Building. He is prepared to furnish corredt plans
and estimates for the opening and working of mines,
inclined planes, wire rope tramways, hoisting machinery, etc., an(1 makes a specialty of the ereEtion
of patent coal and ore crushing and washing machinery and coke ovens. TPhe value of his services
is recognized by a large and steadily increasing business, which extends over the whole country, in all
parts of which he has executed engineering work of
the m-,st efficient and satisfadtory charadter. He
occupies a leading place in the ranks of his profession, which he has fairly earned by the extent of
his knowledge and the conscientious manner in
which he performs his duties.
Lean  Blai r,-Engineers and CDontractors;
806 Penn Building, 708 Penn Avenue.--Messrs. D.
R. ~Lean and and T. S. Blair, Jr., who compose this
firm, established their present business in I884, and
have since that time been actively engaged in designin g and construSting blast furnaces, steelplants and gas works not only throughout the immediate regions surrounding Pittsburgh, but in
every part of the United States, where such works
are in operation. Both of the members of the firm
are engineers of the highest skill, who thoroughly
understand every detail of the business in which
they are engaged, and the accuracy of their knowledge in regard to the mechanical requirements of
these works, and the close and careful supervision
they maintain over every detail have caused their
execution of contrats placed in their hands to be
at all times of the most satisfactory chara6ter, and
have earned for the firm a merited celebrity for
their uniform accuracy and skill. Both of the
members of the firm were, prior to forming this
partnership, connecced with other firms engaged in
the same department of business. One of their
latest pieces of work is the New Open Hearth Steel
WVorks of the Carbon Iron Company at Thirtysecond street, recently completed and put in operation, whose Direct Process has attrated so much
attention of late, and which is looked upon as a
model plant in every respet.
Free  Meredith.--General Contractors and
Mechanical Engineers; Rooms 409 and 4IO Hamilton
Building; 9I Fifth Avenue.-For the past thirty
years Mr. John R. Meredith has been recognized as
one of Pittsburgh's most successful and reliable mechanical engineers, he having about that long ago
started in business here. He has superintended the
construftion of a number of important works in this
and many other sections of the country, among
which may be mentioned the Smithfield street
bridge, Seventh street bridge, Davis Island Dani,
built by the -United States Government, and many
other important public and private improvements.
In May, I888, he was joined by Capt. George J. Free
in the formation of the present firm. Capt. Free
has been a life long resident of Pittsburgh, and was
formerly a member of Councils.  He has long been
conneted with river navigation, and owns the steamiboat "John P. Thorn," and formerly owned the
"Jackson." His wide acquaintance with river interests
is an important aid to him in his present business
conneftion.  The firm is prepared to furnish plans
and specifications for heavy frames, cranes, derricks,
etc., and all kinds of difficult erecting is accurately
and efficiently done. They put in foundations for
hammers and all kinds of heavy machinery, and do
all kinds of hydraulic work. They make a specialty
of building traveling cranes and derricks for handling coal, stone and freight; Meredith's wire cable
system for distributing coal and freight, and
Meredith's Sand and Wrecking Pumps. The firm is
constantly in receipt of orders, not only from the
surrounding country, but from all parts of the
United States. Their work is always efficiently performed, and never fails to give satisfaffion, and
their dealings are ever charaterized by fairness and
integrity.
W. R. Wilson.- Miining and Consulting Engineer; 8II Penn Building, 708 Penn Avenue.-Mr.
Wilson had thoroughly prepared himiself by extensive study and by actual praftice in connection with
other engineers for the efficient and intelligent discharge of the duties of his profession prior to I885,
in which year he established in business for himself, originally locating his office at 8I3 Hamnilton
building, from thence going to 525 Smithfield Street,
from which he removed in the spring of I888 to his
present offices in the Petln Building. His training
and experience had been specially direEted to the
department of engineering science relating to mining, and as a consequence of this fact, and the
uniformly valuable charadter of his services, he has
secured a large clientage among the leading mine
owners and operators of Pennsylvania, ECast Ohio
and WNest Virginia, and since establishing his business he has located and worked some of the largest,
mines in this secncion of the country. IIis thorough
and accurate knowledge of the progressive science
of which he is a distinguished representative, the
close and accurate attention paid by him to all comlmissions placed in his hands, and the carefulness
with which he prepares plans and specifications and
executes contracrts, have secured a wide-spread
recognition of his efficiency as a mining and consulting engineer.
Swi ndelIl  Con stru cti on  Co mpany. -
Henry Swindell, Sr., President; S. R. Smythe; Secretary and Engineer; Jamies B. Swindell, Manager;
Engineers and Contractors; Regenerative Gas Furnaces; ~Lewis' Block, Corner of Sixth Avenue and
Smithfield Street.-This company is one of the
oldest and most representative firms of engineers
and contractors in Pittsburgh, and the President of
the company, Mr. Henry Swindell, Sr., is probably
the oldest in the line in the city, he having built
furnaces over thirty-five years ago. Mr. S. R.
Smythe, the Secretary and Engineer, has contributed largely to the success of the company, having
brought all his engineering skill and scientific
knowledge to bear upon its successful development.
The Manager, Mr. James B. Swindell, the son of the
President, has also been conneted with the business from boyhood up. The company do a large
business as engineers and contractors, making a
specialty of the fitting up of steel works and rolling
mills, which their experience and accurate knowledge enables them to do in the most efficient manner; and they especially excel in the construction
of regenerative gas furnaces for metallurgical purposes. They have a wide-spread reputation for
efficient work in their line, and take contracts in all
parts of the country, from the Atlantic to the
Pacific, their contracts being at all times faithfully
and promptly filled, and the work done under their
personal supervision being executed by skilled and
experienced workmen.
James H. Harlow  Co.-Engineers and
Contra6tors; Office, 41I Wood Street.-As a representative house in this line, the firm of James H.
Harlow  Co., engiileers and contrators, deserves
mention in a work purporting to'set forth the
growth of Pittsburgh in her various departments of
+- A 1 A T- T,,-    T4T TT,,trade. Mr. James H. Harlow began the pratice of
hydraulic engineering in
I865, and has since continued it, in I884 adding
to it that of contrator.
This firm is prepared to
undertake the construion
of public and private works
by contrat and -furnish
materials for the same in
whole or in part. They
also make  examinations,
surveys, etc., and report on
same with plans and specifications. They are largely
engaged as engineers and contrators for water
supply, sewerage, drainage, dams, etc., and make a
specialty of hydraulic and sanitary engineering. As
engineers or contrators they have been engaged in
the construition of stone dams at Lewiston, Me., (4),
I865-67; Mechanics Falls, Me.,;(I), I867; Boston
Water Works, additional supply, Mess., (3), I876-78;
timber damis on the Monongahela River, Pa., (7),
I880 84; movable dams, Davis Island Dam, on the
Ohio River, below Pittsburgh, Pa., I878-9; Improvement Rock Island Rapids, on the Mississippi River,
I868-69; the Rockford, Rock Island  St. Louis,
Railroad, i869, Nashua  Lowell Railroad, I879 80
and the Toledo, Cincinnati  St. I,ouis Railroad,
I88I; water works or sewerage at ILowell, Mass.,
I870-2; Pittsburgh, Pa., I872-74; Wooster, O., I874;
Lawrence, Mass., 1876-78, Mansfield, Pa., I880, New
Castle, Pa., I88I-2, Elkhart, Ind., I884, Aurora, Ill.,
I885, Mattoon, Ill., I885, Fau Claire, Wis., I885,
Mercer, Pa., I886, Minerva, O., I886, latrobe, Pa.,
I886, Canisteo, N. Y., I887, Waynesburg, Pa., I887,
Mtna, Pa., I888, Tarentum, Pa., I888, Wilkinsburg,
Pa., I888-9, and six miles of twenty-four and thirty
inch natural gas line for the Philadelphia Company,
in I86. All work is guranteed to be done in the best
manner and at figures fairly proportionate to the
extent and quality of the work required. Employment is given to a force ranging from fifty to seventyfive expert hands. Mr. Harlow was born in Massachusetts, and came to Pittsburgh in I872. He is a
member of the American Society of Civil Engineers,
also of the Engineers' Society of NVestern Pensyl-\ania. His services as an engineer and contrator
are most valuable, and consequently in large demand,
and his business is condu6ted upon methods which
have secured for him the favor and confidence of
the trade and public.
THE LEATHER TRADE.
PITTSBURGH TH  LUEADING CENTER OF M ANUVACTURE oF H ARNESS LEAHIHER.
The making of leather is an old established industry of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, and this branch
of business has increased in a notable and gratifying manner of recent years, many of the establishments engaged in the business being large ones,
employing many hands and holding a prominent
place among the important manufacuring concerns
of the city.
There were seven tanners in Pittsburgh in I808,
six tanneries in I8I2, and seven in I8I7. In I876,
according to statistics compiled by Mr. Thurston,
there were fourteen tanneries, having 477 vats and
employing I66 hands, with a prodution stated
at 70,ooo hides, besides calf and sheep skins, and
having a produ6t valued at $850,080. But the most
notable increase has occurred since the last mentioned date, the industry having increased more than
four-fold, both in the number of hands employed,
in capacity for prodution, and in the value of the
output, which approximates $4,ooo,ooo annually.
The specialty of the tanneries of Pittsburgh and
Allegheny is harness leather, in which this center is
the leading one of the country, noted alike for the
superior quality of the produt and the amount
annually produced. There are twenty firms engaged in this manufaure of whom those mentioned
in the following paragraphs are leading, representative and progressive houses.
J.   H. Phillips.--Dealers in Hoyt's Leather
Belting, India Rubber Belting, Hose, and Rubber
Goods Generally, Oil Cloths, Window Shades; 26
and 28 Sixth Street.-This old established house
was founded in I832 by Messrs. John and Henry
Phillips, and was continued by them until the death
of Mr. Her,ry Phillips in I864, since which time Mr.
John Phillips has been the sole proprietor. He occupies a four-story and basement brick building,
40XIOO feet in dimensions, and he carries complete
stocks of packing and rubber goods, india rubber
belting, hose, etc., a specialty being made of Hoyt's
leather belting, which is unsurpassed by any in the
market. His stock of oil cloths, window shades,.
shading, etc., is complete in every particular, and
embraces the latest novelties in these goods. This
house has long enjoyed a liberal high-class patronage from the people of Pittsburgh, and, in addition to their extensive retail business, a considerable
wholesale trade is done throughout eastern Ohio,
West Virginia and Pennsylvania. Mr. Phillips was
born in Washington county, Pennsylvania, hut has
resided in Pittsburgh nearly all his life. He is well
and favorably known in the commercial and financial
circles of the city, and has always borne an enviable
reputation as a business man.
F. P. Berg.-Dealer in ~Leather, Hides, Oils
and Shoe Findings; Manufacturer of Boot, Shoe
and Gaiter Uppers; I II8 Penn Avenue.--This business dates its inception back to I853, when it was
founded by Mr. C. Siebert, who was followed successively by Sei bert Kellerman  Co. in I862,
Siebert t Berg in I866,- Mr. F. P. Berg obtaining
entire control of the business in April, I888. He
occupies premises at III8 Penn Avenue, consisting
of three floors, each 20 XIOO feet in dimensions,
where he carries a very large stock of all kinds of
leather, hides, oils and shoe findings and in the
manufacture of boot, shoe and gaiter uppers, of
which he makes a specialty, he gives employment
to a number of skilled workmen. Mr. Berg is a
native of Germany, but has resided in the United
States for thirty-seven years and has been identified
with this business since I854. He consequently
possesses a thorough knowledge of its every depart--
ment, and on account of the high standard at whichhe maintains the quality of his stock, he has built
up a large and prosperous business through Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and West Virginia,
where his trade is principally located.
James Cal lery  Co.-ManufaAurers of Oak
Tanned Leather, Etc.; Tannery, 276 River Avenue,
Allegheny; Office and Warehouse, 500 Liberty
04 -   4-            A  t S  1s.s - 4 1-   -  -_ r  4 -  -
Street, Pittsburgh.-A history of the
growth, development and progress of
Pittsburgh, during the past one hundred
years, would be noticeably incomplete
without special reference to the representative house conduted by Messrs. James
Callery  Co., now upon the eve of the
celebration of the Centennial anniversary
of its organization.  This house traces
its origin in a diret line of succession
back to I790 when it was founded by Wm.
Hays on a scale commniensurate with the
requirements of this infant metropolis.
From the primitive tannery of that early
date, employing but a very few assistants,
has grown the important industry of the
present day, furnishing remunerative
employment to fully I50 hands (many of
whom are necessarily skilled laborers)
turning out on an average I,680 sides of
finished leather per week, which is
shipped to dealers and manufaturers in
all secnions of the Union. The founder
of this house, William Hays, conduted
the business with a marked degree of
success until I846, when he was succeeded
by his son Charles Hays. In I856 the
firm name and style became Hays 
Stewart, who were succeeded in I870 by
the present proprietors.  The plant on
River avenue covers a ground space of
IgOX200 feet, upon which is ereted a
three-story stru6ture, thoroughly equipped with all the requisite appliances and
machinery for manufauring and finishing leather of every description. This is
known as the " Duquesne Tannery," and
its produts are deservedly popular with
the trade.  The office and warehouse
building is 50XIOO feet in dimensions,
containing three stories and basement,
where is carried at all times a large and
comprehensive stock of oak tanned
leather, comprising harness, black line
and -bridle, fine shaved harness, and
harness backs, skirting, fair bridle, stained and fair hand parts. The harness
leather manufatured by this firm has
nc tnl,1 in tht mr1Zrl C- +rl z- ~r ac\ha - +   -nx,
-no equal in the market the present day and is the
acknowledged standard, possessing the finest texture, plumpness, flexibility, smoothness of grain,
and closeness of trim. Mr. James Callery, the senior
member of this firm, is a native of Ireland and
has been a resident
of the United States
for the past f o r t y
years. During his successful  hus i ness
career in Pittsburgh,
he has been prominently identified with
all enterprises, having for their legitimate aim the growth
and development of
the city, and is at the
present time President of the Pittsburgh
and Western Railroad
Company and largely
interested in other
railroad and industrial enterprises. His
son, J. D. Callery, is a
native of Allegheny
County, and was educated to the business
in which he is now
engaged. This firm
recently purchased
the plant of A. Hol-- V--- - -
stein, known as the Lion Tannery,established in I856,
and took possession of same August I, I888. This
tannery is a four story building, IOOXI70 feet in
dimensions, and turns out 600 sides of oak harnessleather per week, which, with the product of the
Duquesne Tannery, makes the output of this firm
about 2,280 sides per week.
Kiefer  Stifel.-Phoenix Tannery; Manufacturers of Oak Harness Leather; Corner of Preble
Avenue and Juniata Street, Allegheny. One of the
most prominent firms engaged in the manufaure
of leather is that ot Kiefer  Stifel, of which Messrs.
Charles F. Kiefer and Charles F. Stifel are the individual members. The business was originally established in I872 by K(iefer, Stifel  Co., whose tannery
was located on Spring Garden avenue. At that location the business was conducted by the firm until
I880, when the building was destroyed by fire, and
the firm rebuilt on the same site. The new premises were again destroyed in November, I88I, and following the event, the present site was secured, and
the name of "Phcenix" adopted. The firm was changed
in I882 to its present style and memibership. The
firm, with the caution born of previous experience,
made every provision in ihe constru-tion of their
present quarters against the recurrence of a calamity
similar to that which they had twice encountered at
the old site. The premises occupied cover an area
of 525XI45 feet, conveniently located with their own
railroad switch running the entire length of the
premises, connefting with the Pennsylvania, Pittsburgh  Western, and Baltimore  Ohio Railroads,
and giving them superior facilities for the receipt of
raw material and the shipment of manufatured product. The tannery, which is a one-story brick build-;     n   Tn    Staac;wic  xit  1
ing, 72X200 feet in dimensions, with all
its exposed parts iron clad, is in every
way adapted for the prosecution of the
business upon a large scale, and has
III double vats and lay-ways, aside from
the beam house, with a full equipment of
patent lime agitators and other tanning
machinery. The currying and finishing
shop is a four-story and basement building, 68XIoo feet, the basement of which
is used for shaving, scouring and storage
of oil and tallow, mixing stuffing, etc.;
the next floor is used for finishing, assorting and shipping, the offices being
also located on this floor; the second
floor for blacking, and the third and
fourth for setting and stuffing. The firm
has also other buildings, including a new
two-story brick hide house, 40x72 feet,
an engine and boiler house of brick, with
iron roof, 40x56 feet, in which a fifty-five
horse power engine is housed, and the
leach house is a brick structure, 30XIOO
feet, with sixteen leaches, IOXI2 feet, and
all modern improvements. The bark
mills, which are entirely separated from
the other buildings, are so arranged that
the bark can be unloaded from the cars
directly to the mills, and storage room
for 5,000 cords of bark is furnished by
buildings used for that purpose. In the
various departments of the business employment is given to a force ranging from
eighty-five to one hundred hands, and
the average produ6tion of the tannery
amounts to two hundred sides of harness
leather daily. The business has had a
steady growth from its inceptioii to the
present time, and this growth is well exemplified in the amount of the output,
which has increased from Ioo hides per
week at the time of the establishment of
the firm to its present large prodution.
About 4,000 cords of bark is annually
used in the business, and is received
from Pennsylvania and West Virginia,
while the hides are principally procured
from the West. The equipment is so com11. _   rr_ 1:_    -a:1._2   dt: -4
plete that all the offal is utilized, the hair being
preserved for plastering purposes, the meat and
ends of hides being utilized for glue, the tails for
curled hair, etc. The members of the firm are both
thoroughly pracical and experienced men in every
department o f t h e
tanning business. Mr.
Kiefer, who is a native
of Allegheny, has been
conneted with the
business f r o m his
youth, both his father
and his grandfather
having been engaged
in the same line of
business. Mr. Stifel,
who was born at
-Wh e eelin g, W. Va,,
served  a  thorough
apprent-ceship at the:,business, and the
i- combination of these
two gentlemen in one
firm is as strong a one
as could be made for
the purpose of securing success in this
branch of manufacture.  As a  consequence of their long
experience and progressive m e t h o d s
they have succeeded
r  i   11  - - - - -   -I
in securing for their produ6t of oak harness leather
a deserved recognition, which makes their Phcenix
brand an acknowledged synonym for excellence
of quality. The firm is justly regarded with the
highest confidence by the trade throughout the
country, its bnsiness extendin- to all the States
and Territories of the Union.Woelfel  Linke.-Eureka Tannery; Manuiaturers of Harness I,eather; 25I Spring Garden
Avenue, Allegheny. - Mr. F. Woelfel established this
business in I868, afterwards associating with himself
Mr. Charles F. Kiefer and continuing until 1872,
when Mr. Woelfel again became sole proprietor, and
carried on the business under the style of the Iron
City Tannery until I882, when he was joined by Mr.
Fred Linke in the formation of the preseut firm.
The tannery premises are in every respect complete
in their equipnient, and have all the conveniences
and appliances for the manufature of superior
grades of harness leather. The tannery has a frontage on Spring Garden avenue of 24I feet, and is I20
feet deep. There are fifteenvats in the beam house,
twelve in the leach house, twenty-four handlers and
seventy tan vats, and the bark hou ses have acapacity
for the storage of 2,400 cords of bark. The currying
shop at the rear of the tannery is a two story and
basement stru6ture, the basement being used for
the storage of the hides, tallows and oils, and the
upper floors for stuffiing, blacking and finishing.
Employment is given to a force of eighty skilled
workmen in the manufature of the celebrated
"E ureka " harness leather, noted for its uniform
superiority, and in large demand by a firmly established and steadily increasing trade from the Atlantic Ocean to California. The members of the firm
are well known representatives of the leather manufacuring industry, and Mr. Woelfel, in the twenty
years during which he has been at the head of this
business, has commended himself to the favor of the
+Vac       11t1 1;.  if0'rm -
trade by hiis unit-ormly fair and honorable
dealings. He takes
a deep interest in the
affairs for the welfare
of the public, and has
been for eleven years
a member of the city
council of Alleghenv.
Mr. Linke, the other
member of the firm,
prior to joining Mr.
Woelfel in I882, had fl
been for ten years a
member of the firm
of Kiefer, Stifel 
Co. in the same line
of business, and is
a thoroughly pratical and experienced
man in the business.
The combination of
these two gentlemen
in this firm is a
strong one, and as a
consequence of their
well direted efforts,
t h e  establishment
enjoys a steadily increasing and notable success.
WHITE L,EAD, ETC.
NUMUROUS HousEs ENGAGED IN THIS MANUVACTURE IN THI TWO CIlIrS.
This industry has been carried on in Pittsburgh
from an early day, in fat prior to the opening of the
present century. In I8I0 there were three " red
lead " fa6lories in the city with a producion stated
at $I3,000. By I837 the number of fatories had increased to eight and the production to 74,496 kegs
of lead, valued at $206,000. The number of firms
had decreased, by consolidation and otherwise, to
three in I857, but the produ6i had trebled in volume
and more than doubled in value. At the present
time there are six firms engaged in corroding white
lead, while a number of others attend to other
branches of this manufa6ture, a specialty being made
of dry colors and of ready-mixed and prepared
paints.
In the various branches of the white lead and
paint business Pittsburgh has acquired a special
celebrity for the quality and purity of its produt
which has earned for the leading firms engaged in
this branch of business a trade which covers the
entire Union.
The most representative of these firms are noticed
in the paragraphs which follow.
Pittsburgh White Lead and Oil Works.
-M. B. Suydam  Co., Proprietors; Corroders and
Manufacturers of White Lead, Red Lead, Litharge,
Colors, Ready Mixed Paints, Putty and linseed Oil;
450 to 484 Rebecca Street, Allegheny.-One of the
oldest, best known and largest of the white lead
manufacturing concerns of the two cities is that
now conducted by the firm of M. B. Suydam _ Co.,
which is known as the Pittsburgh White I,ead and
Oil Works. The business was established in I832
by James Schoonmaker, the firm subsequently becoming W. C. Stockton  Co., and after various
changes becoming Suydam, I,awrence  Co., in I877.
and assuming its Dresent style in I882. The premises, which are completely equipped in every way
for the successful prosecution of the business, include an oil mill, IOO xI50 feet, and three stories
high, and a lead mill of the same dimensions, and
employment is given to a force of fifty hands in the
manufacture of a superior quality of white lead, which
is guaranteed strily pure, and which is in large demand throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio, Michigan,
West Virginia, and all the States Fast of Pittsburgh.
They also manufacture red lead, putty and linseed
oil, painter's colors and ready mixed paints, and
this establishment is noted as being the only one
between Philadelphia and Cleveland, O., engaged in
the produion of dry colors. The manufacture is
conducted upon the most improved processes, and
great care is taken to maintain in the goods turned
out the high grade of excellence for which this
establishnlent has so long been noted, and the firm
is favorably known to the trade, not only by the
excellence of its goods, but also for the uniformly
accurate, prompt and reliable methods adopted by
Mr. M. B. Suydam, the proprietor of the business,
who is a gentleman of the highest standing, and
recognized as one of the most progressive business
men of the two cities.
The Beymer-Bauman Lead Company.
-S. Beymer, President; Gerard C. Smith, Secretary;
William A. Carr, Treasurer; Manufacturers of Strictly
Pure White Lead; Office, Hamilton Building, gI
Fifth Avenue; Branch Office, 57 Broad Street, Boston, Mass.-Among the large and successful concerns engaged in the manufacture of white lead.
The Beymer-Bauman l,ead Company has a leading
distinction, both for the extent of its trade and the
recognized purity of its produc. The business was
established in I867 by the firm of Beymer, Bauman 
Co., which was succeeded in I887 by the present corporation. Their plant, which is located at the corner
of Pennsylvania Avenue and Bidwell Street, in
Allegheny City, covers about two acres of ground,
with sufficient buildings and special facilities for
corroding and manufacturing white lead, dry and
ground in oil, and other lead produts. The company corrodes its white lead by the "Old Dutch
Process," which is recognized as being unsurpassed
for procuring satisfactory results in the manufacture
of pure white lead. Their oxide department having
been recently greatly enlarged is now one of the
most extensive in the country and using Natural
GTas Fuel only they are enabled to offer these producs of very superior quality being absolutely free
from sulphur. Their specialties in this line consist
of painters' red lead, glass and varnish makers'
red lead and litharge, genuine orange and mineral, flake, litharge, etc. All the operations of the
manufacture are condu6ted under intelligent and
careful supervision, so as to maintain in the produ6t
the highest standard of excellence, for which this
company is noted, and as a consequence of the
purity of its producn the company has built up a
trade extending to all parts of the United States,
but being especially very large in the Fastern and
Middle States, where the brands manufactured by
this company have a wide-spread reputation for
superiority, and are recognized by the trade as
standards of quality. The business affairs of the
corporation are conduted upon an accurate and
equitable system, which commends the firm to the
favor and patronage of the trade, and gives to it a
recognized distinction as one of the leading and
representative firms in its department of production.
Thompson    Co.-Diamond Linseed Oil
Works; Manufacturers of Pure Linseed Oil, Oil
Cake and Oil Meal; I5 to Ig Wlest Diamond Street,
Allegheny.-As an old established manufacuring
concern which has earned superior reputation and a
large trade as a consequence of the uniformly high
charaer of its produs, the Diamond Linseed Oil
Works of Messrs. Thompson  Co. deserve special
mention. The business was originally established
in I847 by Eichbaum  Son, who were succeeded by
DeHaven  Son.  In I86I the firm changed to
E;uwer  Hamilton, in I87I to Thompson  Lyon,
and in I880 to the present style, Mr. John Thompson in that year buying out the interest of Mr.
I,yon, and admitting to the firm his sons, Messrs.
Tr1li    T  c."     V S  t -ravr
John J. and E;dward
Thompson. The
premises  occupied
embrace a four-story
brick building, 50xIoo feet in dimensions and a warehouse two stories
high. Here employment is given to a
full force of hands
in the manufa6ture
of pure linseed oil
by the old process of
steam heating and
hydraulic pressure.
The produ6ts include
raw oil, boiled oil
(kettle boiled), oil
cake and oil meal.
The works have a
capacity for the produftion of twenty
barrels of oil and
eight tons of oil cake
and oil meal per day,
and a large trade has
been  built  up
ir Weqtvf Vi;rrgtina and
throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia and
the Western States in these various produffions. The
use of the old process for the manufaure of the
linseed oil not only produces oil of the greatest
purity and most perfe adaptability to the use of
painters, but it also has the advantage of leaving
the oil cake with all the nutritive qualities which
properly pertain to it. Oil meal has largely increased in favor with farmers and stock raisers in
this country, it having demonstrated it as being of
unequalled value as a flesh producer, milk producer, stock feed and for manure. The firm, by
keeping its produts up to the highest standards of
purity, and by uniform fairness and reliability in its
dealings with the trade, has secured a steady expansion in the volume of business, and scored a
merited success. Mr. John Thompson, the senior
of the firm, is a native of Virginia, but has resided
in Allegheny for the past fifty years, and both of
his sons, the other members of the firm, are natives
of Allegheny. All of the members of the firm are
aftive and praftical business men, and the careful
way in which the business is managed, and the
honorable principles by which its dealings are governed have secured for the firm a recognized leadership in their line this section of the Union.
Pittsburgh Iron Paint Company.--J. C.
Heckman, Treasurer; W. J. Gilmore, Secretary;
Manufa6turers of Metallic Paints, Varnishes, Etc.,
I37, I38 and I39 South Canal Street, Allegheny.
-This business was established in I868 by Messrs.
Gilmore and Heckman, and has since been conduted by them upon methods which have secured
for their produt a large trade extending to allparts
of the United States. They occupy spacious premises at I37-I39 South Canal street, giving employment steadily to twelve hands and having a complete
equipment, embracing all the necessary machinery
for the crushing, roasting and treating of ores and
the manufa6ture of metallic paints and mineral
colors of the highest merit, for which they have obtained a celebrity extending to all parts of the
United States, and a trade which has steadily increased from the inception of the business to the
present time. The produ6t amounts to twenty tons
per day, and includes all kinds of liquid paints, iron
oxide paint, varnishes and liquid dryers, a specialty
being made of Cambridge Venetian Red, this establishmentbeing the only one west of Philadelphia
that manufactures Venetian red. The iron oxide
paint produced by this company is a specially
superior article, which is noted for its durability and
finish. The members of the firm are both
thoroughly praftical and e6xperienced men in this
department of industry, who bring to the prosecution of their business all the qualifications necessary
to success, and who have expanded its trade and
built up its superior reputation by the adoption of
honorable and progressive methods in the condu
of their affairs.
H e n ry Wh ee I e r.-Manuf aturer of the Finest
Grades of House, Coach and Car Paints, and
Dealer in Artists' and Painters' Supplies, Window Glass, Etc.; 39 WVest Diamond Street, Allegheny.-For more than a quarter of a century Mr.
Henry Wheeler has been prominently identified
with the business life of Allegheny. He was engaged as a painter and decorator until about five
years ago, when he dropped this branch of business, and has since devoted his attention to
dealing in artists' and painters' supplies.  He
founded his present business in I860, five years
after his arrival in this city from England, his
native country, and throughout his business
career he has steadily prospered, and has always
maintained a high reputation as a business man
and a citizen. His premises, which are located
at 39 West Diamond street, embrace a two-story
building, 25x40 feet in dimensions, the second
floor of the adjoining building and the basements
of both buildings, and here he carries constantly
on hand a complete and carefully seleted stock of
every description of artists' and painters' supplies, including colors, paints, brushes, mixed
paints, window glass, etc. A large trade has been
built up in the city and surrounding country,
which increases in volume every year, and the enterprise is justly regarded as a represelitative
and leading one in Allegheny.
LUMBER AND ITS PRODUCTS.
MAN-UVACTURERS  AND DEALERS ENGAGED IN THESIE
IMPORTANT BRANCHES ov BUSINESS.
The lumber trade is one which flourishes wherever there is population and growth. In Pittsburgh
and Allegheny it forms an important ilndustry, not
only supplying the immediate wants of the two cities
and vicinity, but also acting as a center of distribution for Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and
West Virginia. The business in rough lumber is
very large, while there are also twenty-three planing
mills, about thirty cooperages and a number of
other manufacturing establishments which utilize
lumber as their raw niaterial.
Pittsburgh is a center from which the large
amount of lumber cut on the Allegheny and its
tributaries is distributed, and, in addition to this,
both Pittsburgh and Allegheny have a large trade
in lumber brought from the pineries of Michigan
and Wisconsin by lake to Cleveland and Ashtabula
and from thence by rail to the two cities.
In hardwoods also Pittsburgh is a big consumer,
the large quidlities of nail kegs and kegs aad barrels
for white lead, which are needed in the city, creating a steady and growing demand. Of the finer
woods much is consumed by the funiture and carriage making establishments of the city.
In the notices which follow tbe firms engaged in
the lumber trade, either as manufacturers or dealers, will be first mentioned and then will follow the
trades immediately connecRed with lumber producnts,
such as the manufacrure of furniture, carriages, etc.
According to a recently published account it is
estimated that the annual receipts of lumber at this
point amounts to I50,000,000 feet, and that the value
of the rough and dressed lumber sold, including
sash, doors, blinds, shingles, lath, etc., is more than
$4,000,000,
F. J. Kress.-Excelsior Planing Mill and Box
Factory; Corner of Craig and Killbuck Streets,
Allegheny.-This important manufacturing establishment was founded in March, I883, by the firm of
Kress  McCormick, who continued the business
until I885, since which time Mr. F. J. Kress has been
sole proprietor of the business. The factory and
premises used for lumber yards embrace an area of
300XIIO feet, and include superior railroad and
wharf facilities, aiding the shipment of the manufactured produEt, and the receipt and handling of
raw material. The factory premises are completely
equipped with all the latest and most highly improved wood working machinery, including large
saws, the whole being propelled by a sixty five
horse power engine; and employment is given to a
force of from thirty-five to forty hands in the manufacture of every description of flooring, siding and
planed lumber. In the specialty of box making
from I,ooo to I,200 boxes are made daily, this branchi
of the business using about 2,000,000 feet of lumber
per year. All the operations of the factory are
under the personal supervision of Mr. Kress, who
has had a life-long experience il this department of
business, having been engaged in it in other conneftions prior to establishing on his own account.
He has a large trade extending throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio and West Virginia, and enjoys a
superior reputation both for the excellence of his
produt, and the thoroughly reliable and accurate
methods upon which every detail of his business is
conduEted.
W. C. Hopper  Co. - Wholesale and Retail
Dealers and Commission Merchants in All Kinds of
Hard Wood Lnmber; Office and Yard, Corner of
Craig and Killbuck Streets, Allegheny.-Mr. W. C.
Hopper has long been prominently identified with
the lumber interests of Western Pennsylvania, he
having established this business in I862. In I885
he associated with himself Messrs. William Kirkland
and W. B. ELnos in the formation of the present firm.
They carry on a large business as dealers both at
wholesale and retail and on comniission in all kinds of
hard wood lumber, handling walnut, cherry, poplar,
yellow pine, oak and sycamore, adapted to interior
finish of buildings and the manufature offurniture,
etc., and they also deal upon an extensive scale in
stoves and headings. They have spacious yards
406xIO3 feet in dimensions, and give employment to
a force of ten hands, enjoying a large trade, which
not only includes a heavy business in Pittsburgh,
Allegheny and the surrounding country, but also
covers the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Massa
chusetts and New York. Mr. W. C. Hopper, the
senior member of the firm, is a native of Virginia,
but has resided in Pittsburgh and Allegheny for the
past fifty years. He has been engaged in the lumber business throughout his business life, and has
secured a high place in the favor and confldence of
the trade of this and other States. Mr. William
Kirkland resides at Wampum, Pa., where he is cr nneed with the lime and cement business, and also
has railroad interests. Mr. W. B. Enos is a native
of Newcastle, Pa., from whence he came to Allegheny at the time of the formation of the present
partnership. All the members of the present firm
are gentlemen of the highest business standing, and
the methods upon which the affairs of the house are
condued are such as to commend it to a constantly
increasing patronage, and the firm in its special
line is one of the most prominent in Western Pennsylvania.
Eagle Planing Mills.-M. Simon, Proprietor; General Mill Work and Lumber; Anderson
and Robinson Streets, Allegheny.-These mills were
established in I865 by the firm- of Thompson 
Phillips, who were succeeded in I870 by Mr. M.
Simon, who has since condu6ted the business with a
steady increase in the volume of his patronage and
upon methods which have secured for him the confidence of all with whom he has business relations.
The will premises comprise a three-story building,
goxIoo feet in dimensions, completely equipped with
all kinds of wood working machinery, and giving
employment to a force ranging from forty to
sixty-hands in the manufacure of every descrip
tion  of doors, sash, blinds, house, store and
office work, stair building and general mill work.
Mr. Simon also carries on hand at all times a
large and complete stock of rough and dressed
lumber of all dimensions and qualities, which
he is prepared to supply in any desired quantity
upon short notice and in the most satisfactory
manner. Mr. Simon is anative of Germany, but
has resided in the United States for the past
forty years. He is a pratical carpenter, builder
and wood worker, and has built up this business
to its present gratifying success by the exercise
of all the prerequisites of experience and accurate knowledge. His son, Mr. C. W. Simon, has
general charge at the office and the superintendence of the mill, and he also is a gentlemen of
experience, who has largely contributed by his
efficiency to the success which has been attained
by the mills.
McFall  Co.-Manufaurers of All Kinds
of Packing Boxes; 38I to 388 River Avenue, Allegheny.-One of the most prominent box making
establishments of Allegheny is that now conducted by the firm of McFall  Co., of which Mr. J.
N. McFall and his sister, Isabella McFall, are the
individual members. The business was originally
that of a planing mill and box manufaory, and
was established twelve years ago by McFall 
Brother, who conduted it until four years ago
when the firm changed to J. N. McFall, and
one year later to McFall, Hetzel   Co.  One
year ago the present firm was formed, and selling out the planing mill department of the
business, have since conduEted the manufaure
of boxes upon a large scale, Mr. J. N. McFall having
the active management of the business. The works,
which are located at 38I to 388 River avenue, comprise a two-story building, I25X250 feet, and a warehouse, two stories in height and 7sx80 feet in dimensions, and here they have everything in the way of
machinery and appliancess adapted to this branch of
mallufaAture, and give employment to a staff of
thirty hands in the produdtion of all kinds of packing boxes, which are made from the best materials
by skilled labor. The output of the works is about
I,200 boxes daily, and the firm has a large and constantly increasing trade in the two cities and their
suburbs. Mr. McFall is u native of Pittsburgh, and
has been in the planing mill h~usiness all his life.
He is an energetic and reliable business man, and
all his dealings are ever characterized by fairness
and liberality.
G;. E: Hemphill.- Dealer in Ivumber; IO5
Federal Street; Allegheny. -Mr. Hemphill inaugurated this business in I887, and having established
favorable relations with leading manufaEturers in
various parts of the country, and providing himself
with grading and storage yards, most of his sales
being in large bills or in car lots, orders for any
class of lumber, either rough or dressed, are filled
by him in a prompt and satisfadtory manner. A1though of recent inauguration, the enterprise has
begun auspiciously, about 2,000,000 feet of lumber
having been sold by Mr. fIemphill during the first
year. Mr. Hemphill is a native Pennsylvanian, andhas for the past twelve years reside I in Allegheny.
Prior to engaging in the lumber business he was for
twenty years conne6ted with public education as a
principal in the public schools, and was for eleven
years conne6led with the schools in this city, and he
also held for a terni the position of Supervisor of
Public Schools in the city, having in that capacity
the largest charge in the State during that time.
He brings to his new business honorable methods
and superior business qualifications, and there is no
doubt that the future of the enterprise will show a
steady increase in the volume of its sales..William  Grusch   Co.-Eureka Planing
Mill; Sash and Door Factory; 3I6 to 320 North Avenue, Allegheny.-This prominent lumber manufacturing concern was established in I868 by Mr. A.
Grusch and Messrs. Remensnyder and Eshelman,
under the style of Grusch, Remensnyder  Co., and
iu 1879, upon the retirement of Mr. F. B. Eshelman
from the firm, it became A. Grusch  Co. In I88I
Mr. Remensnyder withdrew from the firm, and Mr.
Charles Velp was admitted, and a year later Mr. A
Grusch retired, hiisson, Mr. William Grusch, acquiring bis interest, and the name of the firm was
changed to its present style of William Grusch 
Co. In I885 Mr. Velp retired, and Mr. Julius Mees
became a member, and he was succeeded in I887 by
Mr. Edward Grusch, who with Mr. William Grusch,
the senior member, form the firm as now constituted. They occupy spacious premises at 3I6 to 320
North avenue, between East and Middle streets,
completely equipped with all the latest and most
highly improved woodworking machinerv, and employment is given to a force of twenty hands in the
manufature of every description of planed and
dressed lumber, sash, doors, blinds, etc., the most
careful supervision being maintained over all the
details of themanufaure so as to secure excellence
in the quality of the produt. The firm is prepared
to fill all orders for every description of dressed and
finished lumber, sash, doors, etc., and is highly
regarded by the trade in the two cities and surrounding towns, to which it has commended itself by uniform promptness, accuracy and reliability. Both
members of the firm thoroughly understand this
branch of industry, and the steady devotion of their
efforts to secure satisfation has resulted in a deserved popularity and a steadily prosperous business.
Union Planing Mill Company.--William
Wigman, President; A. H. Hunter, Secretary; 50
- t; 1, uo +1n C?CUf~C rou th.;    -- co r erEighteenth Street, South Slde.--Tlhls corporation, which sustains a prominent position
among the most important lumber manufactories established in Pittsburgh, was incorporated in I865 with a capital stock of $20,000,
with Mr. McMaster as the first President, who
remained at the head of the corporation until
six years ago, when he died, since which time
Mr. W. Wigman has been President of the
company, and with him are associated as
dire6tors Messrs. D. F. Schuette, Samuel
Hamilton, and Henry Winkel. They occupy
for manufaturing premises a commodious
struture at 50 Eighteenth Street, where they
have a complete equipment embracing all
the necessary machinery and appliances for
the manufactnre of dressed flooring, weather
boarding, sash, frames, mouldings, etc., and
in addition to which they are also largely engaged in the manufaure of boxes of every
description. They give eniployment to a, force
ranging from sixty-five to seventy-five men,
and in addition to dealing in their own produtions, they carry a large and complete
stock embracing all kinds and dimensions of
pine, hemlock and hard-wood lumber, for the
storage of which they have large yards, one
of which is 3I2XI20 feet, another 39XI20
feet, and another 92XI20 feet in dimensions. Their stock is at all times large and completely assorted, including in addition to staple
sizes, extra lengths and thicknesses, and a full supply
of laths and shingles. A specialty of the manufacture of this firm is finished hard wood, with which
they have supplied many of the finest residences of
Pittsburgh and vicinity, and they are now furnishing
hard wood finish for the handsome Painter residence
on Irwin avenue near Lincoln avenue in Allegheny,
which will be one of the finest and most elaborately
constructed dwellings in the two cities. The
management of this cormpany is in the hands of
gentlemen of praltical experience in the business,
and of high reputation in the community, and its
affairs are so condu6ted as to commend it to the
favor and confidence of all with whom it has dealings, and to steadily increase the prosp-rity of the
company from year to year.
Frank J. Guckert.-Contractor and Manufacturer of Bank, Office, Store and Church Fixtures,
Etc.; Office and Factory, 68 and 70 Seventh Avenue,
Corner of Fountain Street.-The estab'ishment now
coriduted by Mr. Frank J. Guckert bears a deservedly prominent place among the higher and more
artistic of the manufactories of Pittsburgh, which
utilize lumber as their raw material. The business
was established in I849 by Valentine Guckert 
Brother, who were succeeded in I878 by Messrs.
William, Anthony and Frank J. Guckert, who conduted it under the style of William Guckert  Co.,
and on January I, I888, Mr. Frank J. Guckert became the sole proprietor of the business. The
former location of the business was at thoe corner
of Cherry and Strawberry alleys, but these premises
were destroyed by fire, the greater part of the
machinery being also ruined in the conflagration,
and Mr. Guckert at his new location at 68 and 70
Seventh avenue has equipped hiinself with all thle
latest and most highly improved machinery and
appliances adapted to his business, and has one of the
most completely and thorouglr' - outfitted establishments in his line in the State. ~He gives employment to a large force of expert workmen, and carefully supervising every detail of the manufacture is
enabled to turn out work of the highestmerit, doing
a large business not only in Plttsburgh, but at many
points within 300 miles of the city as a contra6tor
for and manufacturer of bank, office, store and
church fixtures, bar counters, sideboards, refrigerators, doors, wainscotting, ceilings and hardwood
work of every description, as well as metals, cabinets and furniture of special designs. Mr. Guckert
is prepared to furnish drawings and estimates on
application for any description of work in his line,
and is also prepared to satisfactorily fill orders for
all kinds of wood turning, carving, scroll sawing
and moulding. He has constantly on hand a large
and well assorted stock of hardwood lum Der, carefully selected from the leading hardwood markets,
and enjoys facilities and connecions not surpassed
by any establishment in this line. Mr. Guckert is a
native of Allegheny County, and has been a resident of Pittsburgh since I878. He is a thoroughly
practical and experienced man in every department
of his business, which enjoys a steady increase as a
result of the uniformly prompt and satisfatory
manner in which all orders are filled, the excellence
of the produ6ts of the factory and the honorable and
reliable methods exercised by Mr. Guckert in the
prosecution of every detail of the business.
D. L. Gillespie  Co.-Wholesale Lumber
and Railroad Ties; Office, 706 Penn Building, 708
Penn Avenue.-This business was established in
I88r by Mr. W. H. Thompson,who was afterward
joined by Mr. D. L. Gillespie, and on May 7, I888,
Mr. Gillespie purchased the interest of Mr. Thompson, changing the style of the firm to its present
name. Mr. Gilhespie maintains the most favorable
relations with the leading manufa6turers of lumber
and railroad ties in the principal centers of production, and is enab)led to offer special inducements in
quality and price to railroad companies and the
trade. He does a large business throughout this
region, and also a specially heavy trade in shipments
to New York and Philadelphia, handling lumber in
car load lots.  He handles from Io,ooo,ooo to I2,ooo,ooo feet of lumber annually, and his thorough
and pra6tical knowledge of every detail of the,
business and his wide acquaintance with the
trade give him every facility for the prosecution
of the business, and he is at all times atively engaged in filling large orders. He is a native of
Pittssburgh, and has been for a number of years
prominent in conneftion with important business
interests in the- city. He has lately engaged the
services of Messrs. D. A. Crum and W. A. Hetzel,
who have been in the business for fifteen years, and
whose ability as salesmen and lumber experts are
unquestioned.
William  B. Orr  Co.-Wholesale LLumber;
Room 6L3, Hamilton Builditl, 9I Fifth Avenue.This firm, of which Messrs. William B. Orr, Charles
B. Orr, J. F. Robinson and D. A. Orr are the individual members, inaugurated their present business as
wholesale lumber dealers in I887. They have
already built up an extensive trade with retail lumber dealers throughout Pennsylvania and Ohio,
~11;.    n1n  1vo1,,S %evA1;v
selling only in car load lots, and handling
the best quality of lumber. They deal. in all
kinds of lumber, a specialty, however, bDeing
made of pine and hemlock, shingles, lath,
etc. The transactions of this firm are characterized by fairness and reliability, and its
affairs are carefully and judiciously managed
by the gentlemen composing the firm, all of
whom are business men of long and practical
experience in this department of industry.
The establishment of this enterprise formed
an important addition to the wholesale lumber houses of Pittsburgh, and its future prosL
perity is fully assured.
William    Buddemeyer      Co.
Cabinet Work and Carving; First Avenue and
Short Street.-Mr. William Buddemeyer is a
pratical cabinet niaker, and prior to establishing this business ten years ago, worked at the
trade for other parties. Since embarking for
himself he has experienced a gratifying properity in his business, and now occupies the
third floor, 40X60 feet in dimensions, of the
three story building at the corner of First
avenue and Short street, where he has all the
latest and most improved appliances in the
way of machinery, and gives employment
to ten skilled workmen.  He does every:~L--') +;~^^   --hrl 1Ar+ T\ssv1-~r:Son- XT;1 ~T;Ce
desc iption of cabinet work and carving, including
mantel mirrors, cornices, book cases, sideboards, etc.,
and the first class quality of all the work turned out
at the establishment has secured for him a high
reputation and a trade covering the State of Pennsylvania. Mr. Buddemeyer, who is a native of Germany,
came to Pittsburgh in I866, and established this business in 1878. He is a reliable business man and a
respected citizen.
H. W. Ahlers  Co.-Lumber Dealers; 323
Ohio Street, Allegheny.-This firm, of which Messrs.
William A. and George H. Ahlers are the individual
niembers, was established in I885, and has since enjoyed a large and steadily increasing business, occupying offices and yards located at 323 Ohio street,
I80 Sandusky street and 200 Main street, and handling from 50,000 to 70,000 feet of lumber daily. They
give employment to a force of twenty men, and enjoy
the best facilities for the receipt, handling and shipment of lumber, shingles, lath, frames, doors, sash,
mouldings, etc., maintaining the most favorable
relations with the leading manufa6turers, whereby
they are enabled to furnish the best qualities of
goods in their line, making a specialty of hemlock
and yellow pine. They carry the largest and best
assorted stock of lumber in Western Pennsylvania,
and their business has steadily increased from its
inceptioil to the present time, as a consequence of
the merit of their goods, and the care and attention
paid by the members of the firm to every detail of
the business. Both of the members are natives of
Allegheny and gentlemen of superior business
attainments, who enjoy the favor of the trade and
the public as Ieputable and representative business
men.
James B. Hill.-Lumber Yard, Planing Mill
and Sash and Door Fatory; Penn Avenue and
Twenty-Sixth Street.-The establishment condu6tedby Mr. Hill is the oldest one in its lil~e west of the
Allegheny Mountains. Mr. Hill established in business in I848, and ever since I852 has remained at the
same corner, having removed to that place in the
last mentioned year from the site of the present
Union Depot, where he had located after removing
from his original establishment at the corner of
Ross street and Fifth avenue. The preriises now
occupied embrace a planing mill, two stories high
and I30 feet square, and lumber yards covering three
acres, and located at the foot of Thirty-First street.
At his yards he carries a large and completely
assorted stock, embracing every description of rough
lumber and dressed building materials,
-and at his planing mill he turns out all
kinds of dressed and finished lumber,
flooring, siding, sash, doors, etc. His mill
is completely equipped with every description of wood working machinery,
embracing the latest inventions in that
department of industry, and the produt
of the establishment is of the highest
quality, and consequently in large demand
by builders and contraors throughout
the surrounding country. Mr. James B.
Hill has been a resident of Pittsburgh
for sixty-two years.  He is a pratical
carpenter, having learned the trade here
in I837, working at the old court house
that was destroyed May 7, I882. Hislong
residence in this city, and his retentive
memory, makes him an authority on all
old time reminiscences. He saw the first
canal-boat that entered Pittsburgh in early
days, and introduced the first iron surface
planer west of the Allegheny Mountains.
Throughout his long business career his
transa6tions have ever been marked by
uniformly accurate methods and stri6i
integrity of dealing, and he has consequently earned the good will of the trade
and the community, and is justly regarded as a reputable and representative citizen and business man.
W. C. Hagan  Co.-Wholesale Lumber;
Doors, Sash and Blinds; Offices, 706, 707 and 708
Hamilton Building, 9I and 93 Fifth Avenue.-Although yet quite a young man. Mr. Hagan has had a
number of years experience in the wholesale lumber
business, k-aving established his present enterprise
in I882, and since that time built up a large and
constantly increasing trade, as a result of his intelligent and energetic efforts. Prior to engaging in
this business he was in the employ of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Mr. Hagan has surrounded himself with the most superior facilities
for the procurement of lumber of the best grades,
and he deals largely in Southern yellow pine and
cypress, white pine, oak and hemlock, as well as in
manufa6tured lumber produts, such as sash, doors
and blinds. He has a large trade with railr ad
companies, and supplies the Pennsylvania Company
and the Pennsylvania Railroad with white oak,
white pine, etc., for their roads and car shops, and
he has a trade extending all over the United States,
shipping direc from mills and manufatories exclusively to- dealers and planing mills. He ships
yellow pine-and cypress from Georgia, Alabama and
Mississi-pi, doors, sash, etc., from fa6tories in the
Northwest, and white pine, oak and hemlock from
points in Michigan, Ohio and Pennsvlvania, dealing
in carload lots, and maintaining the most favorable
relations with nianufac'turers, which enable him to
offer the best quality of all kinds of lumber and to
quote the lowest prices. Mr. Hagan is also the proprietor of the Duquesne Lumber Company and is
also otherwise lar-ely interested in the lumber
business in Pennsylvania, and does a large trade in
lumber shipments with all points between Chicago
and Boston. His business is so large that in order
to accommodate its increased proportions he has
established a branch office at I I North Juniper street,
Philadelphia. He is also interested in several retail
lumber houses in the city. His enterprise and industry have secured for him a deserved recognition as a
leader in the lumber business, and as one of the
most successful young business men of Pittsburgh.
Kramer  Red man.-Manufacturers of Fine
Cabinet Work, Doors, Wainscoting, Etc.; 95-I05
North Avenue, Allegheny.-Messrs. W. A. Kramer
and James R. Redman, composing this firm, established in business four years ago, and have since
attended to its details in a manner which has
secured for them a large trade and a deserved popularity throughout the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio
and West Virginia. They occupy a two-story building, 60X Ioo feet in dimensions, completely equipped
with all the latest and most highly improved wood
working machinery, and give employment to a force
of sixty hands, some of whom are among the most
expert wood carvers in the country, and do an extensive business in the manufacture of hard wood
mantels, doors, wainscoting, ceilings, bank and office
fixtures and all kinds of fine cabinet work. They
have every convenience and facility for the efficient
prosecution of their business, and in addition to
their manufacturing premises, they have a yard for
the storage of their lumber and do their own drying,
and by a careful selection of material are enabled to
secure the best results in every instance. The excellence of the work turned out by this firm has
secured them a business which is especially large in
Pittsburgh and Allegheny, in which cities they have
furnished some of the finest and most expensive
mantels and sideboards for many of the most prominent residences and buildings. They put in all the
hardwood work in the Young ladies' Wesleyan
Academy. This work is massive and handsome and
is one of the finest specimens of work in the country. They are also largely engaged in bank and
office work, and put in the office fixtures of the
Pittsburgh Bank for Savings and remodeled the
Cashier's and Directors' offices in the Iron City
Bank and many other offices in this section of the
country. Both of the members of the firm are
natives of Allegheny and thoroughly practical and
experienced men in this business, who carefully
supervise every detail of the operations of their
factory in a manner calculated to maintain for them
the superior reputation which they have earned by
the excellence of their produ,t.
FURNITURU, CARPETS, ETC.
THE MANUFACTURE OF FURNITURE  AND CHAIRS
AND KINDRED TRADES.
While Pittsburgh and Allegheny pretend to no
special prominence in the furniture and carpet trades,
yet is true that in these lines the two cities are fortunate in the possession of a number of houses
which fully meet, the requirements of the trade in
Western Pennsylvania, at wholesale and retail.
The furniture trade in Pittsburgh may be said to
include, in addition to the general furniture business, a large number of specialties, including the
manufaure and sale of house furniture, chairs,
show cases and all the various branches of the
trade. The praffice of selling goods on installments, by which many families who would otherwise be unable to purchase a desirable furniture
outfit are aided to do so, is carried on by several
houses in the two cities.
In the following notices the leading
houses in these various lines are more
particularly mentioned.
Duquesne Furniture Company. -G. W. Fishering, President; C.
F. Scherzinger, Secretary; H. Fishering,
Treasurer; Manufacturers of Furniture,
Spring Beds, Wire Mattresses, etc.; Nos.
g and II Penn Avenue.-An important
acquisition to the industrial enterprises
of Pittsburgh is the Duquesne Furniture
Company, which was organized and duly
incorporated under the laws of the State
of Pennsylvania in April, I887, with a
capital stock of $I5,000. The premises
occupied for manufa6turing, sales and
storage purposes comprise a three-story
brick struure, 33XI50 feet in dimensions, with an L., fitted up with the most
approved designs of special machinery
for the manufacAure of furniture of all
descriptions, spring beds, wire mattresses, etc. An average force of fifty skilled
and experienced workmen is employed
in the manufacuring departments, and
the annual producs will closely approximate $50,000 in value. This company enjoys a large and lucrative cityvtrade and the demand
for their specialties extends to all parts of the Union.
Mr. G. W. Fishering, the President of the company,
a son of one of Allegheny's most prominent and
well-known citizens, is a young man possessing
business qualifications of a high order and finds atsiderable delay caused by the difficulties of gathering
sufficient wagons for transportation, Braddock sent
forward 500 men to Little Meadow to open a wagon
road and store provisions.  Sir Peter Hal-ket followed with the first division of the army, the
General following with the second division, the remainder of the army, under Colonel Dunbar, being
left to follow by slower marches. About the 30th
of June the army forded the Youghiogheny at
Stewart's Crossing, about half a mile below the site
of Connellsville, and a council of war was then held,
at which it was determined not to wait for Dunbar,
but to advance with the forces already on the
ground; and the march was taken to the head waters
of Turtle Creek and down the stream to near its
mouth, from which point, in order to escape the
hills, a detour was made, the army reaching the
Monongahela a little below the mouth of the
Youghiogheny on the morning of the gth of July.
Crossing the river, the army moved down the
west side to a point opposite the mouth of Turtle
Creek, where the river was again crossed, and at
-one o'clock the last of the troops reached the eastern
bank of the river. Contrecceur, in command of
Fort Duquesne, had been kept informed of the
movements of the English army, and on the morning of the gth, Captain Beaujeu, with Captains Dumas
and DeLXignery, four lieutenants, six ensigns and
two cadets, 230 French and Canadians and a force of
Indians variously estimated from one to six hundred, started out with the intention of intercepting
Braddock at the lower ford.
They were too late to accomplish this, but shortly after the
English troops had crossed the
Monongahela, the French, who
had disposed of their command
in ravines, where they were
entirely concealed from view,
awaited the approach of the
English. When the latter came
within range an assault was
made on their front, the fire
being returned by the English
with such promptness that the
Indians wavered, and the
French commander, while endeavoring to rally them, was
killed. Captain Dumas then
assumed command, and attacked the English front, while
the Indians assaulted the enemy on the flank. The vanguard was thrown back upon
the miain body of the army,
and the continuous assault
from the unseen enemy demorolized the troops; and although
the officers showed great bravery and the Virginian troops
fought valiantly, a panic siezed
the regulars, who ran--and refused to be rallied. During
the engagenient General Braddock displayed
great bravery, and it is said struck with his
sword several soldiers, whom he accused of cowardice, and it is still a matter of dispute whether
the ball which soon after mortally wounded the
General, came from the French, or from one of his
own men. The fighting had lasted two hours, and
of the English officers, out of eighty-six, twenty-six
had been killed, among whom was Sir Peter Halket,
and thirty-seven wounded, including Colonel Gage
and the field officers. After Braddock was wounded
he was carried across the river, and the flight to
Dunbar's camp on the Chestnut Ridge was continued. This was reached on the IIth, and on the
following day the artillery stores and heavy baggage
were destroyed, and a retreat to Philadelphia, where
General Dunbar, who had assumed command, had
decided to retire for the winter, was begun. On the
I3th General Braddock died and was buried near the
Great Meadows, where his grave may still be seen.
The place where this disastrous engagement, known
as the Battle of Braddock's Field, occurred, is that
now occupied by the borough of Braddock, a thriving community, and the center of a number of
important industries.
Following this unfortunate engagement, the
frontiers of Pennsylvania and Virginia were harassed by the French and the Indians and many
settlements destroyed, and although a number of
forts were built to protet the settlements, no
further attempts were made to regain what had
been lost in this region until I758. In the period
intervening William Pitt had become Prime Minister
of England, and under his administration vigorous
measures were taken to recover from the damage
previously sustained, and to begin an aggressive
warfare upon the French in America. General
Forbes was placed in command of a force of 7,850
men, which was to operate west of the mountains.
The troops, in addition to the regulars, consisted of
Royal Americans under command of Colonel Bouquet, Virginians under Colonel Washington, Pennsylvanians and South Carolinians. Washington's
advice to Forbes was to take the Braddock road to
Fort Duquesne, as it was already opened, but the
Pennsylvanians advised the opening of communication with the Forks through their own territory.
This difference of opinion was doubtless caused by
the jealousy existing between the two colonies as to
their respective claims to the Monongahela region.
General Forbes decided to cut the new road, and
Colonel Bouquet was ordered with a force of 2,500
men to go in advance and cut the road; and although
W,ashington's advice had been disregarded, he was,
at his own request, given an advanced position in
making the road. In Otober he was given the rank
of Brigadier and joined the advance corps at Loyalhanna. While the road was being cut through what
is now Westmoreland County, Major Grant, with a
force of 400 men, was ordered to reconnoitre, General
Forbes and the main army following by slower
marches over the new road. On the night of September I3, I758, at about eleven o'clock, Major Grant
with his force arrived on the hill near the Fort,
which has ever since been known as Grant's Hill,
and on t-he morning of the I4th he determined to - attack the fort. This movement was afterward spoken
of by General WVashington as " an ill-conceived or
ill-executed plan, perhaps both," and one in which
Major Grant exceeded his orders. His attempt to
take the fort resulted in disaster, the French and
Indians attacking his troops in great numbers, and
the engagement resulting in a loss to the English
of 270 killed, forty-two wounded and several, including Major Grant, taken prisoners. De Lignery,
the commander of the French troops, acted with
great cruelty, giving up five of the prisoners captured
to the Indians to be burned at the stake, while the
scalped heads of those who had fallen were impaled
on stakes on the race course near the fort. When
General Forbes arrived at Turtle Creek, near the
scene of Braddock's defeat, it was determined to
immediately march to Fort Duquesne; but the
French, hearing of the strength of the forces, and
wisely concluding that it would be no longer possible
to defend it, fired the magazines, blew up the fort
and destroyed the buildings around it (about thirty
in number), and with the large force of Indians of
various tribes withdrew, some of the French going
down the Ohio to the Illinois' country, others to
Presqu' Isle, and the commander, with the remainder,
to the fort at the mouth of French Creek. The
following day the English arrived, the British flag
was raised over the ruins of the fort and the place
was given by General Forbes the name, now known
to all the world, of " Pittsburgh." The lateness of
the season prevented the beginning of any permanent fortification, and the army was employed in
puttilig up a temporary fort, which was built near
the ruins of Fort Duquesne and close to the bank
of the Monongahela; and when this temporary
shelter was completed, Colonel Hugh Mercier was
placed in command with a force of 200 men to hold
the place until such time as a permanent fort could
be begun. General Forbes, with. the remainder of
the army, retired to Philadelphia, and afterward he
was succeeded in his command by General John
Stanwix. In the following summer the French prepared to make a descent upon the place, and Colonel
Mercier reporting this fact to headquarters, artillery
and provisions were sent to him; but the capture of
Fort Niagara, which had occurred in the meantime,
averted the expected attack. It was determined,
however, to continue with the original plan and to
build a permanent fort, and General Stanwix himself came to Pittsburgh and supervised the erection
of Fort Pitt, a struture affording accommodation
for I,ooo men, ereRed at a cost to the British
Government of -60,ooo, and considered remarkably
strong and extensive for those days. The building
of this fort inspired the colonists with confidence,
and settlers, most of whom were traders, began to
arrive at Pittsburgh. General Stanwix remained in
command until I760o when Major Tulikens was left
in charge with about 700 men, including I50 Virginians, I50 Pennsylvanians and 400 of the first
batallion of Royal Americans, the latter in charge of
Colonel Bouquet. In I76I an enumeration was made,
in which the number of houses
in the little town was found to
be I04, and the number of inhabitants was stated to be 233
civilians and ninety-nine officers, soldiers and their families
residing in the town, making
the entire number of inhabitants outside of the fort 332.
INDIAN TROUBLIES.
The French claim to the
country between the Allegheny
Mountains and the Mississippi
River had been extinguished
by the arbitrament of arms, the
success of the English at Fort
Niagara, which was taken August 5, I759, being followed by
the capture of Quebec on the
I4th of the following September, and by the capitulation
of Montreal, September 8, I760.
The defeat and final expulsion
of the French did not, however, remove all the impediments to the settlement of the
country around the Forks, and
there still remained the dispute
between Pennsylvania and Virginia as to the ownership of
the country, and the still more serious problem
afforded by the claims of the Indians.  Following
the capture of Fort Duquesne many conferences
were held with the different tribes.  The professions made of a desire on the part of the English for
amity were neutralized by the constant accession of
new settlers, who came over the mountains and took
possession of lands at various points along the Ohio,
Allegheny and Monongahela rivers.
At this period of local history Colonel Henry
Bouquet becamie an important figure. He was a
native of Rolle, Switzerland, where he was born in
I7I9. He became a soldier of fortune, serving in the
armies of the Dutch Republic and afterward of Sardinia, prior to entering the service of England.  In
I754 the corps, known as Royal Americans, consisting of four batallions, each containing I,ooo men,
was raised, this force being composed of Protestant
German and Swiss settlers in Pennsylvania and
Maryland, many of whom were unable to speak or
und-erstand the English language.  The corps was
in I756 placed under the command of Lword Loudoun,
and Colonel Bouquet, who arrived in the same year,
was placed in command of one of the batallions. In
the following year Bouquet with his command was
sent to South Carolina, returning in I758 to take
part in the expedition of the victorious Forbes
against Fort Duquesne.
The discontent of the Indians became daily more
marked, and was further inflamed by the arguments
of the agents of the French, who engaged in a systematic propaganda of suspicion, and encouraged
the Indians with the promise that they would bethe head of this progressive corporation ample opportunities for extending the scope of its usefulness  and  adding new  laurels to Pittsburgh's
reputation as a commercial and manufaturing
metropolis.
H. Miller  Brother.-Furniture; I3I2 Carson Street, South Side.-One of the oldest establishments in its line in the city is the furniture
house now conducted by H. Miller  Brother, but
which was originally established in I848 by Mr.
Samuel Miller. He was an enterprising and progressive merchant, and by closely attending to his
business and uniformly fair and honorable condut,
secured the favor and respect of the community and
added to his trade, which continued to grow from
year to year until his death in I879. He was succeeded in the business by his sons, Messrs. H. and
C. G. Miller, both of whom had been thoroughly
educated in every detail connected with this branch
of trade, and under their management, the growth
which began during their father's life-time has been
steadily augmented, and they now do a very large
business and carry a stock which is not surpassed
- -  1- -   -d    _  4  i       -
in the completeness of its assortment by
any in the city. They occupy a handsome
four-story building, 25XIIO feet in dimensions, where they carry in large supply a
most complete assortment of every description of fine, medium and common
furniture, and in addition to their business as dealers they also have a large
patronage as upholsterers, in which line
they do work not surpassed in quality or
workmanship by any turned out in this
city. The merit of their goods and the
propriety of their niethods have received
their reward in a deservedly increasing
prosperity.
R. F. Taylor.-Dealer in FurnTture
and Household Goods; 14 Wylie Avenue.
-Mr. Taylor established this business
July ISt, I887, and has already built up a
very large patronage in the city and adjoining country by reason of the careful
seleffion of his stock, and the uniformly
fair and liberal methods upon which he
conduts his business. He occupies premises eligibly located at I4NVylie avenue,
where he carries a large sLock and complete assortment of fine, medium and common furniture adapted to the means of all
classes of customers, and carries a full
line of household goods of every description, which he sells at the lowest prices.
Mr. Taylor is a thoroughly praffical and
experienced man in this branch of business, and is assisted in the prosecution of
the business by a force of skillful clerks
and assistants, and by the close and accurate attention paid by him to all orders,
the promptness with which they are filled,
and the fairness of all his dealings, he
has earned the favor and confidence of a
patronage which has steadily grown from
its inception to the present time.
Gaus  Loeffler, Manufacturers
of and Dealers in Parlor, Chamber, Dining Room and Office Furniture; I89
Ohio Street, Allegheny. - Messrs. Matthew Gaus
and Peter Loeffler, composing this firm, are
both thoroughly pratical and experienced men
in every detail of furniture manufacture, and
each of them had been for many years engaged in a
similar business in other connec"ions prior to I885,
in which year they established their present business. They occupy premises eligibly located at I89
Ohio street, completely equipped with every convenience and accessory for the successful prosecution of their business, and they give employment to
a force of skilled workmen. They manufa6ture and
deal in every description of parlor, chamber, dining
room and office furniture, and carry on hand at all
times a large and completely diversified stock, embracing every description of goods in the line, including, in addition to their own manufacture,
produions of many of the leading firms in the
country, and the stock is carefully assorted, and
their display offers a superior opportunity for judicious and satisfactory sele6tion. Both of the members
of the firm are of German nativity, but have been
in this country for about forty years, Mr. Gaus having arrived here in I848 and Mr. Loeffler in I849.
They are energetic and enterprising men, giving
close attention to all the details of the business, and
their honorable and reliable methods of dealing
have earned for them a first-class reputation and a
steady increase of business.
A. E. Wells   Co.-Manufaurers of and
Dealers in Bedding, Spring Beds, Carpets, Oil Cloth,
Curtains and Shades; Main Office, 402 Wood Street.
-Mr. A. B. Wells has been a prominent business
man of Pittsburgh for several years, and established
his present enterprise five years ago. He does an
extensive manufaturing, jobbing and retail bus iness
in carpets, oil cloths, curtains, shades, bedding and
spring beds, being the only house in the city conduing these three branches of trade at the same
time. His business is very large locally, and within
a radius of 200 miles on the different lines of railways.
The business occupies two four-story buildings at
402 Wood street and 94 Fourth avenue, a salesroom
on Fifth avenue, comprising one floor, 25xI00 feet,
and a large fatory at the corner of Grant street and
Seventh avenue. Employment is given to a large
force of workmen and salesmen, and every detail
of the business is under careful supervision. Mr.
Wells, in addition to this business, also runs a large
carpet cleaning mill, having exclusive use in this
city of a new process for cleaning carpets, which has
been a great success. His large trade has been built
up by close attention to business, low prices and
prompt shipments. He fully merits the prosperity
which has attended his business from its inception
to the present time.
M. Seibert  Co.-Pittsburgh Furniture
Manufactory; Office, Warehouse and Faory, Corner of Lacock and Hope Streets, Allegheny.-One of
the largest and most completely equipped of the
furniture manufaories of Pennsylvania is that condu6ted by the firm of M. Seibert  Co. The business was originally established in I850 in Pittsburgh
by C. Seibert  Co., the location being on Irwin
Street, and in I857 it was removed to Grant Street,
the firm continuing under its old style until I863,
when it became Stupy _ Seibert. Mr. Stupy retired from the firm in I865, and Messrs. J. and M.
Seibert continued the business until I868, when Mr.
Joseph Seibert retired, and the firm assumed its
present style, the membership now being made up
of Messrs. M. Seibert, Philip Eichenlaub, and N.
Seibert. In I880 the firm built its fa6tory in
Allegheny, and in I885, upon being burnt out in
Pittsburgh, the entire plant including office, warehouse and faory was removed to the corner of Lacock and Hope Streets, where a large and completely
adapted equipment for the manufa6ture of furniture,
and every facility and convenience for the production of superior goods upon a large scale, is possessed by the firm. Employment is given to a force
averaging I50 hands, in the manufature of bedsteads, bureaus and chamber suits, for which thisfirm has a recognized celebrity, and a trade covering
Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland, New
York and the East. All of the members of the firm
are thoroughly pratical and experienced in this
department of manufature, and the management of
the business is conduted upon pratical methods
by which the best results are secured. The business
has steadily grown from its inception to the present
time, and now justly takes rank as one of the leading
and most important of the manufa6turing establishments of the two cities.
Fred. Roller  Furniture  Company.-:__  A-+  -A                        TTh,+;  n tr -; +rr-*T
Fine Art and Domestic Furniture; II9,
Ohio Street, Allegheny.-This business
was established in I868 by Mr. Theophilus
Roller, who located at I50 Ohio street,
from whence removal was made in I882 to,
the location now occupied at II9 Ohio
street, and in I888 Mr. Fred. A. Roller, his
son, succeeded to the management of the
business, and mow conducs it with a thorough and accurate knowledge of its details, learned under the careful and experienced instrution of his father. They
occupy a handsome three-story building,
comprising one of the most completely
equipped and heavily stocked furniture
establishments in the city, and they also
have a three-story warehouse, where they
carry large surplus stocks of furniture.
The stock is large and completely diversified, embracing every description and all
classes of furniture, a specialty being
made of fine art furniture, in which they
enioy a large trade with the most prominent citizens of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, their careful selehtion of the finest
produts of the leading manufaurers,
making their establishment the recognized headquarters for the finest goods.
in parlor, library and chamber suits, book
cases, secretaries, hat racks, center and
extension tables, bed lounges, etc., of
which goods they keep constantly on
hand a large stock in a variety of standard
makes, as well as a large number of unique
and novel designs. The business has
steadily increased from its inception to
the present time and is still growing, as
a consequence of the merit of the stock
and the uniformly fair and liberal methods
upon which every detail of the business
is conduted.
G. Espy   Brother.-Dealers in
Parlor and Chamber Furniture; I709 Carson Street, South Side.-This is one of
the oldest and most popular houses on
the South Side, and was established in
-a/r-t C  11 A1 - 11   V  C,: l;  tl
I850 by Mr. Charles Espy, who was succeeded in
I878 by his son, Mr. C. W. Espy, who was joined in
I884 by Mr. G. Espy, when the firm assumed its.
present style. The premises occupied for business
purposes embrace a three-story building, 25X75 feet
in dimensions, and here they carry a large stock.and
complete assortment of fine, medium and common
furniture for parlor, chamber, kitchen and dining
room use. The stock is carefully seleted and at all
times contains the produts of the leading manufaurers, and includes all the newest and most novel
designs, and the firm enjoys a large and prosperous
trade which it has earned by the uniformly fair and
liberal methods upon which its affairs are conducRed.
Both the members of the firm are enterprising and
progressive merchants, who closely attend to every
detail of their business and are at all times prompt.
and reliable.
John  Kenworthy.-Burniture and CarpetWarerooms; 2726 Penn Avenue.-An old established
and popular emiporium is that now conduted by
Mr. Kenworthy and which he established in I868.
The business occupies a two-story and basement
building owned by Mr. Kenworthy, 25xI00 feet in,dimiensions, completely stocked throughout with a
large assortment of everything in the line of parlor,
chamber and dining room furniture, ingrain, tapestry,
body Brussels, moquette, Wilton and velvet carpets,
oil cloths, rugs etc., extension tables, side boards,
willow rockers, and everything pertaining to the
line in fine, medium and common grades. A specialty is made of the finer classes of furniture, superior
upholstery goods, and the establishment has a deserved prominence among the leading ones in its
line in the city, and enjoys a trade which is not only
large locally, but extends to all points within a radius
of Ioo miles in every dire6tion. Mr. Kenworthy was
born in England, from whence he came in I863 to
the United States, coming diret to Pittsburgh, where
he learned the trade of machinist. His father was
a pracical cabinet maker, and he also learned this
trade with him. He commenced his career with no
tcapital save a good charater and habits of industry,
and has built up his present success by his own perseverance and energy. He owns a considerable
amount of property and is identified with numerous
iinportant enterprises. Until January, I888, he was
President of the New Brighton Glass Co., and he is
at present Treasurer of the firm of S. Trethewey 
Co., Limited, manufa6turers of rolling mill tools.
Meyer, Arnold  Co., Limited.--Furniture; 828 liberty  A-venue.-This businsss was
established in I879 by Messrs. A. Meyer, L. Vilsack,
H. Arnold, B. Frauenheim and A. Frauenheim, all
of whom are still connected with the business ex-cept Mr. Meyer, who is deceased. The business was
started on Fourth avenue, and was removed in I883
to Diamond street and to the present stand in I886,
where they occupy a three-story building, 20XI55
feet in dimensions. Here they carry a very large
-stock of general furniture, including bed-room and
parlor suits, chairs, lounges, and everything in the
line of furniture, all made of the best material and
of first-class worknlanship and finish. The firm
are assisted by six competent clerks and a large and
steadily increasing city trade is enjoyed, the house
being a favorite on account of the superior quality
of the stock carried, and the fair and equitable principles upon which the firm conducts its business.
In addition to his connection with this business,
Mr. Vilsack is one of the proprietors of the Iron
City Brewery, one of the largest breweries in the
city, and Mr. Arnold is the manager of the furniture
business. Mr. E]. Frauenheim, the President, is also
a partner in the Iron City Brewery.
William Moyle. -Twin City Installment
House; Furniture, Carpets, Etc.; 66 Federal Street,
Allegheny. -Mr. Moyle is a thorough business man
who has earned a deserved success by close attention
to every detail of his business, and by the uniformly
fair and liberal methods of his dealings with the
public. He is a native of Cornwall, England, from
whence he came to this country when seventeen
years of age, first engaging in the iron business as
an employe, and afterwards starting in this business,
which he began in I870 in Sharpsburg, afterwards
removing to Pittsburgh for a short time, and finally
locating in Allegheny at his present quarters. He
carries a large and completely diversified stock, embracing every description of furniture, all kinds of
carpets, complete lines of stoves and every variety
of house furnishing goods, which he is prepared to
sell on easy payments or for cash. To many excellent people the furnishing of a house is a serious
problem, especially to those who are just starting in
luarried life, or whose means are limited. For such
people the popular plan of buying good furniture on
weekly or monthly payments ofEers a means for obtaining domestic comfort, convenience and elegance
in a degree which would be otherwise impraAticable.
The establishment of Mr. Moyle offers every inducement to those who wish to buy goods upon this plan
~and by selling first-class goods at low prices, and
uniform reliability in his dealings, he has earned a
-steady increase in the volume of his business from
year to year.
CharIes D. WNeigold.--Dealer in Furniture,
Bedding and House-Furnishing Goods; 3I3 Market
Street.--One of the oldest furniturehouses in Pittsburgh is that now conducRed by Mr. C:harles D.
Weigold, and which was founded in I850 by Mr.
John Mars. He was succeeded by Keech  Reno,
who were followed by Mr. A. Goff, and in I884 Mr.
Charles D. Weigold became the proprietor. The
original location of the business was at 59 Fourth
Avenue, but removal was made in iFebruary, I888, to
-the premises now occupied, consisting of a threestory building, 25X200 feet in dimensions, where
he carries on a retail and wholesale business. Mr.
Weigold keeps constantly on hand a very large and
completely assorted stock of furniture of all kinds,
carpets, bedding and every description of house
furnishing goods, which he sells for cash, or on
weekly or monthly installments. He has a large
patronage from the residents of Pittsburgh and the
surrounding county, with whom his dealings are
always of the most satisfatory nature. He is a
native of Pittsburgh and an enterprising and energetic business inan.
S. Delp.-Dealer in Barbers' Supplies,Billiard
and Pool Tables, EDtc.; 502, 504, 506, 508 and 5I0
Liberty Street. - Mr. Delp has conduted  his present
business as a dealer in barbers' supplies, etc. ever
since I867, and has built it up from comparatively
modest beginnings to its present vast proportions.
The original location was at 3 Diamond street, from
which removal was made three years ago to the
prenlises now occupied at 502-5Io Liberty street,
consisting of a commodious four-story and basement structure, 80X80 feet in dimensions, the entire
building being utilized in the business. He is agent
for the R. Rothschild's Sons Co., of Cincinnati, O.,
the largest manufaturers of saloon fixtures in the
world, and carries a very large and complete stock
of billiard and pool tables of every description, and
all kinds of barbers' supplies, including chairs,
tables, stands, mirrors, shelves, etc., also office and
saloon furniture and bar fixtures of all descriptions,
his trade covering the entire Union. Employment
is given in the house to a force of twenty hands, and
everydepartment of the business is under careful
and close supervision. The enterprise is a representative one, and the great success which has attended its career has resulted alike from the high
class of the stock carried and the judicious management of Mr. Delp. Mr. Delp is a prominent business
man of Pittsburg l and Allegheny, and is largely
interested in other enterprises, in addition to this
business. He has a furniture store at Allegheny,
and owns two hotels in Pittsburgh; the Hamilton,
on Penn avenue, and the Albermarle on Sixth street.
He is a native of Germany, but has resided here for
the past twenty-five years.
Delp  Bell.-Furniture; I3 and I5 Federal
Street, Allegheny.-Among the finest displays of
furniture made by the leading dealers in the two
cities, none is more attrative than that shown in
the handsomely equipped establishment of Delp 
Bell, on Federal street in Allegheny. The business
was established in I883 by Mr. S. Delp, who carried
it on alone until March I, I888, when he was joined
in the business by Mr. John A. Bell, forming the
present firm. The premises occupied embrace two
stories and the basement of a three-story building,
50XII0 feet in dimensions, and a large and complete
stock is carried, embracing every description of
fine and medium furniture, and containing many of
the hlandsomest designs and most superior goods in
parlor, chamber, dining-room and hall furniture.
A full force of clerks and assistants is employed,
and a large trade is enjoyed throughout Pittsburgh,
Allegheny and the surrounding towns. Mr. Sebastian Delp, the senior of the firm, is a native of Germany, but came to the United States twenty-five
years ago, settling in Pittsburgh. He is prominent
in many ways, condufting a large billiard and pool
table business at 502-5I0 Iiberty street, Pittsburgh,
mentioned in another place in this book, and is also
conne6ted with the large barbers' supply business
of A. Edlis  Co. at 502 Liberty street. Mr. John
A. Bell, his associate in the business, is a native and
resident of Emsworth, Pa., and he has had a long
and praftical experience in this business, and was
conneted with it as manager for Mr. Delp prior to
being omitted to partnership. The business is carefully and honorably condu6ted, and its success has
been earned by the merit of the goods, the fairness
of the prices, and the earnest endeavors of the firm
to secure the uniform satisfaction of its customers.
Pittsburgh Auction and Credit Company.-J. K. Shanahan, Manager; Dealers in Furniture, Carpets and Every Description of House
Furnishing Goods; Office and Salesroom, 93 Third
Avenue.-This important audtion establishment was
founded in April of the year I888 by Mr. J. K.
Shanahan as Manager, and is the only aufion house
in the city which sells goods at auftion both for cash
and on installments.  Goods are received by the
company from Eastern and Western houses on consignment and sold at auffion, and in this way niany
superior bargains can be procured in every descriptioii of furniture, carpets, bedding, stoves, rugs, lace
curtains, window shades, hanging lamps, clocks, and
all kinds of house furnishing goods. The business
occupies a three-story brick building, 20XIoo feet
in dimensions, and in addition to his auction business Mr. Shanahan also receives goods for storage.
Although of recent establishment the company has
already built up a large and flourishing business,
and under the careful and efficient management of
Mr. Shanahan, who is a native of this city, the trade
of the house will undoubtedly continue to increase
from year to year.
SHIW CASUS.
Pittsburgh Show Case Company.Manufaturers of All Styles of German Silver and
Walnut Show Cases, Metal Sash Bars for Store Fronts,
Etc.; Second National Bank Building, 54 Ninth
Street.-This is the only establishment in Pittsburgh
engaged in the exclusive manufature of show cases,
and its produts have a widespread reputation all
over this section of the country, and compare favorably with the produs of any other similar house in
the Union. The fatory is located at 3I, 33 and 35
Vickroy street, and is a three-story and basement
building, 63xrI2 feet in dimensions. Here employment is given to a force of about twenty-five hands
in the manufacture of German silver and walnut
show cases, in various styles from the very best
materials, the glass being of the finest imported
makes, and the German silver of the best quality.
The company manufa6tures all its woodwork, having
the most complete machinery and largest works for
the exclusive manufature of show case frames and
doors in the country, and is thus enabled to guarantee
all its work. The styles of cases made embrace
mansard, combination, exhibition, pentagonal, upright, sample, perfume combination, monitor and a
vast variety of other cases, including those for outdoor displays, also metal sash bar, for store fronts,
and cigar cases and aquariums of any size or style
are made to order, as well as all kinds of odd shaped
show cases. From eighty-five to one hundred cases
are turned out per week, ranging in size from three
to ten feet. TIhe office and warerooms of the company occupy the main floor, 30x6s feet, at 54 Ninth
street. Mr. T. McNulty, the proprietor of the business, founded it in I877. He was born in Ohio, where
he was engaged first in the decorative paper hanging
business, and afterwards in the show case business,
representing a (:leveland house here from I870 Up to
the time of the establishment of his present business.
He is thoroughly informed in regard to every branch
of this' important industry, and personally supervises
all the operations of his fadtory with great care and
attention.
CHAIRS.
RomYnbach  D ietz. -Manufacturers of Wood
Seat C:hairs and Rockers; 253 and 255 Madison
Avenue, Allegheny. -This business was established
in 1883 by Messrs. Otto Rombach and George Dietz.
Prior to that time Mr. Rombach had been engaged
as a chair painter and Mr. Dietz as a chair maker,
both being practical workmen, in addition to possessing business qualifications of a high order.
They pursued their industry with steadily increasing success until July, I888, when the premises they
occupied were destroyed by fire. They immediately
commenced to rebuild, and erected the present factory on the site of the former one, now occupyinga well equipped brick stru6ture, 50 x 50 feet in
dimensions, outfitted with every convenience and
facility calculated to aid or expedite the operations
of the business, and here they give employment to
a force of thirteen hands in the manufacture of all
kinds of wood-seat chairs and rockers, in addition
to which they also do a large business as dealers in
cane and perforated seat chairs. They command a
prosperous and well established trade in Pittsburgh
and Allegheny, supplying with few exceptions the
dealt-rs in these two cities. The operations of the
business are carefully supervised by the members of
the firm, whose practical skill and knowledge is
combined with a high order of business integrity,
which has received its due reward in a prosperous
business career.
Tidioute Chair Company, Limited.John Hunter, President; H. M. Clarke, Secretary,
Treasurer and General Manager; Faories, Tidioute,
Pa.; Pittsburgh WVarehouse, 98 First Avenue and 80
Water Street; William Botimer, Pittsburgh Manager.-The manufacturing premises of this concern
are located at Tidioute, Pa., and include a four-story
main fatory building, 60X2C0 feet, a three-story
finishing building, 40XIoo feet and a four-story warehouse 40XIOO feet, besides numerous other buildings
and sheds for storage. In addition to these premises,
the company owns 3,ooo acres of well timbered land
with turn stock and saw mills, thus enabling them
to secure the choicest of stock for the manufaure
of their chairs, keeping a year's stock of lumber and
turn stock constantly on hand, giving the double
advantage of first air drying before kiln drying their
stock. The company commenced the Ilianufacqure
of chairs in I88I and in the years which have since
elapsed has built up a large demand for its chairs in
all parts of the Union, a staff of competent traveling
salesmen representing the company in all the leading centers of trade. The mills and faAories are
completely equipped with modern and improved
machinery, and give employment to a force of Ioo
skilled workmen, in addition to turners, mill men
and cane seaters, and from I,OOO to I,200 chairs are
produced daily, including every variety of common,
perforated, wood seat, cane seat, dining, bent seat
and back, double cane, rocking and elastic chairs.
The bent stock produced by the company is oak
only, and their wood seats are whole seats, and one
of the principal reasons for the great favor which the
chairs made by the company have earned is-the fadt
of the superior quality of the material used. The
business of the company is entirely confined to
chairs, rockers and settees, and these are manufactured under every advantage as to materials and
workmanship. It is four years since Mr. Clarke assumed the management, and during this time the
volume of the business has been largely increased,
and the company has acquired a front rank among
the manufaturers of chairs, both in the quality and
workmanship of their produts. They manufature
over two hundred styles, with a full line of antique
oak, cane seated and handsome styles of staple chairs
of all kinds and varieties. The branch warehouse at
Pittsburgh occupies a three-story building, 40XI60
feet in dimensions, extending from First avenue to
WVater street, and this branch is under the efficient
care of Mr. William Botimer, whose thorough knowledge of the business and close attention to its details
have secured for the company a large increase in the
volume of its trade during the two years wh-ich have
elapsed since the establishment of the Pittsburgh
house.
M ari etta C hai r Co m pany.  John Mills, President and Treasurer;J. H. Grafton, Superintendeilt; J.
J. Garry, Secretary; J. M. Fuller) Manager of Pittsburgh branch, IOI8 and I020 Penn Avenue. - This company,which was incorporated in I856 under the laws of
the State of Ohio, has its headquarters at Marietta,
Ohio,where its works are located, the plant covering
several acres, and giving employment to a force aggregating 300 people. T-he establishment has long been
noted both for the extent of its productionz and the
superior quality of the goods turned out at the establishm~ent, and as a consequence of this excellence
the demand for the cane and wood seat chairs, parlor tables and stands manufacrured by the company
reaches to all parts of the United States, and also includes a large export trade to Europe, Australia and
South America. Fromt the Pittsburgh branch offices
a large trade is done throughout Western Pennsylvania, the premises occupying a three-story building, 50XI50 feet in dimensions, where a heavy and
complete stock of all the produc'tions of the company
is carried. Mr. Fuller, who has the management of
the business here, is a native of Marietta, Ohio, and
prior to becoming manager here was in the employ
of the company at its headquarters for about ten
years. Since taking charge of this branch he has
largely extended the trade of the company in this
se6tion, and has secured the favor of the trade by his
promptness and reliability.
CARPITS, ErC.
Edward  G;roetzinger.-Importer and Jobber in Carpetings and Curtains; 627 and 629 Penn
Avenue.-This establishment, holding a recognized
position of leadership in the department of commerce to which it is aevoted, was founded in I862
by the firm of Thompson  Groetzinger, who
carried on the business until 1872, in which year Mr.
Edward Groetzinger became the sole proprietor.
This conveniently arranged and commodious establishment is one of the most imposing business
edifices in the city, comprising a six-story and basement building, 46XI25 feet in dimensions, equipped
with every convenience and accessory calculated to
contribute to the comfort and attrativeness of the
premiseA and the efficient prosecution of the business, heated throughout by steam and lighted by arc
and incandescent eletric lights produced by their
own plant on the premises. The stock, which is
very large and cormpletely diversified, includes every
description of goods in the line, embracing WViltons,
moquettes, body Brussels, tapestry and ingrain, fine
oriental carpets and rugs, mattings, druggets, oil
cloths and all kinds of carpeting and floor coverings,
and also full lines of Nottingham lace curtains,
tapestry, hangings, etc., and portieres and window
goods in vast variety, the stock including, in addition to the leading produts of the most noted
domestic manufacurers, a specially fine seletion of
the best European and Asiatic goods in the line.
The business of the house is very large, covering
the States of Pennsylvania West Virginia and Ohio,
and its successful proseci.tion is aided by the services of se-venty-five clerks and assistants in the
house, while a staff of traveling salesmen represent
the establishment on the road. The goods handled
by Mr. Groetzinger are of the best quality, and this
fat, together with the fairness and reliability upon
which the dealings of the house are condued, have
commended him to the favor and patronage of the
trade. Mr. Groetzinger is a native of Germany, from
whence he came to the United States in I844, settling in Pittsburgh in the same year, and he is not
only recognized as among the leading and representative merchants of the city, but is also identified in
an important way with a number of financial corporations, being a dire6tor of the First National
Barnk and also conneclted i i the sanie capacity with
a number of insurance and other large corporations.
Bovard, Rose  Co.-Foreign and Domestic
Carpets, Curtains, Etc.; 39 Fifth Avenue.--A work
purporting to record the growth in the various
branches of trade in Pittsburgh would be incomplete without a mention of the great carpet house of
Bovard, Rose  Co., and which has been in existence for nearly a quarter of a century. The business
was established in I867 under the style of Bovard,
R, se  Co., Messrs. James Bovard and C. LI. Rose, as
well as several other gentlemen, being members of
the firm, and after several changes in membership,
the present combination was formed, Messrs. James
Bovsard, C. I,. Rose and C. P. Ilripphart now being
the members. They occupy a commodious and elegantly appointed five-story and basement building,
30XI80 feet in dimensions, completely filled wi!h
large and carefully seleEted stocks of carpets, vvhich
they largely import, and also curtains and hangings
of every description, and which are of the very best
qluality and latest and most attraEtive deeigns. Their
line of carpets includes the most desirable patterns
in velvets, body Brussels, moquettes, royal Wiltons,
Axminsters Gobelins and tapestries from all the leading manufac'turers, koth foreign and domestic, a
particularly fine assortment of office carpets, Venitian, hall and stair carpets, church carpets, etc., while
their stock of ingrains is unsurpassed, containing
all the latest patterns alld most beautiful colors.
Smyrna carpets and Smyrna hall rugs are found here
in great variety, and one of the latest novelties handled by the firm are the new and very desirable
English square-carpets in Cairo, Congo and Kenilworth, with plain kalmue surrounds and in all the
popular shades. This house also handles all the
latest and choicest goods in curtains and portieres,
including Nottingham, Swiss tambour, Irish point,
Geneva point, Brussels point, Rennaissance, Dhura,
petit point, chenille, English tapestry, Turcoman,
Sheela, plush, spe6tral, etc., and carries a full line of
curtain poles and chains, vestibule sash rods, lignums
and lignitects, linoleum, china mattings, floor, stair,
table and shelf oil cloth, stair nails, plates and rods,
window shades, shadings and hollands, rugs and
mats, slipper boxes, blacking cases, ottomans and
hassocks, felts and druggets, and everything pertaining to the furnishment of floors and windows.
Only the most efficient workmen are employed, about
fifty in number, and the long experience this firm
has had in the business is of great value to them in
the sele6tion of their stock, while they buy in sufficiently large quantities to enable them to offer the
most satisfa6tory inducements to customers in regard to price. All the members of the firm have
resided in Pittsburgh many vears, and are well and
favorably known in the business and financial circles of the city for their upright and straightforward
manner of transating business. They personally
supervise all the details of their vast business, with
the result that they have secured in addition to
a very large local trade, an extensive business
throughout Western Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and
West Virginia, where they are held in the highest
repute.
CARRIAGES, WAGONS, ETC.
LIEADING FIRMS ENGAGrD IN THIS DEIPARTMENIN
oF PRODUCTION.
There is no place in the Union in which the
facilities for the building of vehicles of every description more generously abound than at Pittsburgh. The various raw materials of iron, steel and
wood for construction; leather, paints and varnish
for trimming and ornamentation are produced here
in ample supply, and there are a number of firms
engaged in the industry. WVhile there are many
cities in the country which surpass Pittsburgh in.
the extent of output in vehicles, there are none
which turn out a better quality of goods in this
line.
The following firms are recognized as leaders in
the manufacture of vehicles, and of carriage and
wagon goods.
George J. Hoffman.-Wholesale Manufactnrer of Buggy Tops, Cushions, Aprons, Rugs, Etc.;
58 and 60 Anderson Street, Allegheny.-Mr. Hoffman's career furnishes a notable example of success
achieved by earnest endeavor to excel and by perseverance in a special line of industry. He began
business for himself in April, I883, at 58 and 60 Anderson street, Allegheny, from whence he removed
in I885 to Sandusky street, and in December, I886, to
Penn avenue, Pittsburgh. At the latter location his
establishment was burned out in October, I887, and
in April, I888, he re-established himself at his original stand, which he has equippedi with every
convenience and accessory calculated to aid or expedite the operations of his business, and where he
gives employment to a competent force of skilled
workmen. Mr. Hoffman has a specially pratical
and intimate knlowledge of this business, in which
line he is the pioneer in Pittsburgh, and probably in
Pennsylvania. It has been his endeavor throughout
his conneffion with the business to turn out a
superior line of goods, and by close supervision of
every detail personally he has secured a deservedly
high reputation and a trade which extends all over
Pennsylvania and through the surrounding States,
and he does a large jobbing business in buggy tops,
cushions, aprons! rugs, etc. He is at present negotiating to ship goods to Australia. Mr. Hoffman has beenthe architet of his own fortunes, and the success
which he has achieved and the large and steadily increasing volume of his trade are the deserved rewards
of industry and enterprise, in maintaining the
quality of his produts at the highest standard and
conduing all his transations upon fair and honorable methods.
Casey Brothers. - Coach and Wagon Manufaturers; Corner of Cherry and Virgin Alleys, Between Fifth and Sixth Avenues.-This is an old established business, having been founded many years
ago by F. X. LLang, who was succeeded in September, I886, by the present firm, of which Messrs. R.
J. and E. P. Casey are the individual members. At
their fatory, which is a three-story building, 3sx7s
feet in dimensions, at the corner of Cherry and
Virgin Alleys, they have every facility and convenience for carrying on the business, which embraces
the manufaure of one and two horse wagons, platform  alid elliptic spring wagons, coaches, etc, a
specially large business being done in grocery and
milk delivery wagons, etc. The firm gives constant
employment to a force ranging from twelve to
twenty hands, and their works are taxed to their
utmost capacity in filling their orders. All kinds of
repairs to vehicles are executed in a prompt and
workmanlike manner, and only the most skilled and
expert labor is employed in the business. The firm
has a large and constantly expanding trade in the
city and surrounding country, which has been
acquired by the superiority of all its produts, and
the reliable and accurate methods adopted by the
Messrs. Casey, both of whom are thoroughly informed in regard to this branch of industry, in all
their business transactions.
McClinton    Co.-MManufaturers of Carriages and Fine Wagons; 63 Sandusky Street, Allegheny.-This firm occupies a recognized position of
prominence in the department of manufature in
which it is engaged. The business was originally
established in I882 by the firm of Little, McClinton
 Co., afterwards changing to McClinton  Co., to
McClinton  White and finally to its present style.
The business at its inception was condu6ted on a
comparatively sniall scale, only one forge being
steadily utilized in the blacksmith department, but
the rapid and steady increase of business now necessitates the constant use of four improved forges.
The firm give steady employment to a force averaging
about tv enty highly skilled workmen. They manufature every description of carriages, hose carriages,
hook and ladder trucks and fine wagons, the latter
being their specialty, in which they have met with
great success, and have a reputation alnd business
not only in a large city trade, but extending throughout the surrounding country, as a consequence of
the great care taken in the seletion of materials,
the careful supervision maintained over the work
by Mr. McClinton, whose pra6tical experience in
every department is unlimited, and the fair and
accurate methods upon which the business is conduted, and by close attention to details they have
succeeded in increasing its volume from year to
year to the present time.
BANKING.
FINANCIAI, INSrIrUrIONS OF PITYBURGH AND
ALL;IEGHENY- STOCI( AND BOND DEA~I,ERS AND BROKERS.
The volume and importance of the manufaAturing and lnercantile business of the two cities necessarily involves a vast amount of financial trantsactions of various kinds, to facilitate which a number
of banking institutions are rendered necessary;
and as the banking transacrtions of any city present
an infallible barometer of its business prosperity, it
is especially gratifying to note that, notwithstanding the fact that Pittsburgh and Allegheny, comparatively to their co mbined population, have a
larger number of banking institutions of various
kinds than any other city of like population in the
country, yet, for the most part, these banks all do
an acrtive business and are in an exceptionally prosperous financial condition, evidencing an active
and extensive business.
~Pittsburgh's banking history began in I804, when
a branch of the Bank of Pennsylvania was established.'lKhe Pittsburgh M~anufacturing Company,
which was organized iI1 I8IO, was the next banking
institution, and it continued in business until I8I4,
when it was merged in the present Bank of Pittsburgh,
the oldest of the existing banking institutions. The
Farmers' and Mechanics' Bank of Pittsburgh was
organized in I8I4, but closed its business in I8I9.
The Merchants and Manufacturers Bank was organized under a State charter in I833 and is still in
business, being now a National Bank. The Exchange Bank, now the Exchange National, began
business in 1836. The Pittsburgh Savings Fund
Company, organized in I833, became the Farmers
Deposit Company in I844 and the Farniers' Deposit
National Bank in I864. Allen Kramer, who started
in the banking business in I84I, became afterward
the senior member of Kramer  Rahm, who were
succeeded in I868 by the Central Bank. There were
a large number of private banking enterprises inaugurated in the twenty years from I840 to the war
period, but few of them were lasting. The Pittsburgh Trust Company, chartered in July, I852, continuing until I863 when it became the First National
Bank of Pittsburgh. The Citizens' Deposit Bank
was organized in I852, and became a National Bank
in I864. The Dollar Savings Bank, an institution
with a remarkably successful record, was organized
in I855. The Mechanics' National Bank was organized under a State charter in l855, becoming a
national bank in December, i864. The Allegheny
National Bank, originally a State bank, began business in I857, changing to a national charter in I864.
The Iron City Bank, which was started in T857, also
became a National bank in I864. The Union National
Bank, chartered in December, I864, began business
originally in I859 as the Union Banking Company.
The German National Bank was originally a Savings
bank, beginning business as such in I860, changing
to a National bank in I863. The Real Estate and
Savings Bank, and the Pittsburgh Bank for Savings
were organized in I862; the Second National, of
Pittsburgh, and the First National, of Allegheny,
in I863; the Third National, Fourth National
Peoples' National, Pittsburgh National Bank of Commerce, and Tradesmen's National in I864, and the
First National, of Bir mingham, an d Second National,
of Allegheny, in I865. The other banks of the city
have been organized since the war period. In the
aggregate, it may be said that the banking facilities
of Pittsburgh and Allegheny are equal to their
necessities, aud when it is considered how great a
center of trade and manufature this is, it will be
seen that the amount of banking business transated
is necessarily great. Following is a list of the
chartered banks with their capital:
NATIONAL, BANKS.
Capital. Surplus.
Allegheny National Bank,        $500,000 $I60,ooo
Commercial "       "             300,000   II,000
Citizens'    "                     o 800,000  I75,000
Diamond    "       " of Pitts.  200,000   80,oco
Duquesne   "                      200,000   75,Coo
Exchange Nat'l B'k of Pitts., The I,200,000  400,000
Fifth        "i      if  "c    I00,000   20,000
Farmers Deposit Nat'l Bank,     300,000  600,000
First Nat'l Bank of All'y., The  350,000  I00,000
"   "        o of Birmingham    I00,000  I00,000
i t          " Pittsburgh    750,000  I50,000
Fort Pitt National Bank,        200,000   90,000
Fourth     it   ("               3Co,ooo    6i,568
German    "           o of All'y.   200,000   40,000
*   "     " " Pitts.    250,000  3go,ooo
Iron City   "     "e             4co,ooo  2so,000
Marine    "(       "              230,000   23,366
Mechanics  "       "(            500,000  3oo,ooo
Mer.  Man'f'rs Nat'l Bank, The  800,000   8s,oco
Metropolitan N-ational Bank,    200,000   I4,000
Mononigahela    "     " The   250,000
People's      "(       " The I,000,000  3so,coo
Pittsburgh Nat'l Bank of Com.    500,000  400,000
Second       "   " " Ally.    I50,000   7s,ooo
((        "   "   "L Pitts.   800,000  I 50,000
PTradeSmans' "   "               400,000  400,000
Third Nat'l Bank of Allegheny, Pa. 200,000  50,000
(   "(  "(  " Pittsburgh,   5~~,~~o  235,ooo
Union  "'   "                     250,000  500,000
SrA?ED AND SAVINGS BANKSB.
Capital. Surplus.
Anchor Savings Bank,           $ 5~,~~O  $ I8,500
Arsenal Bank,                     55,000   I2,000
Bank of Pittsburgh,             I,I63,650  4I8,182
Central Bank,                    IOO,OOO   30,000
City Deposit Bank,
City Savings Bank,              IOO,OOO   I8,000
Dollar Savings Bank,
ELnterprise Savings Bank of All'y. roo,ooo
STATE AN D SAVINGS BANKS.
Capital.  Surplus.
Farmers  Mechanics Bank, Birm.
Fifth AvenLue Bank,           IOO,OOO
Freehold Bank,                   200,000
Ger. Sav.  Deposit Bank of Birm.
Germania Savings Bank,        I50,000   40,c00
Iron and Glass Dollar Sav. Bank, IOO,OOO   39,000
Keystone Bank.
Lawrence  "                      80,000   50,000
Masonic   "                     200,000   35,000
Nations Bank for Savings.
Odd Fellows Savings Bank,     I20,000   60,ooo
People's Sav. Bank of Pitts, The 300,000  IO5,COC)
Pittsburgh Bank for Savings,    75,000   75,000
Real Estate, Loan and Trust Co.
Real Estate Savings Bank, Ltd.  Ioo,ooo    30,ooo
West End Savings Bank,        IOO,OOO
Workingman's Savings Bank,     503000   52,c00
Cerman ia Savi ngs Ban k.-Charles Meyran,
President; Joseph Abel, Vice-President; Charles
Seibert, Secretary and Treasurer; 423 Wood Street,
Corner Diamond Street.--A city can have no more
beneficial institution than a well regulated savings
bank. These banks exert a great influence for good
in the promotion of thrift and inducing those of
small means to lay aside a provision for the future,
which serves for a time of need, and frequently lays
the foundation of a substantial fortune. Among the
institutions of that charater organized and in operation in this city the Germania Savings Bank is deservedly distinguishsd as one of the most successful and popular, the wisdom of its management and
the safety of its investments commending it to the
confideuce of the people. The bank receives deposits in sums of not less than $3.co on the first
deposit, and $I.oo and upwards thereafter, and
allows interests on deposits from the Ist and Isth
of each month, payable twice a year, viz., on the
Ist of January andJuly. By the thirty-sixth semiannual statement of the bank for July Ist, I888, it
was shown that the bank had assets of $I,685,754 98,
deposits amounting to $I,479,56I.35, and that in addition to its capital stock of $I50,000 it h-s a contingent fuLnd of $o,ooo, and had accumulated earnings
in the six months preceding amounting to $I6,I93.63.
The bankis governed in addition to its executive
officers by a board of direors and a board of managers, the present diretors of the bank being:
Charles Meyran, J. F. Havekotte, William  Neeb
Christian Seibert, Joseph Abel, A.Groetzinger,Jno. M.
Kennedy, Charles F. Schwartz, P. Keil and the managers being Messrs. D.W. Bell, Martin Lappe, Edward
Groetzinger, W. G. Taylor, William Carr, A. Holstein, J. LLudwig Koethen, William Mazet, George
W. Guthrie, H. H. Niemann, Joseph Walton, Jos. G.
Siebeneck, John Jahn, George Reineman, John Daub
and Iv. Brehm. These gentlemen are all well known
and responsible citizens. The bank building, an
elegant five-story stru6ture, 60X80 feet, is owned by
the bank, and is one of the most notable buildings
inthe city. Mr. Charles Meyran, President of the
bank, is a native of Germany, who came from thence
to Pittsburgh forty years ago. He is a successfulbusiness man, being in addition to his position at
the head of this bank, President of the Cannonsburg Iron and Steel Company, President of the
Manufacurers' National Gas Company, and Treasurer of the Chamber of Commerce of Pittsburgh.
He was formerly engaged in the jewelry business in
this city for about twenty-five years, and is deservedly recognized as one of the representative and
reputable business men of the city. Mr. Joseph
Abel, Vice-President of the bank, is aiso of German
descent, and has resided in Pittsburgh for the past
forty years. He is also a prominent business man,
being at the head of the firm of Abel, Smith  Co.
Mr. Charles Seibert, Secretary and Treasurer of the
bank, is a native of Prussia, but has been a resident
of this city from his childhood, and after seiving
through the late war as private and officer in the
Sixty-second Penlisylvania reginient, he engaged in
business pursuits, and now, in addition to his connetion with the bank, is Secretary and Treasurer of
the Pittsburgh, Allegheny and Manchester Passenger Railway Company and otherwise prominently
identified with the leading financial and business
corporations.
H. Irwin  Co.-Dealers in New York Stocks,
Grain, Petroleum, Mortgages and Local Securities;
Hamilton Building, Nos. 9I and 93 Fifth Avenue.Although established as recently as January I, I88S,
the business condu6ted under the style of H. Irwin
- Co. has already assumed proportions of such
magnitude as to place this house in the front rank
among its older contemporaries. Mr, Irwin, who
is sole proprietor of this business, occupies commodious and conveniently arranged offices in the
Hamilton Building, conneed by diret wires with
New York and Chicago, and elljoys the fullest
facilities for receiving the latest quotations on
stocks, bonds, grain and securities of every debcription. He transats an exclusively comimission business, making a specialty of dealing in grain, petroleum, stocks, bonds and local securities. Mr. Irwin,
who is well and favorably known in this locality, is
a native and life-long resident of Pittsburgh and
was formerly engaged in other business. Members
of his immediate family have been for more than a
century prominently identified with mercalitile and
manufauring enterprises in this city, and the name
of Irwin is one which is indissolubly associated with
the growth and development of Allegheny County.
John  M. Oakley    Co. -Bankers  and
Brokers; Hotel Auderson Building, Sixth Street,This business was established in I884 by Mr. Oakley
at 56 Ninth street, from whence removal was made
to the Hamilton Building, where he remained until
the fire, and took posseasion of his present location
in I887. The firm transa6i a general banking business, and also operate largely as brokers in stocks,
bonds, grain, petroleum, provisions, etc. They have
every convenience and accessory for the prosecution
of this business in an advantagtous manner and
upon a large scale, having direc communication by
wire with New York and Chicago, and receiving
quotations continuously during business hours from
all the leading markets. They are members of the
Pittsburgh Clearing House, the Petroleum and Stock
E,xchange and the Chicago Board of Trade, and have
regular correspondents in New York and Chicago.
Advances are made on approved collateral, deposits
are received subjec to check at sight and three per
cent. is allowed on daily balances. Mr. Oakley is a
native of Pittsburgh, and has always resided here.
He entered the service of the Union during the War
of the Rebellion as Captain in the First Regiment
of Sickles' " Excelsior " brigade of Hooker's division
Third Army Corps. He was captured by the enemy
at Fair Oaks during the seven days battle of the
Peninsula, and was confined in Libby Prison, from
which he made his escape, and subsequently joined
the Io6th Regiment of New York Volunteers as
Captain, remaining until the close of the war. Capt.
Oakley is the author of an interesting article
published in Lippincott's Magazine for June, I888,
entitled, " From Libby to Freedom." Prior to
establishing his present business, he was Cashier in
the City Treasurer's office for four years. He is
well known and highly esteemed in the financial
circles of the city and does a prosperous business
both in banking and brokerage, his high charater
and thorough efficiency commending him to favor
and a steady increase in patronage.
George B. Hill   Co.-Dealers in Stocks
and Bonds; Rooms, 3, 4 and 5, I I I Fourth Avenue.In the financial circles of the city no gentleman is
better known or has a more uni-form record of success
than Mr. George B. Hill, who established this business in I868. About three years afterwards there
came- into his employ, as a boy, Mr. W. I. Mustin,
who, after ten years' service in the house, during
which he demonstrated a high order of business
abilities, and uniform fidelity to all confided trusts,
was admitted by Mr. Hill to a partnership in the
firni, and two years later Mr. John D. Nicholson, who
had previously been a real estate broker in Allegheny City, was admlitted to the firm, which then
assumed its present style. The business was originally located at 64 Fourth avenue, from  which it
was removed to its present quarters in I886. They
do a very large business as dealers, handling all
first-class investment securities, but making a specialty of the purchase and sale of local stocks and
securities, including natural gas, bank, insurance
-aiid navigatioli companies' stocks, city bonds, etc.
The business of the firm has prospered as a consequence of the fa that their dealings are always
charaterized by uniform fairness and reliability.
Mr. George B. Hill, the founder of the house, and
head of the firm, has long been identified with the
financial history of the city, and prior to engaging
in his present business conduced a private bank of
his own for a number of years. Mr. Mustin, whose
financial experience has been obtained under the
guidance of Mr. Hill, has improved the opportunity
thus offered until he is now justly regarded as one
of the ablest financiers in the city. Mr. Nicholson
is also prominent in financial affairs, a direcqor of
the Fourth National Bank of Pittsburgh, and is also
a director and a large stockholder in La Novia
Mining Company of Mexico, and otherwise identified with important enterprises. The special adaptability of these gentlemen to the business in which
they are engaged makes the firm a very strong one,
and accounts for the steady increase in its business,
which it has enijoyed from its inceptionl
While the brokers of Pittsburgh have equal advantages with those of other cities in the handling
of the general run of bank, Government, State and
other securities, they have special facilities for handling natural gas stocks in which there is a larger
business done than at any other point in the country,
and a noticeable and healthy activity.
INSURANCE.
HoME  COMPANIFS AND OTH1R CORPORATIONS
DOING BUSINESS IN ALLIEGH1NY COUNTY.
The population and importance of Pittsburgh
and Allegheny are such that there has been attra6ted
to the city the representatives of most of the leading insurance companies of the world. The history
of fire insurance in Pittsburgh is somewhat interesting. The first policy issued in the county was in
I8Io, when the Pittsburgh Manufa6luring Company
insured tlle home of William Wilkins, the property
being situated on the site now occupied by the
Monongahela house.
Several enterprises conneced with the various
branches of insurance business were established in
subsequent years, but of the four fire insurance
companies in existence in 1845, three were ruined
by the great fire of that year, and the other, the
Navigation Insurance Co., had its capital impaired
and afterward was cnnsolidated with the Wte stern.
Of the insurance companies of the country nearly
all are represented in Alleglieny county, and the
prominent corporations and underwriters will be
found mentioned in the notices which follow.
City Insurance Company of Pittsburgh, Pa.- Robert J. Anderson, President;
James Phelan, Vice-President; William Barker, Jr.,
Treasurer; J. F. Iamker, Secretary; Fire and Marine
Insurance; 64 Fourth Avenue.-This company was
incorporated April I9, I870, and began business
December Isth following. The business of the company is confined principally to the State of Pennsylvania, which is covered by agents, and is especially
large in Pittsburgh and its vicinity, and policies are
written both on fire and marine risks. The company
is a favorite one with the citizens of Pittsburgh and
Allegheny, by reason of the fac that its course
throughout its history has been marked by prudent
and conser vative nianagement, and its destinies have
always been in the hands of men of the highest
charater and standing in the business community
of Pittsburgh. The company was organized with a
capital stock of $Ioo,ooo, and its record for the
prompt payment of losses and uniform reliability
of dealing has ever commended it to the favor,of
business men and the public at large. Mr. Robert
J. Anderson, the President of the company, is a
prominent manufaturer, being at the head of the
great steel manufa6turing firm of Anderson, DuPuy
 Co., and otherwise prominently identified with
leading enterprises of the city. Mr. James Phelan,
the Vice-President, is a prominent merchant, and
the other dire6tors of the company are also gentlemen identified in an ative way with important business enterprises in the city, the list including, in
addition to Messrs. Anderson and Phelan, the following well-known and substantial citizens: Messrs.
Charles Maginn, Capt. J. S. Adams, William Barker,
Jr., Dr. ED. W. Swentzel, M. P. Walsh, D. O. Cunningham, Joseph Mahler William Mitchell, Alex. M.
Hamilton and Edward Kelly, Jr. Mr. J. F. Lamker,
the Secretary of the company, is a pra6tical and experienced insurance man, by whom the details of the
business have been efficiently attended to since
I885, when he assumed his present position.
Cash  Insurance  Company  of Pittsburgh, Pa.--Robert H. King, President; Joseph
T. Johnston, Secretary; Hays King, General Agent;
Office, 64 Fourth Avenue. -This company, which is
a deserved favorite, by reason of the wisdom of its
tnanagement and the conservatism of its course,
was originally organized in I865. Whell the company was formed and the question of a name' was
considered, that of " Cash" was suggested and
adopted, inasmuch as all the catsital stock was paid
for in cash before a risk was taken, the general
custom among insurance companies at that time
being to pay for a good part of the capital stock in
notes. M~r. Isaac M. Pennock was the first President, but served only four months, when he was
succeeded by Mr. Robert Hl. King, who has ever
since been at the head of the corporation. The
company has been a successful. one from the start,
and has paid dividends regularly varying from 8 per
cent. to I6 per cent. per annum. The financial condition, as shown by its last statemient, dated January I, I888, places the assets of the company at
$I74,I55, an-d at the same time, in addition to its
capital stock paid up of $IOO,OOO, the company had
a net surplus, over all liabilities, of j$62,729. 1Khe
companly formerly had agencies in all the large
cities of the United States, but of recent years haswithdrawn them, and now confines its attention to
home risks, accepting only such as are first class,
and aiming only to do a safe and conservative business. The Board of Dire6tors of the compally is
composed of prominent and substantial citizens,
including the following well-known namies: Robert
H. King, James M. Bailey. Alexander King, Alexander Bradley, W. D. King, Major A. M. Brown, James
B. D. Meeds E. McKnight, J. R. Smith and LSewis
Irwin. Mr. Robert H. King, the President of the
company, is a native of Ireland, but has lived in
Pittsburgh since I836. In that year he established
himself in business as a wholesale grocer, which he
continued until I866, when he retired from business.
He is a gentleman of high standing and influence,
and in every way an honored and re-presentative citizen. Mr. John F. Jennings was the Vice-President
of the company from its organization until his
death, March 8, I888. Mr. Joseph T. Johnston, the
Secretary, is a native of the city and a member of
one of the old Pittsburgh families. He has been
Secretary of the company since I866, and has contributed in a large measure to its success by accurate knowledge of the insurauce business and his
close attention to the duties of his office. Mr.
Hays King, the General Agent of the company, is a
son of the President, and an energetic and enterprising business man, and is also the representative
in this city of the I,loyd's Plate Glass Insurance
Company, New York. Thus officered and managed
the company enjoys a deserved recognition among
the leading insurance corporations of the city.
Bi rmi ngham    Fi re  I nsu rance  Company.--John P. Schneider, President; E. G. Scholze,
Secretary; M. Kraus, Agent; Principal Office, I325
Carson Street, South Side.--Among the local insurance companies, which have earned the favor of
the business community and the confidence of the
public at large by uniform fidelity in the execution
of all its contras, none is more deservedly commended than the Birmingham Fire Insurance Company, which was incorporated in I87I, and since thlat
time has been an aftive fator in the insurance business of the Iron City. The company bases its course
upon the principles of prudence and conservatism,
and is noted for the care taken in the seletion of
its risks, making a specialty of the insurance of
dwellings, farm property and all property not exposed especially to hazardous contingencies. The
financial condition of the company is a gratifying
one, and at the beginning of i888 it had assets
amounting to $242,284, and in addition to its cash
capital of $200,000, had accumulated a net surplus
over all liabilities of $I7,836. The business of the company is in the hands of gentlemen of prominent and
substantial business standing, Mr. John P. Schneider,
the President, being a gentleman of superior executive ability and a popular and progressive citizen,
and Mr. Scholze, the Secretary, a thoroughly experienced insurance man, who discharges the duties
devolving upon him with marked success. Mr.
Kraus, the General Agent of the company, has had
a long and aftive experience as an underwriter, and
efficiently supervises the numerous sub-agencies of
the company. Thecompanyis notedforthepromptness and fairness with which it adjusts and pays losses, and is an excellent medium for procurement of
safe and reliable insurance.
Artisans Insurance Company. -A. J.
Barr, President; John Dunlap, Vice-President;
Charles P. Smith, Secretary; Fire Insurance; (Dorner of Wood Street and Third Avenue. -Among the
local insurance companies none has a higher standing or is more justly accorded the confidence of the
business and general public than the Artisans' Fire
Insurance CDompany, which was incorporated in I866.
The management of the affairs of the company is
wise and conservative, and its obligations are at all
timzes promptly honored. Great care is taken in the  
seleEtion of its risks, atld the limitation of the business of the company to Pennsylvania makes possible
a careful supervision of every detail of the business.
That the financial condition of the company is a
gratifying one is abundantly proved by an examination of its annual statement dated December 3I,
I887, showing that the company then had assets
amounting to $I3I,534.I6, a reinsurance reser+re of
$I8,039.25, and had accumulated, in addition to its
capital of $Ic0,000 a surplus of $I2,562.go. Mr. A. J.
Barr, the President of the company, is a, substantial
and reputable citizen, and, in addition to his position at the head of this corporation is President of
the Pittsburgh Post Publishing Co., and prominently
identified with the business life of the city. Mr.
Charles P. Smith, the Secretary of the company, is
an experienced fire underwriter, whose efficiency
and accurate knowledge have contributed in an important degree to the company's success.  The
Board of Direors is made up of the following wellknown and substantial business nien: A. J. Barr,
John Dunlap, A. Garrison, Joseph H. Borland, B. A.
Myers, Sullivan Johnson, J. B. D. Meeds, D. McKee,
E, Z. Smith, H. H. Smith, J. J. Donnell and A. L.
Bailey.
Union Central Life Insurance Company, of Cincinnati, Ohio.-Austin Pearce,
General Agent; Room 3, Jackson Building, Corner
Sixth Street and Penn Avenue.-This, one of the
oldest, most reliable and substantial of the life insurance companies of the United States, was chartered in I867, and its record from the very inception
has been chara6terized by a remarkable degree of
prosperity and financial success, unparalleled in the
history of its contemporaries. The assets of the
company at the present time will exceed $4,000,000.
Their investnients of capital have been so judiciously made that its interests have paid 811 its death
claims, matured endowments and dividends for the
past ten years. Its reputation for the prompt adjustment and settlement of death claims and matured
endowments has secured for the company a steadily
increasing business in this secqion, and under the
efficient and energetic management of Mr. Austin
Pearce, General Agent for Western Pennsylvania,
the list of policy-holders has been largely augmented. Mr. Pearce has had many years pratical
experience in the life insurance business, and while
always considerate of the claims of rival companies,
loses no opportunity to advance the interests and
explain the advantages afforded patrons by insuring
in the Union Central. Mr. Pearce is a veteran of the
civil war, having served with honor and efficiency in
the Union army, and he is now a member in good
standing of the Grand Army of the Republic.
Pittsburgh Insurance  Company.Charles Arbuthnot, President; John Fullerton, VicePresident; Hillis McKown, Secretary; Office, 400
Wood Street.-Among the local insurance companies
one of the oldest, most substantial and most popular
is that now known as the Pittsburgh Insurance
Company, but which was originally incorporated
February Io, I85I, as the Plttsburgh Life Insurance
Company. The first President was James S. Hoon,
and Samuel McClurkan, Vice-President, and Charles
A. Colton, Secreiary. In I854 the style of the company was changed to the Pittsburgh Life, Fire and
Marine Insurance Company, and in I859 the present
style was adopted, the business of the company being
now confined entirely to fire and marine risks, and
the largest part of its business is transated in
Allegheny County. The financial record of the company has been steadily gratifying, its net surplus
being larger than that of any other local fire insurance company. The management of the business
is chara6terized by a wise conservatism and a careful sele6tion of risks, which has contributed materially toward producing the most satisfa6tory
financial results, and the statement of the company,
published January I, I888, showed assets amounting
to $273,550.26, and in addition to its capital stock of
$Ioo,o00, re-insurance reserve and other liabilitles,
the company had a net surplus of $I56,626.29. The
business of the company is in the hands of gentlemen
of the highest standing in the business and financial
circles of the city, the Board of Diretors being com
posed of the following well-kliown gentlemen:
Charles Arbuthnot, James Gordon, Max K. Moorhead, Allen Kirkpatrick, Jatnes S. McCord, John
Daub, Hillis McKown, John Scott, Alexander Bradley, John Fullerton, Henry Lloyd, James McCutcheon,
R. J. Wilson and Col. James Collord. Mr. Charles
Arbuthnot, the President of the company, is a leading merchant of the city, being the head of the dry
goods house of Arbuthnot, Stephenson  Co., the
largest establishment in its line in Pittsburgh. Mr.
John Fullerton, the Vice-President, is the head of
the well-known tobacco house of John Fullerton 
Son, and prominently identified otherwise with the
business interests of the city. Mr. Hillis McKown,
the Secretary of the company, who has the aive
management of its insurance business, is a gentleman of long and pratical experience in this line,
thoroughly acquainted with every detail of the business, and his efficiency has been an important fa6tor
in securing for the company its great financial success. For a number of years the company has paid
dividends of sixteen per cent. and upward upon its
stock, and altogether enjoys a record for stability
and careful management, which is duplicated by few
and excelled by none of the insurance corporations
of the country.
Armenia Insurance Company of Pittsburgh.--S. S. D. Thompson, President; W. D.
McGill, Secretary; E. B. E. Stewart, General Agent;
65 Fourth Avenue.--The sixteen years covered by
the history of the Armenia Insurance Company
since its incorporation in I872 have been produftive
of gratifying results in the steadily favorable financial condition of the company, and in the confidence with which it is regarded by the insuring
public throughout the country, and especially in
the States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Indiana, Illinois and Ohio. The company was
incorporated in I872 with a capital stock of $250,ooo, and has since done an a6tive and substantial
business, and its last annual statement, notwithstanding exceptionably large losses during I887,
still made a favorable showing of a sound and
healthy financial condition, the company then having assets of $295,I32, and also having, in addition
to its cash capital of $250,o00, a net surplus over all
liabilities, of $I3,795. All the policies of the company cover loss by lightning, as wel' as fire, and its
affairs are managed upon safe and conservative
methods, great care being taken in the selection of
risks, the insurance of the company in all cities in
which they do business being so distributed that
in the event of a general conflagration the company would be fully able to meet all its obligations.
Mr. S. S. D. Thompson, the President of the company, is an experienced insurance man, and was in
the insurance agency business prior to accepting
his present position at the head of this company;
and Messrs. McGill and Stewart, the Secretary and
General Agent respectively, are also underwriters of
recognized ability, who render efficient service to
the conipany. The Board of Directors is composed
of twenty-one business men of promninence, including the following well-known and reputable citizens: Messrs. S. S. D. Thompson, John D. Scully,
A. S. M. Morgan, J. G. Wainwright, J. C. LLewis, John
Heath, William T. Dunn, James S. McCord, Andrew
Miller, M. G. Clark, Edward O'Neil, Frank B. Heath,
W. S. McKitnney, F. Gwinner, Jr., W. D. McGill, W.
W. Sipeer, I. N. Patters-on, Adam Wiese, Joseph P.
McIntire, John H. Stotz and P. H. Ittel.
Allegheny Insurance Company.--Chas.
Hays, Presidenzt;James S. McCord, Vice-President;
C. G. Donnell, Secretary; 67 Fourth avenue.--Among
the local insurance corporations a notable and successful one is the Alleghenty Insurance Company,
which was incorporated in I859, and has since conduEt~ed its business upon prudent and conservative
methods whichz have resulted in success and in securing the confidence of the business community and
the insuring public il general. The financial history
of the corporation has been of the most gra]ifying
charaSter, and its last statement, dated January I,
I888, shows assets amounting to a total of $I~67,945.5I,
against total liabilities, exclusive of capital, of $I5,3I9.2I, and at the same time the company had accumulated, in addition to its capital stock of $I00,ooo, a net surplus of $52,626.30. The company offers
the most favorable inducements to the insuring
public consistent with legitimate insurance methods,  
and is noted for its fidelity to every undertaking, and
the promptness with which it adj-usts and pays all
losses. Mr. Charles Hays, the President of the compzny, is a well-known and reputable business man
a native of Pittsburgh and a resident of Allegheny,
and in addition to his position at the head of this
corporation, is a direceor in the Allegheiny Suspension Bridge Company. Mr. James S. McCord, the
Vice-President of the company, is one of the substantial nierchants of Pittsburgh, of which city he is
a native, and is a member of the wholesale hat firr
o rd  Co., is President of the Real Estate
Savings Bank and a Diretor of the First National
Bank of Pittsburgh. Mr. C. G. Donnell, the Secretary of the conipany, is an insurance man of experience and ability, who largely contributes by his
thorough knowledge of the insurance business to the
success of the company and the confidence with
which it is regarded by the community. The Board
of Dire6tors of the company includes, in addition to
President Hays and Vice President McCord, the following substantial and well-known business men
and citizens: Messrs. C. G. Husse-y, John Irwin, Jr.,
George W. Cochran, WV. H. Everson, James B. Oliver,
Joseph T. Speer, Capt. James W. Porter, Thomas H.
Lane, John H. Niemann and Hon. J. F. Slagle.
American Life Insurance Company.Headquarters at Philadelphia; John D. Henxy, Manager for Western Pennsylvanie; 96y Fourth Avenue.-In all the elenients of financial stability, safe
and conservative management, and the utmost
lib- rality in the terms of its contracts consistent
with legitimate insurance principles, the American
l,ife Insurance Company of Philadelphia is one of
the strongest in existence. The wisdom of its
financial managerient is proven by the -fa that it
has $I40 in cash for each $Ioo of liability and $557
in cash for each $I,ooo of insurance in force. Its
statement published January I, I888, shows that it
then had assets amounting to $2,I35,2I9.40; a net
surplus, as regards policy holders, of $6I2,809.40,
and had paid up to that time, from its incorporation
in I850, to policy holders, a total of $II,000,000.
The plans of insurance include all the varieties of
term, life and endowment policies combining every
advantage to the assured approved by prudence and
experience, and among their specialties in insurance
they write a bond with four options at fixed periods,
with amiount of cash value or paid up policy value
guaranteed and written on the face of the bond.
They also write policies with premiums payable
monthly in sums of one dollar and upwards, by
which safe insurance at reasonable rates is provided
for those of limited means. The plans of the company
are such as to appeal to the sound judgnient and intelligence of the insuring public, and its promptness in payment and equity in dealing has secured
for the company the highest degree of confidence.
The company had a general agency at Pittsburgh
several years ago, but withdrew it, the present
agency being established in the spring of the year
I888. Mr. John D. Henry, the manager now in
charge, is a gentleman of long and practical experience in the business of insurance. He represented
the Merchants and Manufac?urers and other large
fire insurance companies for several years, and was
afterward manager of the 2tnaLife prior to accepting his presentposition. His k owledge of the business, close attention to its details and energetic
methods are securing for the company a niarked
expansion of its business in Western Pennsylvania,
of which he has charge.
The Mutual Life Insurance Company
of New York.-RKichard A. McCurdy, President;
W P. Wooldridge, District Agent; R. (2. Hill, Manager for Western Pennsylvania; 49 Fifth Avenue. -
The benefits of life insurance are recognized by all
intelligent people, and in making this beneficent
provision for the family the main problem is the
seleEtion of a company in which- to procure a policy.
Among the best insurance corporations of the country The Mutual Life Insurance Compally holds the
leading position both in the extent of its business
and thle high reputation it has acquired for uniform
accuracy and fairness in its dealings with policy
hc)lders. The company was organized in I842, and
throughout the long period from that year to thle
present time has maintained the foremost place in
public confidence. Its Board of Trustees is composed of thirty-six of the most substantial business
men of New York, and its assets at the beginning
of I888 amounted to $~II8,274,966.70. It had policies
and annuities in force at that date amounting to
$427,583,359, its income during I857 amounted to
$23,I9,922.46, and during I887 it had paid to policy holders a total of $I4;I28,423 60. The company
issues policies on all the usual life plans, and in
addition has a new policy known as The IO-2o, a
contract which combines all the features that have
been approved by forty five years' experience in life
insurance, and offeis es,ery advantage to the assured
consistent with the certainty of ineeting the obliga
tions incurred. The contra6t protets the unfortunate by giving full value in case of forfeiture, protets the estate in case of death hy paying a large
sum of money immediately upon receipt of satisfaory proofs of death, and protets the persistent
policy holder, who reaps the benefit from compound
interest, as well as the profit from lapsed, surrendered or otherwise terminated policies. In safety,
equity and absence of restrictions the policy is unexcelled in liberality to the insured, and is, in fact  
a combination of all concessions to the policy
holder that can safely be combined in one ilisurance
contrat. The Pittsburgh agency of the company
was established in I862 with Mr. George M. Blackstock as agent, but twenty years ago Mr. WR1. P.
WMooldridge became the agent, and has since reinained in charge of the business of the company
in this district, while Mr. R. C. Hill, an underwriter
of experience, is the manager for the cornpany in
Wiestern Pennsylvania. These gentlemen are worthy
representatives of the great company whose interests in this se6lion they have in charge, and under
their prudent and energetic management the patronage of the company is steadily increasing.
Adam Emich.-Fire Insurance; IOI Fourth
Avenue.-Mr E-mich is notably distinguished as one
of the most substantial and reliable underwriters in
Pittsburgh and Allegheny. He originally established
his business in Allegheny, and still has a branch
office at 358 Ohio street, in that city, but since I885
has had his headquarters at IOI Fourth avenue,
Pittsburgh. He represents the Union Insurance
Company, of San Francisco, Cal., capital $750,000,
and assets $I,25I,822.52; the Western Assurance
Corporation, of Toronto, C inada, with assets in its
United States Branch of $1I,055,287, and a net surplus
Of $378,57I; and the American Insurance Co., of
Newark, N, J., capital $600,000, assets $I,9II,887; also
the London Assurance Corporatio 1i, of Lvondon, England, having gross assets of $i6,859,555 and surplus
to policy holders of $6,I34,234.67. These first class
companies afford every facility to insurers, and are
justly ranked among the best insurance mediums
in existence. Mr. Emich has a large business, both
in Pittsburgh and Alleghe-ny, and is not only a well
informed and capable insurance man, but is also
prominent in other business relations. He is a large
stockholder in, and President of the Ben Franklin
Premium and Loan Building Association of Allegheny, at d is also President of the American
Prenlium Building and Loan Association of Allegheny
City. Each of these associations has a capital of $250,ooo, and Mr. Emich, who has been President of both
for the past three years, has largely contributed to
their prosperity. He is also a stockholder in the Ben
Franklin Insurance Co., of Allegheny, and otherwise
prominent in business affairs. He is a native of
Switzerland, from whence he came direr to Pittsburgh in I850. He has earned merited success
as the result of industry and superior business
qualifications, and his methods of transaffing business are such as to deservedly conimend him to the
confidence and esteem of the public and the high regard of the corporations of which he is the efficient
and faithful representative. He was a builder prior
to embarking in the insurance busineas, il which he
has been engaged for the past fifteen year,3.
Home  Life  Insurance    Company.Headquarters at 254 Broadway, New York; H. A.
Smith, Distri Agent; 95 and 97 Fifth Avenue.Among the many prosperous insurance corporations
in the country, none can show a mIore successful
financial history than that covered by the record of
the Home Life Insurance CDompany during the twentyseven years of its existence.  Throughout that
period it has never passed the declaration of the
dividend, and the cost of insurance to its members
has been thus redt-ced to a rate which has never
been surpassed, if equalled, and it has also accumulated a surplus over its liabilities, exceeding in its
ratio all other companies in the United States.
These fas commend the company to the favor of
the judicious insurer, by demonstrating the strength
of the assurance offered, atid the ability of the company to continue liberal dividends. The plans of
nsurance cover all forms of life, endowment and
annuity policies, anld these policies are remarkably
free from restritions on residence, occupation,
travel, etc. A special form issued by this company
is its Return Premium Dividend E1ndowment, which
guarantees, First, to pay the full amount of the
policy, together with the total amount of all premiums paid, if death occurs within twenty years: a
mortuarv dividend of Ioo per cent. Second, that
should the assured live to the expiration of the term,
his policy has bDecome an endowment, and he can
withdraw in cash, first, the full legal reserve (guaranteed by the State laws of New York); second the
dividetids with compound interest; third, the permission to withdraw the compound dividends and
continue the insurance; fourth, to convert the entire
amount into a paid-up policy, if the insured is in
good health. The twenty-eighth annual statement
of the company, dated January Ist, i888, showed
assets aggregating $6,II7 8I2.7I, and a surplus of
$1,227,642.96. Since its organization the cotipany
has paid death losses amounting to $4 803,I77; has
received interest amountitg to $5,II8,224.29, and
p3aid to policy holders in dividends $3,090,436.I2.
The general agency of this company in the distri
embracing Western Pennsylvania, and including five
sub-offices in this territory, all controlled by this
office, has for the past three years been in charge of
Mr. Henry A. Smith, a gentleman of long and practical experience in tbe insurance business, with
which he has been identified for more than twentyone years. He was for seven years conneted with
the Equitable life prior to taking charge of the
interests of the Home in this territory in I885. His
performance of the duties incumbent upon him as
an agent of this great company has contributed in
an important degree to secure a steady increase in
the business of the company in the territory assigned
to his supervision.
German-American  Insurance  Company of New York. -Thomas D. Keller, Manager for Western Pennsylvania; Germania Bank
Building, 4I9 Wood Street.-Of the fire insurance
corporations none are more financially sound, or
have been better managed than the GermanAmerican Insurance Company of New York, organized in I872, and which has done an active and successful business ever since.  By the statement of
the company dated January I, I888, it was shown
that its total assets amounted to $5,286,248.88, its
capital stock to $I,OOO,OOO, its re-insurance reserve
to $I,909,373.79 and its net surplus to $2,II2,~I37.52.
The company has always been distinguished for the
thororigh reliability and accuracy of its methods,
the promptness of its payment of losses and the
uniform fairness of its dealings with its policy holders. The Pittsburgh agency of this company w~as
established originally in I872, although the branch
office for Western Pennsylvania was not established
here until later. The business of the company in
this section was largely increased in I887, in whiich
year the Pennsylvania Insurance CDompany of Pittsburgh retired from business, re-insuring its risks in
the German-American. Of the Pennsylvania (Dompany Mr. Thomas D. Keller was for sixteen years
the Secretary, and upon the transfer of its business
to the German-American. he was appointed Manager
for that company for Western Pennsylvania, and
brings to the business a thorough and practical
knowledge and a close and careful atttontion to every
detail, which are steadily having their effect in a
constant increase in the business of the company in
the territory assigned to his charge. He has a number of agents under his supervision, is a capablemanager, and not only enjoys a first-class reputation in the insurance circles of the city, but is also
regarded with deserved confidence by the public.
Metropolitan  Plate Glass Insurance
Com pany.-Headquarters at New York; Williami
L. Unverzagt, Manager for Western Pennsylvania,
4I9 Wood Street, Germania Bank Building.-The
great number of accidents to which plate glass is
exposed, in addition to those covered by the policy
of fire insurance, has led to the formation of several
corporations, with the special idea of covering casualties of this charaer. Leading among these is the
Metropolitan Plate Glass Insurance Company, of
New York, which was organized in I874, and has
since that time carried on an a6live and steadily
prosperous business, with a cash capital in government bonds of $Ioo,oco, assets amounting to $283,769,
and a surplus as to policy holders of $I9I,740. The
policies of this company cover all damage to the
windows by the settling of windows or frames, the
warping or swelling of wood of whiclh sash are
made, affects of careless persons running against
windows or show cards, breakage caused by throwing stones or other missiles, by runaway teams, by
porters or servants when cleaning or otherwise, by
painters when painting, by falling scaffolds, signs or
timbers, by breakage of cords to which mirrors are
attached, in short, all accidents except by fire. This
company also covers loss by natural gas explosions
without extra charge. The company has throughout the fourteen years during which it has been engaged in business commended itself to the favor of
the insurance public by the promptness with which
all losses are settled and its uniformly fair and honorable methods of dealing with the public. The
business of the company in Western Pennsylvania is
in charge of Mr. Unverzagt, who is a native of Pittsburgh, and a gentleman of long experience in the
insurance business, and who, in addition to his efficient management of this company, is also assistant
mauager of the German-American Insurance Co., of
New York, for Western Pennsylvania.
Hartford Life and Annuity Insurance
Company.-Headquarters at Hartford, Conn.;
William H. Reed, General Agent; Garrison Building, Corner of Third Avenue and WMood Street.The necessity of making provision for those dependent upon him is one which appeals strongly to
the man of correct principles, and the only objection which can reasonably be urged against life insurance is that in too many instances the plans of
insurance of many of the companies are devised
rather for the benefit of the insurers rather than
the insured. To devise a system of insurance that
should obviate all valid obje6tions to life insurance
and which should combine absolute security with
the utmost economy and most equitable terms was
left to the Hartford Life and Annuity Insurance
Company of Hartford, Conn. This company was
incorporated in I866, and in I880 it introduced its
Safety Fund System of life insurance. The system
includes in addition to an admission fee and mortuary calls for the payment of death losses only, made
four times a year, the deposit of $Io for each $I,ooo
of insurance to constitute a safety fund, the intere,t
of which is devoted to the payment of cash dividends. This deposit is paid but once. The result
of this system has been gratifying, the company's
experience of mortality showing that the annual
payments under this system are from 50 to 65 per
cent, lower than the ordinary life rates of the leading companies pursuing the ordinary methods of
insurance. A safety fund of $600,000 has already
been accumulated by the company, and is invested
in United States bonds. The general agency of this
company for Western Pennsylvania, West Virginia
and Eastern Ohio is located in this city, and is one
of the most prosperous agencies of the company.
Mr. William H. Reed, the General Agent, is a reputable citizen and an experienced life insurance man.
He is an efficient representative of the company
and prepared at all times to demonstrate the superiority in all essential particulars, over any other
plan, of the Safety Fund System of the Hartford
Life and Annuity Insurance Company.
vZEtna Life Insurance Company, of
Hartford, Conn.--Lavely  Clouse, Ma~nagers
for Western Penllsylvania; Corner o1: Fourth and
Market Streets. -There is no corporation in the life
insurance business which can point to a more honorable record than that embraced in the thirty-eight
years covered by the history of the iAtna L~ife. It'
has ever exhibited conservatism in its management,
and fairness, equity and integrity in its dealings
with policy-holders and beneficiaries. From the
statement of its business for i887 its gross assets
were, on January 3, i888, $32,620,676.76; policies in
force, 65,485; policies issued in j887, 7,406, insuring
$r4,380,449. The receipts of the company in i887
from  premiunis, interest and other sources were
$4,842,632.03) and  the  disbursements, including
death claims paid of $I,525,387.23, were $3,893,783.65.
The total sum paid to policy holders firom the organization of the company to the beginning of the
year i888 was $64,060,86I.52. The policy contras of the company are free from objeionable
features and are non-forfeiting, and stand high in
popular favor. The agency for WVestern Pennsylvania was ulider the maliagement of D. P. Chapman
from I864 until April, I887, he beilig succeeded by
John D. Henry, who held it for one year, when it
passed into the hands of Messrs. Henry A. Lavely
and I. WVarren Clouse. Both of the gentlemen are
experienced life underwriters, Mr. Lbavely having
been with this company since IS8I, and Mr. Clouse
having represented, as special agent, the Mutual
Benefit Life prior to his acceptance of his present
position. Both are natives of Pittsburgh,:nd industrious and energetic, and well fitted to represent
in this se6tion the great company whose interests
they have in charge. They cover their territory with
special and local agents, and are doing a prosperous
and steadily increasing business.
Alta  Friendly  Society.-WV. S. Campbell,
President; Arthur Thacher, Treasurer; A. H. WVoodward, Secretary; Pittsburgh Office 64 Fifth Avenue;
J. G. Fouse, Manager.-While Friendly Societies
have existed and prospered in Great Britain since
the year 1703, they are, comparatively speaking, unknown in this country. In I88I the official Registrar of Friendly Societies in England reported the
existence of I2,943 societies representing a membership of nearly 7,ooo,ooo and assets amounting to
$63,705,955. These societies have been fostered and
encouraged by Parliament, have enjoyed governmental aid, and have had the support of such men as
the Right Hon. W. BE. Gladstone, M. P., who in one
of his speeches said: "Y ou go into these societies
to seek your own good through the good of others."
While there have been many beneficial societies in
the United States, they have been mostly voluntary
societies, organized without alny regard to the established laws of sickness and morality. In I879, Mr.
L. G. Fouse, of Philadelphia, an Auary of prominence, and President of the Fidelity Mutual Life
Association, conceived the idea of establishing a
friendly society on scierttific principles in this
country. This was first done as an auxiliary to his
life company; but the growth of the business soon
rendered it necessary to establish an independent
institution to carry on the friendly society business.
To this end, the Alta Friendly Society was organized, and the friendly society business of the Fidelity Mutual life ASsociation was merged into it.
The Alta Friendly Society was incorporated under
the General Incorporation Act ena6ted by the Legislature of Pennsylvania in the year I874. It has had
a conservative growth, has over Io,ooo members, has
paid over $ros,ooo in benefits, and its accumulated
assets amount to nearly $40,000. The Pittsburgh
office of the society was established in I880, and the
management was assumed by Mr. J. G. Fouse, a
brother of the originator of the plan, January I,
I888. The business of the society in tlie cities of
Pittsburgh and Allegheny, under the eflicient and
energetic administration of Mr. Fouse, has steadily
increased, until the certificates of membership
issued from this office number from I50 to 200 per
month. This society makes no extravagant promises, but offers a simple, straightforward agreement,
to pay certain sunis weekly as benefits in case of
sickness, or a certain sum at death to pay funeral
expenses, in consideration of the members contributing monthly dues in proportion to their respective benefits assured to them under their certiffcates. The society employs the best talent,
conduc2s its business on strictly business principle,
and has never refiused to pay a just claim. Full information as to the objects, aims, and advantages
afforded by the society, willbe cheerfully furnished
by Mr. Fouse upon application, either in person or by
mail.
Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance
Com pany.-Headquarters at Milwaukee, Wis.;
Hienry C. Ayers, General Agent; Eisner Building, 64
Fifth Avenue.-The locatioli of the principal offices
of this company in the West enables it to selectbetter securities and net higher rates of interest than
Eastern companies, while its losses are comparatively
less, as it has always experienced the lowest death
rate ofanylargecompany. Thecompanywas orgaiiized in I859, and as a result of the favorable chara6ler
of its investments and the prudence of its management has since paid its policy holders larger dividends
than any other life company, its payments for death
losses since organization aggregating $I5,698,872.13,
and to its living policy holders for dividends, matured
endowments, surrendered  and lapsed  policies
amounting to $26,835,773.25. Its record shows a
remarkable growth. At the beginning of I888 the
company had 64,406 policies in force, insuring $I47,6I5,323; its assets ainounted to $28,858,0I9, and its
surplus, on the 4 per cent basis, to $4,04I,889.I8,
while its income for the year I887 amounted to $6,860,II9,I3, The plans of insurance upon which its policies are issued embrace all those which have been
commended by experience, including Semi-Tontine,
and every concession in the way of liberality to
policy holders is made which experience has shown
to be safe. The new business of this company has
been for years more than double that of any other
company working exclusively in the United States,
and in the Western States the business of the company, both old and new, is larger that of any other
company, and its aggregate new business in the
Middle and New England States exceeds that of any
Eastern company, excepting only the three leading
New York conipanies. The general agency at Pittsburgh was established in I874, and from that time to
the present has been under the efficient management
of Mr. Henry C. Ayers, an underwriter of experience,
who has built up for his company a large business
in the distrit assigned to his charge, and which is
steadily increasing. Mr. Ayers was born near Concord, NewT Hampshire,and after thorough preparatory
instruion, entered Dartmiouth College, from which
he graduated in the class of'64. Following his
graduation he was for one year successfully engaged
as instructor in the classics in the Educational Institute at Ogdensburg, New York. Soon after he
engaged in the insurance business with the purpose
of making it his life work. He was special agent for
nine years for the 21Atna, with headquarters in Pittsburgh and a territory covering Western Pennsylvania.
His connedtion with the Northwestern as general
agent covers a period of fourteen years. He has an
extensive and valuable acquaintance throughout
Western Pennsylvania and, with perhaps one exception, has had a longer experience in the business'
than any other life underwriter in WMestern Pennsylvania. He has the universal esteem and confidence
of his many patrons and. is President of the Board of
Life Insurance Underwriters of this city.
W(illiam Collingwood  Son. -Fire and
Boiler Insurance; 8I Fourth Avenue.--This agency,
which has been successfully conduEted for more
than a third of a century upon methods which have
commended it to the -favor and confidence of the
ins ~jring public, is the representative of a number of
the leading insurance corporations, and is prepared
to effeEtually place large lines of both fire andl boiler
insurance upon the most favorable terms, their
facilities being second to none. In fire companies
represented by this firm are the Springfield Fire
and Marine Insurance (Dompany of Massachusetts,
with a capital of $I,250,000, assets of $3,099,go4 and a
net surplus of $473,984; the Providence-Washin gton,
of Rhode Island, with a capital of $400,000, assets of
$I,II6,859, and a net surplus of $IOO,I56; the American Central Insurance Company, of St. I,ouis, Mo.,
capital, $600,000, assets, $I,229,498 and a net surplus
of $I74,349; the Equitable Fire and Marine Insurance
Company, of Providence, R. I., capital, $300,000,
assets, $560,o8I and net surplus, $I12,935, the Fire
Insurance Company of the County of Philadelphia,
capital, $400,000, assets, $772,572 and a net surplus
of $I22,322; the Transatlantic Fire Insurance Company, of Hamburg, Germany, with United States
assets of $500,847 and a net surplus of $347,303; and
the United Firemen's Insurance Company, of Philadelphia, Pa., with $300,000 capital, $926,58I assets
and $57,440 net surplus. The firm also represents,
in boiler insurance, the Hartford Steam Boiler
Inspeffion and Insurance Company, of ConneQticut,
the largest and niost successful company engaged
in this class of underwriting. The agency was established in I853 by the firm of Looniis  Collingwood,
and assumed its present style in I885, Mr. William
Collinwood and his son, Mr. David F. Collingwood,
being the members of the firm. Mr. William Collingwood is a native of Pennsylvania and an experienced business man, and holds a high place in the
insurance circles of the city. He is intimately conneted with the history of the Fire Department of
Pittsburgh, being one of the oldest volunteer fireme n,
and served two successive terms as chief of the
Volunteer Fire Department. Mr. David F. Collingwood, who is very favorably known among the
business public, is an energetic business man,
thoroughly informed in all the details of the insurance business. The firm has never had any litigation
in regard to losses, since its beginning, nor has it
had any trouble of any nature in the settling of
losses. This is a record to be proud of, and one
worthy of the consideration of insurers in selecing
a medium for insurance. The firm fully deserves
the high repute which is accorded it, and its large
and successful business is steadily increasing.
REAL ESTATE AND BUILDING.
M:EN AND FIRMS ENGA:ED  IN THU: SAM, AqND
IMPROVEMIENT OF PROPERTY.
The titles to real estate in Allegheny County are
partly held under the Penn grant and partly under
those issued by Virginia. In the settlement of the
disputed boundary question arrangements were
made for validating titles issued by either, and
which had been accompanied by possession or improvement. The laying out of the Manor of Pittsburgh occurred in I769, the trac including 5,766
acres of which Thomas and Robert Penn were the
proprietors, and with this survey was included two
previously made, the first one in I760, covering the
lots in the vicinity of the Fort, and another made
five years latter and known as the Old Military Plan,
including the ground bounded by Market, Water,
Second and Ferry streets.
Particulars in regard to thc laying out of Allegheny, the incorporations of adjoining boroughs
into the city, and other matters nearly and intimately
related to the great advance in real estate, are mentioned in other portions of this work. Of recent
years there has been a notable tendency of population
of Allegheny and the East End of Pittsburgh, which
are the favorite secions for the better class of
residences.
In building there has been a marked improvement of late years in the architeEtural beauty and
~finish of both residence and business struEtures and
alany of the blocks and dwellings in Pittsburgh will
pear favorable comparison with the fintest of any
ther city in the country.
In the notices which follow will be found mention
of the leading dealers and handlers of real estate,
followed by an account of the architecrts builders,
contradtors and others engaged in the various
departments of the building business or in furnishing
supplies for builders.
R. Robinson. -- Real Estate and Insurance
Agent and Broker; IO5. Pederal Street, Allegheny.--
Captain R. Robinson has resided in Allegheny since
I839, and is a gentleman wfho has enjoyed a thorough
business training. He was on the river for eighteen
years, commencing as clerk and rising to the position of Captain and owner of vessels, and he sold his
last vessel, the Kate Robinson, in I868. He was one
of the founders of the Hoboken Sand Company, and
since embarking in his present business twenty
years ago he has secured a large and steadily increasing patronage as a consequence of the close and
accurate attention paid by him to all business placed
in his hands. He carries on all the usual departments of a thoroughly equipped real estate agency,
and attends to the renting of houses, colles rents,
does conveyancing, settles business of estates,
negotiates loans on good mortgages, etc., and his
list of properties for sale or for rent includes at all
times desirable residences and business locations.
Mr. Robinson is a thoronghly praffical and experienced man, understanding every detail of this
business, and in addition to his real estate business,
is also engaged as an insurance agent, representing
the Royal Insurance Company of L(iverpool, the
Girard of Philadelphia and most of the solvent compallies in the city. He does a large brokerage business, and is prepared to offer safe and reliable insurance at the lowest premiums consistent wiih
legitimate insurance principles. Mr. Robinson, in
both departments, is prompt and reliable, and is
justly regarded with favor and confidence. He went
through the war, belonging to the State troops, was
at Vicksburgh, and was captured on the Cumberland
and at Shawneetown, Ill. by General Chenowith, a
guerilla leader. He carried governnient supplies to
Nashville in his own vessel, and took the first troops
into Parkersburgh, Va. in the Army of the Potomac.
Thomas Liggett.-Real E~state and Mortgages; II4 Fourth Avenue.-Among the prominent
operators in real estate and mortgage securities in
Pittsburgh and the surrounding country, Mr.
Thomas Liggett holds a prominent place. He is a
native of this city, and has been engaged in his
present business for the past ten years. He deals on
personal account and as agent in improved business
and residence property and city lots in Pittsburgh,
Allegheny and the suburbs, and has at all times on
hand desirable properties for sale or lease. He is
also prepared to loan money on real estale security,
and does an extensive business in this branch. -Te is
an accurate judge of values, present and prospetive,
of property in this vicinity, and has commended
himiself to a large and steadily growing connetion
of patrons by his close attention to confided interests and his energetic and reliable methods of dealing. Intimately conneed with the business is Mr.
Frank R. Liggett, a Notary Public, and all notarial
work brought to the office is executed in exa compliance with statutory requirements. Mr. Thomas
l,iggett is of an old Pittsburgh family. His grandfather, Thomas Liggett, settled here in about the
year I802, and was one of the old time contrators
and builders of the city. He built old Trinity
Church, and the Chronicle-Telegraph building, now
torn down. He moved in I839 to the house in East
Liberty in which Mr.John Liggett, father of Mr.
Thomas l,iggett, now resides. The block between
the Diamond and Fifth Avenue was used for a number of years by Thomas L/. Liggett as a luniber yard,
he having purchased it in 2830 for $20 and $25 per
front foot.
A. C. Jarrett.-Mortgage and Real Estate
Broker; I904 Carson Street, South Side.-Mr. Jarrett has been engaged in this business since I872,
and has built up a large connetion by reason of
the uniformly reliable character of his services, and
the close attention paid to the details of every
transation placed in his hands. He buys and sells
mortgages, rents houses, and makes colleffions, and
ats as a broker in real estate transactions, and is
also prepared to execute in legal form all documents
pertaining to real estate or other legal matters, and
attends to such affairs as usually come within the
province of a well equipped real estate broker. He
handles a large amount of property on the South
Side, and is agent for the important Ormsby estate,
and in addition to this he is also prepared to make
loans of any desired aniount on available real real
estate offerit)g the best terms, and conducting all
negotiations in a prompt, honorable and accurate
manner. He is an experienced man in the business,
and a correct judge of the value, present and prospective, of real estate, and he has steadily increased
his business by industrious and progressive methods.
Cushing  Fox.-Steamship, Real Estate and
Insurance Agents; 43I9 Butler Street.-This firm,
which is composed of Messrs. P. M. Cushing and
George Fox, was formed in I875, and has since
enjoyed a large and prosperous business. The firm
does a regular insurance and brokerage business,
representing all the insurance companies now on
the Board of Underwriters, and in addition to this
business, they sell tickets by the different steamship
lines to all parts of Europe, furnish drafts and letters
of credit on the leading foreign cities, and also do a
large real estate business, controlling over 200
houses and stores in differentparts of the city. They
do every kind of real estate business except loans,
and have a large and constantly growing patronage
as a consequence of the uniformly efficient characner
of their services. Mr. P. M. Cushing is a native of
Ireland, but has resided in the United States for the
past forty-five years. He has held the position of
Notary Public for fourteen years, and is prepared to
transat every description of notarial business in an
efficient and accurate manner. Mr. George Fox, the
other member of the firm, is a native of Germany,
but has been a resident of what is now the Seventeenth Ward for the past fifty years. He located
here when the present site of lawrenceville was
devoted entirely to farming, and is a popular and
representative citizen of the ward and has represented it in the Sele6t Council for the past two years.
Both of the members of the firm own a considerable
amount of real estate in the ward, and are substantial
and deservedly successful citizens.
Thomas Welsh  Co.-Real EDstate Agents;
I57 Lacock Street, Allegheny.-Mr. Thomas Welsh
is a practical and experienced man, understandiug
every detail of the real estate business, and in I883
he established at 72 Federal street under the style
of Thomas Welsh  Co., and has since condu6ted the
business and is now located at I57 I,acock street.
He does a large and steadily growing busiuess, attending to all the details usually carried on by a
first class real estate agency, buying, selling and exchanging real estate and having at all times on hand
and for sale a large list of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and
suburban property, and which he is prepared to offer
for sale or lease upon the most favorable terms.
Mr. WVelsh is prepared to negotiate mortgages, rent
houses, collet rents and attend to all business pertaining to real estate, and the close and accurate
attention paid by him to the details of every transation placed in his hands, his prompt business
methods, his thorough knowledge of values present
and prospetive of real estate have secured for him
a large and steadily growing patronage, and he now
occupies a recognized position as one of the leaders
in this brarch of business.
Samuel Dyer. -Real Estate and Insurance;
48 Park Way, Allegheny.--Among the real estate
and insurance agents of the two cities, Mr. Samuel
Dyer, of 48 Park Wiay, holds distinguished prominence as one of the largest operators, and one of the
most reliable agents. He carries on all the details
of a complete real estate agency, acrting as agent for
the sale, exchange and leasing of properties and the
management of real estate, colleEting rents, etc. He
also does a large business in insurance, being resident agent for the Norwich- Union Fire Office of
Norwich, E;ngland, one of the largest insurance
corporations in the world, and justJy celebrated for
the uniform fairness upon which its business is conducnted. The United States branch of this company
had assets, Decerr.ber 3Ist, I887, amounting to~
$I,3I5,486.67, and a net surplus over all liabillties of
$606,093.70. Mr. Dyer has been e ngaged in his
present business since I876, and has steadily increased his connecrtion from that time to the present.
He is a native of Ireland, from whence he camve in
I832 via Baltimore, and settled in Allegheny, and
prior to engaging in the real estate business he wasPITTSBURGH AND ALLEGHENY ILLUSTRATED REVIEW.
addition to looking after his own interests he transacts a general real estate and brokerage business,
with facilities unsurpassed by those of any real estate firm in the city.
ARCHITECTS.
Longfellow, Alden  Harlow.-Architects;
6 Beacon Street, Boston, Mass.; 16 Stevenson Building, Sixth Avenue, Pittsburgh.-This distinguished
firm of architects, composed of Messrs. A. W. Longfellow, Jr., F. E,. Alden and A. B. Harlow, all natives
of Boston, Mass., has earned a merited distinction
for the superior character of its work in design and
execution. Messrs. Longfellow and Harlow have
charge of the office of the firm in Boston, while Mr.
Alden attends to the business of the firm in this
city. Many of the most notable of the public and
private buildings of Pittsburgh and Allegheny are
the result of the artistic skill of this firm, among
them the fine residence of A. B. W. Painter in Allegheny City, the Duquesne Club building in Pittsbuagh, the East Liberty Presbyterian Church, and a
number of other business and residence structures
in the two cities and surrounding towns, while from
the Boston office they do a large business through
Massachusetts, and have designed many of the finest
buildings of recent construction in that state, including the new City Hall at Cambridge. The firm
is not only noted for the beauty of its designs, but
also for the perfect adaptability of every structure
planned by them to the purposes of its construction.
Mr. Longfellow, of this firm, is a nephew of Henry
Wordsworth Longfellow, the poet. All the members
of the firm are gentlemen of training and experience
in this department of artistic industry, and Mr.
Alden, the Pittsburgh member, has a notable local
distinction, as having been the supervising architect
of the new Allegheny County Court House, just
completed. All work entrusted to the firm is conscientiously performed, and that fact has secured
for it a steadily increasing patronage from its inception to the present time.
Alston  Heckert. -Architects; 91 Federal
Street, Allegheny.-Among the leading architeccts of
Allegheny the firm of Alston  Heckert justly holds
high rank, as a consequence of the superiority of all
their work in the line of general architecture. The
business was originally established in I857 by Mr.
John M. Alston, who continued it alone until 1886,
when he admitted to partnership with himself Mr.
Sidney F. Heckert, the firm then assuming its present style. Mr. Heckert, who is a native of this city,
was employed by Mr. Alston for six years prior to
becoming a member of the firm, and is a skilled and
expert architect, who possesses a thorough knowledge of the business in its every detail. Mr. Alston,
who is a native of Scotland, came to America in 1830,
and has resided in Allegheny since. He served an
apprenticeship in house building, and worked for a
number of years as a carpenter, millwright and contractor. He was a student under J.W. Kerr, the
first architect that was located permanently in Pittsburgh. Among the work recently turned out by
this firm may be mentioned the M. B. Church, located on Buena Vista street, the remodeling of the
Union M. E. Church, located at the corner of Manhattan street and Pennsylvania avenue, the Pittsburgh- Plate Glass Co.'s office building. the erection
of the Telephone Exchange Building in Allegheny,
as well as a large number of fine residences and public buildings. Only the most expert and skilled
draughtsmen are employed by the firm, whose trade
covers the States of Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and
West Virginia, where they maintain the highest reputation for superior work.
Frazier  Jacobs.-Architects; 99 Fourth
Avenue.-This firm, which is composed of Messrs.
J. G. Frazier and J. A. Jacobs, started in business in
May of the past year. Mr. Frazier has always
been engaged in this line of business, and formerly
had an office on Sixth avenue, while Mr. Jacobs,
who is a practical engineer and draughtsman, was
prior to the formation of this firm, engaged as a
builder. They have done a great deal of work in
substantial dwellings and business blocks, and are
at present preparing plans for a block for Mr. J. H.
Dean at the corner of Rebecca and Manhattan
streets, which when completed will cost about
$60,000.  It is designed for stores with flats above,
which will accommodate twenty-eight families, and
will be the largest structure of its kind in the city.
They are also preparing plans for many smaller
buildings, both residence and business structures,
engaged in the grocery business here for thirty
years. He is well-known as a representative and
reputable citizens, and his long residence has given
accurate knowledge of values. Every detail of the
business entrusted to him is attended to with
promptness and fidelity, and this agency is one of
the leading ones in Allegheny County.
Reed B. Coyle   Co..-Real Estate and
Loans; I3I Fourth Avenue.-This house, although
established as recently as December, I887, has
already gained an enviable and well-earned reputation for sagacity and honorable business methods.
The business comprises that of general real estate
dealer and broker, buying, selling and leasing
property in city or country, negotiating loans, collecting rents, paying taxes and looking after the
interests of non-residents, searching for and preparing abstracts of title, effecting insurance and
general management of property. They have at all
times money to loan in any desired sum at 4 1/2, 5
and 6 per cent. interest upon approved securities,
and devote special attention to investing money for
capitalists. Mr. Coyle is practieally familiar with
valuations of realty in this and adjoining counties,
having had an experience of more than two years
with the well known real estate agency of Black 
Baird. The other member of the firm, Mr. Robert
J. Coyle, Jr., is also a thoroughly efficient and competent business man. They control at the present
time as large and desirable a list of city and suburban
property as any real estate firm in the city, and Mr.
Coyle has made some very important sales since
embarking in business on his own account. The
office is eligibly located, conveniently arranged for
the reception of customers and every attention is
given to their requirements that a faithful desire to
serve their interests can suggest,
1. M. Pennock  Son.-Real Estate and
Mortgage Brokers; I05 Fourth Avenue.-Mr. Isaac
M. Pennock, the founder of this business, and senior partner in this firm, has long been prominent in
the financial and real estate circles of the city. He
established the business in 1866 at 59 Fourth avenue,
later associating with himself his son, I. M. Pennock,
Jr., in the formation of the present firm, which removed in April, 1888, to the offices now occupied at
105 Fourth avenue. They transact a general real
estate business, acting as agents for the purchase,
sale and exchange of business and residence property in the city and surrounding country, selling
real estate either at private sale or public auction,
renting houses, collecting rents and attending to all
the several departments of a complete real estate
agency. They do a large business and enjoy a firstclass reputation for the close attention paid by them
to every detail of the business. Mr. Isaac M. Pennock, Sr., is a native of Fayette county, in this State,
and came to Pittsburgh in 1837, engaging in mercantile pursuits prior to establishing his present
business. His son, Mr. I. M. Pennock, Jr., is a native
of this city, and a business man of thorough trainiug
and superior business attainments. He is a Notary
Public and prepared to transact all kinds of notarial
business in an efficient manner. The firm is a reliable one in every respect, and noted for its promptness and efficiency.
James E. Dickson.-Dealer in Real Estate
and Mortgages; 101 Fourth Avenue.-Mr. Dickson
is a native of this city, and was for ten years successfully engaged as an oil operator in Warren county
prior to 1885, when he established his present business, at first locating at the corner of Wood street
and Fourth avenue, and removing to his present
quarters in April last. He has done a good and
satisfactory business. since embarking in his present
enterprise, making a specialty of dealing in farm
lands and manufacturing sites, and has conducted
many important transactions in real estate in the
city and surrounding country, one of the most notable of which was the sale of the Smith's Ferry oil
farm, which realized $50,000, and another a transfer
of a manufacturing site on the South side for $35,ooo. He deals also in mortgages, and is prepared to
offer the best inducements for the purchase or sale
of securities of that character. He is a gentleman
of first-class financial and business standing, a reputable citizen, and his methods of doing business
are uniformly accurate and reliable.
C. H. Love.-Real Estate Broker and Dealer in
Bonds, Mortgages and Other Securities; 93 Fourth
Avenue.-One of the oldest real estate brokers and
agents in the city is Mr. C. H. Love, who has been
steadily engaged in the business since 1857. He
originally located on Market street, removing to 58
Fourth avenue in 1868, and he has been on that
thoroughfare ever since and for a number of years at
his present location. His business is a very large
one and covers many of the most important transactions. Notable among the vast amount of Pittsburgh
property that has passed through his hands may be
mentioned the Liberty Oil Works, which he sold
about two years ago for $100,000, to the Crescent
Steel Company, and the St. Charles Hotel, the sale
of which he has two several times effected as agent,
each time for $100,000. He has made some very heavy
real estate transfers during the present year, including one sale of property on Water street for $38,000,
and has been especially busy, in fact, ever since the
discovery of natural gas has facilitated the demand
for properties in Pittsburgh. He also does a large
business as a dealer in bonds, mortgages and other
securities. Mr. Love is a native of West Virginia,
but has resided in Pittsburgh since I84I. His long
and intimate connection with real estate transactions
in the city has made him an accurate judge of values,
present and prospective, of Pittsburgh property, and
has caused him to be regarded as authority on the
subject. This, with his accuracy and reliability in
every transaction, have earned him success and a
steady increase in the volume of his business from
year to year.
McCune  Coulter.-Brokers in Real Estate,
Mortgages and Insurance and General Auctioneers;
98 Fourth Avenue. This enterprise was organized
and established in I884 by Messrs. John D. McCune
and A. C. Coulter. Its transactions since the commencement have been exceptionally large and steadily increasing in volume in Pittsburgh, Allegheny
and the surrounding country. A special feature of
the business is the management of property, securing good tenants for vacant properties and collecting rents, placing insurance, etc., and a general
auctioneering business is also carried on. The long
residence of the members of this firm iu this section, and their intimate acquaintance with the value
of property in Pittsburgh and Allegheny, make their
services in this direction of particular value, and
they receive a liberal patronage from the people of
the city and vicinity. Prior to the f ormation of this
firm both gentlemen had considerable experience in
the same line of business, and thoroughly understand its every detail.
Norman May.-Broker in Real Estate, Stocks
and Mortgages; 4I3 Wood Street.-The real estate
transactions in Pittsburgh and Allegheny County,
have, during the past decade, assumed proportions
of almost fabulous magnitude; calling into requisition the services of numerous agents, dealers and
brokers possessing special qualifications for intelligently advancing the interests of both buyers and
sellers. Among the most reliable and favorably
known dealers in real estate, stocks, bonds, and
mortgages, now engaged in this important branch
of business, is Mr. Norman May, whose office is
located at 4I3 Wood Street. Mr. May commenced
business on Fourth avenue in 1878, and removed to
his present location in 1887. He controls large
tracts of improved and unimproved lands in Allegheny and surrounding counties and adjoining
States, as well as desirable city and suburban lots
for business or resident purposes. He also deals
extensively in stocks, bonds and mortgages, offering special inducements to parties desirous of investing money upon the most approved securities.
Mr. May is a native and life-long resident of Allegheny City, and has been for many years identified
with the real estate, industrial and commercial interests of the two cities.
A. P, Norton. - Real Estate Broker; 419
Smithfield Street. - Mr. Norton is one of the oldest
and best known real estate de alers in this section of
the country. He was born in Oneida County, N. Y.
in 1818, and came to Pittsburgh originally in I843,
two years previous to the "great fire," becoming
possessed of considerable property on Mt. Washington. He remained here for nine years, and then removed to New York city, where he engaged in business, and returned to Pittsburgh in 1867 and established his present business on the South Side.
In 1870 he laid out and placed upon the market for
building purposes forty three acres on Mt. Washington, and now handles some of the best and most
desirable property on Mt. Washington, 32nd Ward,
Pittsburgh, and in the 10th Ward, Allegheny. His
office is now located at 4I9 Smithfield street, and inaided in any assault they might make upon the
English by a large army which the French King
would send to their assistance. The general distrust and hatred with which the English were
regarded by the Indians only required a leader who
could unite the various tribes to make it formidable,
and this commander was found in the person of
Pontiac, Chief of the Ottawas, and then about fifty
years of age. He had been a friend of the French,
and his great intelligence enabled him to foresee
the results which would follow the encroachments
of the English upon Indian territory. He determined upon a plan of Indian union, and in the
winter of I762-3 he sent messengers to the villages
of the various trlbes, and completed arrangements
by which the Ottawas, Ojibwas, Pottowattomies,
Sacs, Foxes, Menomonies, Illinois, Miamis, Shawanese, Delawares, Wyandots, Senecas and the tribes
of the south were to rise on a certain day in the
spring of I763, seize all the English posts and
destroy all the E;nglish settlements on the border.
A grand council of the tribes was held, and it is said
that a bundle of rods was given to every tribe, each
bundle containing as many sticks as there were days
between the date of the council and that of the proposed attack. One of the rods was to be taken from
the bundle each day, and when all had been broken
except the last, the outbreak was to occur. It is also
said that a Delaware squaw who opposed the plans
of Pontiac stole
some of the rods
from the bundles
given to the Delawares and Shawanese, and as a consequence the attack on the forts
in Western Pennsylvania was premiaturely made.
The execution of
the designs of Pontiac was so well
arranged and carried out with such
earnestness that of
all the E:nglish
forts only three,
Detroit,  Niagara
and Pitt, sucessfully resisted capture. Pontiac himself was engaged
in the attack on
Detroit, while the
operations against
Fort Pitt were in
charge of Kiyasuta, a Seneca Indian, who was one
of Pontiac's most
able  lieutenants.
In the latter part
of May a party of
Indians came to Pittsburgh, ostensibly to trade,
but their movements excited suspicion and Captain Simeon Ecuyler, a Swiss officer, who was
then in command at Fort Pitt, sent dispatches
to Colonel Bouquet.  The attack on Fort Pitt
was begun on the afternoon of June 22, I763, but
Captain Ecuyler with his men held their position
and resisted all attempts on the part of the Indians
to dislodge them from the garrison.  The news of
the attack on Fort Pitt spread to Pennsylvania, but
the Assembly, with its usual apathy, did nothing for
the aid of the beseiged. The commander at Bedford
sent forward a small force of picked men to aid in
defense, and a few days later General Amherst dispatched Colonel Bouquet with 500 men belonging
to the 42nd and 72nd regiments, and six companies
of Rangers, amounting to 200 more, to miarch to the
relief of the fort.  The English force was in bad
condition, the regulars having recently returned
from the West Indies, and many of them being invalids, but Bouquet pushed forward with all possible
speed, and followed Forbes' road, reaching Bushy
Run, a tributary of Turtle Creek and near its head
waters, on the sth of August. Here a bloody battle
occurred, the Indians attacking the British in great
numbers, the fight continuing until nightfall and
being resumed on the morning of the 6th. Bouquet,
by skillful management, secured a victory -and put
the savages to flight, the result of the engagement
being a loss of fifty killed and sixty wounded among
the whites, while of the Indians sixtywarriors and a
number of chiefs were killed.  Bouquet proceeded
to Fort Pitt, where his arrival was hailed with
delight by the rescued garrison.
Following the relief of Fort Pitt, while the Indians made no general organized effort against the
settlements, there were frequent attacks by small
parties, which were encouraged by the peaceful ideas
of the Pennsylvanian Quakers, who would render
no assistance for the defense of the people on the
frontiers. At last, however, the increasing number
of the assaults of the Indians led to a proclamation
by Governor John Penn, offering a reward for the
scalps or capture of Indians. For every male past
ten years of age captured, $I50; or for their scalps,
being killed, $I34; and for every female or male
under ten years captured $I30, or for the scalp of
such female killed $50. In the fall of I764 General
Gage determined to make a decisive attack upon
the Indians from two different quarters, and Colonels
Bradstreet and Bouquet were placed in command of
the two divisions. Bouquet's force consisted of 500
regulars, most of whom had participated in the battle of Bushy Run, and I,ooo volunteers from Pennsylvania and Virginia. His successful expedition
against the Indians brought an end to danger from
the savages, and on his return he received the thanks
of the General Assembly, and justly occupies an important place in the history of Western Pennsylvania, as the man who brought peace and prosperity
to her borders. Of this interesting period there
still remains an important memento in the Redoubt,
or Old Block House, ereted in I764 by Colonel
Henry Bouquet, and which still stands between
Penn avenue, Duquesne Way, Fort street and Fort
alley. In the walls of this structure was imbedded
a stone slab, inscribed " A. D. 1764, Col. Bouquet."
This relic was appropriated in I869 by the builders
of the Municipal Hall aild inserted in the interior
wall of that edifice at the head of the first flight of
stairs.
EARLV SURVUYS.
The first plan of lots for the town of Pittsburgh
was made in I760, All the houses were in the neighborhood of the fort, and the survey was divided
into what were called the Upper and I,ower Towns.
The Lower Town was nearest the fort and the Upper
Town extended to Market street. Among the early
inhabitants, it may be interesting to note, were
George Croghan, William Trent, John Ormsby,John
Campbell, Thomas Small and Ephraim Blaine, the
latter of whom was grandfather of the present well
known statesman, James G. Blaine. In I765 Captain
John Campbell, by authority of the commanding
officer at Fort Pitt, made a second plan of lots covering the ground bounded by Market, Water, Second
and Ferry streets, and this survey, known as the
Old Military Plan, was afterward incorporated in the
survey made the latter part of I784.
VIRGINIA'S C-LAIMS.
As has been before stated, there was a serious
conflict between the charter granted by James I. in
I609 to the company headed by Robert Cecil, Earl of
Salisbury, and that afterward granted to William
Penn byCharles II. in I68I. Each of these certainly
covered by their terms the territory embracing Allegheny County, and after the pacification of the
Indians by Colonel Bouquet there was for several
years a serious dispute between the crown colony of
Virginia and the province of Pennsylvania as to the
jurisdiction over this territory. Settlers from both
Virginia and Pennsylvania had taken lands west of
the mountains, and the Indians sent forward numerous complaints, as a consequence of which General
Gage, commanding the British forces in North
America, instructed Captain Alexander Mackey,who
had charge of a detachment at Fort Redstone, now
Brownsville, to order the settlers to withdraw from
the lands they had taken up, and orders were issued
to that effect; and although some were forcibly
ejected, it had little effect, for the settlers who were
removed returned again to their settlements as soon
as the troops were withdrawn. This state of affairs
continued until October 24, I768, when a conference
was held at Fort Stanwix, now Rome, New York,
with the Six Nations, the Delawares, the Shawanese,
Munsies and Mohicans, the imperial government
being represented by Sir William Johnson, commission ers being present from New Jersey, Pennsylvania
and Virginia, resulting in the relinquishment of the
r_   J-I - _   -1  -!--.     - _11
Indian claim to all
the country of the
Six Nations east of
the Allegheny River, as far north
as Kittanning and
south and east of
the Ohio from
PittFburgh to the
mouth of the
Tennessee River.
While the Indian
claim was thus extinguished to that
part of Allegheny
County lying east
of the Allegheny
River, the dispute
between Virginia
and Pennsylvania
remained unsettled, the Ohio Company still pushed
its claims, and Virginia was the first
to take active possession by issuing
titles to lands in
this section, especially in Washington County and
in portions of Allegheny County between the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, and as these titles were afterward
recognized in the settlement between Pennsylvania
and Virginia, much of the very best land in this
region is held under Virginian titles. Fort Pitt continued to be occupied by British troops until October, I772, when orders were given by General Gage
for its abandonment, and the stones, bricks, timbers,,
etc., in the fort and redoubt were sold for _50, New
York currency. The fort was not destroyed, however, and in I774 Dr. John Connelly, acting under the
orders of Lord Dunmore, Governor of Virginia, took
possession of the fort, which he renamed Fort Dunmore, and issued a proclamation calling the militia
together to assemble on the 2sth of January. Previous to this the province of Pennsylvania had by act
of the General Assembly, March 9, I77I, created the
County of Bedford, covering all the land in Pennsylvania west of the mountains to which the Indian
title had been extinguished, and divided the territory into sixteen townships, one of which was nanied
Pitt Township, which covered a large portion of the
present counties of Allegheny, Washington and
Beaver. Attempts to collect taxes in this territory
were, however, generally resisted by the citizens
upon the ground that they were Virginians and not
Pennsylvanians.  Later, in February, I773, Westmoreland County was formed, which took from Bedford County Pittsburgh and its surroundings, and
the new county had its seat of government at Hannastown, thirty miles from  Pittsburgh.  Of this
county Arthur St. Clair, afterward Governor of the
Northwest Territory, was appointed a magistrate,,and although of recent establishment, a large business has already been built up, and the outlook for
the future is most promising.
CONTRACTORS AND BUILMDRS,
L. Benz  Bros.-Contrators and Builders,
and Dealers in All Kinds of Pine and Hardwood,
Utc.; Corner of Thirteenth and Water Streets, South
Side.-The business now conduAed by the firm of
L. Benz  Bros. is not only one of the most prosperous of the contrating and building firms in the
city, but is also one of the oldest, having been
originally established in I848 by Mr. L. Benz, senior,
the father of the present proprietors. He carried it
on until I873, when it passed into the hands of his
sons, Lorenz, Ferdinand, Philip and John Benz, and
the present firm name was assumed. The business
premises include large yards and shops at the corner
of Thirteenth and Water streets, the faory being
completely equipped with all the mnost highly
improved machinery and appliances adapted to the
finishing of lumber, which they use in the execution
of the large contracts which they receive from all
classes of buildings, including in addition to residence and business houses, churches, schools and
all kinds of edifices. They carry on hand at all
times a stock amounting to about 3,000,000 feet of
lumber, including pine and hardwood, and they do
a large trade in the city, as well as considerable
shipping business in lumber, making a specialty of
finishing hardwood, for the produffion of which
their equip-lent is in every respet complete. They
give steady employment to a force ranging from
seventy-five to IOO men, and have filled many of the
most important contracts for buildin g in Pittsburgh,
Allegheny and the surrounding towns and counties.
The Messrs. Benz are thoroughly equipped with all
the necessary qualifications for carrying on the business upon an extensive scale, and are pratical and
experienced in all the details. having been trained
in the business under the close personal supervision
of their father, who was one of the most skillful and
expert mechanics that ever lived in this city. He
was honored and esteemed by the community as a
successful, progressive and enterprising man, and
he died deeply regretted in I873, having passed the
latter years of his life in retirement earned by his
long and successful business career. He established
the business upon a firm foundation, and his sons,
following in his footsteps, bring to its prosecution
+1the lhighest, princrip;les of: business nonor.
the highest principles of business honor,
and have steadily added to the importance of
the establishment in the volume of its business, until they now occupy a position which
is distin6tively representative, and enjoy
reputation second to none in the department
of business in which they are engaged.
R. J. Godf rey.-Carpenter and Builder;
172 Fourth Avenue.-Mr. Godfrey established
himself in business in I879, bringing to the
inauguration of his enterprise a long and
practical experience in every detail of the
business, and a thorough knowledge of all
its requirements. He has since been atively
engaged, his first-class reputation for excellent work and faithful performance of all
Gnntras, giving him  the confidence of the
trade, and securing for him a steady increase
in patronage. He has built many of the finest
public buildings and private residences in
Pittsburgh and Allegheny, and is now engaged in the constrution of a number of
handsome East End residences. He also has
a large patronage as a contraor for millwright and bridge work of all kinds, and
which he performs in the most workmanlike and satisfactory mauner, employing only
skilled workmen, using only the best material, and carefully supervising every detail,
so as to produce the best results. Mr. GodI      1 1 1   v     __    _  -I - -   -- - - -   --I-   __11_.1   _  II _,  
frey has fully earned the success which has attended
his enterprise, and which is steadily growing from
year to year.
Mr. Godfrey is also the founder, in conjuncion
with Mr. B. F. Beatty, of the " Order of Solon," with
its supreme officers located at Pittsburgh. The above
named gentlemen occupy the important positions
in the Order, Mr. R. J. Godfrey being Supreme
Treasurer, and Mr. B. F. Beatty Supreme Secretary;
and the Order is one that refle6ts credit upon and
stamps them as public benefators in compiling and
arranging plans and means of giving benefits and
protecion to their fellow-men. The order pays sick
benefits from five dollars to twenty-five dollars a
week, on assessments of from fifty cents to two dollars and fifty cents per month. Certificates mature
every seven years, one thousand dollars being the
limit. Sick benefits are dedued from the face
value of certificates, with six per cent. interest added
thereto, and the balance is paid to the member. In
case of death the certificate is pro-rated according
to the time it has been in force. The principle
upon which this Order is based insures success and
prosperity, and commends itself to every thinking
man who has the interests of his family and his own
at heart.
Waite  Rowlands.-Contra6tors and Builders; 2500 Jane Street, South Side.-This business
was established in I860 by Mr. William Waite, who
was joined in I865 by Mr. William Rowlands in the
formation of the present firm, which has since carried
on business with a notable success, and with a constant endeavor of the members of the firm to faithfully
execute all contrats placed in their hands. They
have a superior equipment for carrying on every department of their business, having shops and planing
mills at the corner of Jane and Twenty fifth Streets,
which are 68xI20 feet in dimensions, and completely
equipped with all the most modern and improved
machinery and appliances for the dressing or preparing of lumber of every grade and of all dimensions.
In their shop, mills, and yards they give constant
ermployment to a force ranging from thirty to forty
men, in addition to which they have at all times large
numbers of hands at work in various parts of the
city, in the constrution of dwelling-houses, churches
and public buildings. They are now engaged in
building the Welsh Calvinistic Church on Second
Avenue near the Homceopathic Hospital, and they
are also building a large house on Fifth Avenue
Corner of Jummonville Street, and also two on Oakland avenue, and have many other contracs on hand,
and they have in the past ereed many of the most
notable buildings in the city. The members o' the
firm are also members of the Master Builders' Association, and are prominently regarded by the
business community of the city. They carefullv
supervise all work under their diretion-so as to secure the highest grade of excellence of the workmanship, and fill'their contracts upon principles of honor
and integrity, by which they have earned a deservedly
foremost reputation as conscientious contrators.
Mr. William Waite is a native of Chester County,
Pennsylvania, and throughout a period of nearly
thirty years of business history has been prominent
as a successful and reputable business man. Mr. W.
Rowlands, who is a native of Wales, has by corre
knovwledge of the business, and energetic attention
to its duties also largely contributed to securing to
the firm its success and good repute.
Booth  Flinn.-General Contrators; 305
Ross Street. - In the business of contractors for paving, streetand railroad grading, masonry, etc., the
mostextensive firm in the city is that of Booth 
Flinn, of which Messrs. James J. Booth and William
Flinn are the individual members. Their equipment
and facilities for carrying on this business are unsurpassed, as they manufature their own brick, having
an extensive plant with a capacity for the prodution
of 30,0co per day, and they also have four quarries of
- Belgian block stone, furnishing them material of the
best quality for filling their paving contracts, and
g they have an extensive plant at East iberty, where
they manufature asphaltum paving material which
they utilize in their paving contracts. They have
g large contracts with the city, as well as being at all
busy with important railroad contra6ts and other-. large works, and so extensive is their business that
the force employed by them ranges from 2,000 to
3,000 men. Both, the members of the firm  are
a thoroughly pratical and experienced men in this
department of business, and all the work done under
contracts awarded to them is carefully supervised by
the members of the firm so as to secure the highest
degree of excellence and a faithful fulfillment of the
terms of their agreements. Their reliable methods
of dealing, their promptness and accura'cy, have
earned for them their present recognized position as
leaders in their branch of industry.
John ston Mc Inti re.- Carpenter and Builder;
Corner of Washington Avenue and B. Street, Allegheny.-In conneion with the building interests
of the two cities Mr. McIntire has earned a prominent place, as a consequence of the uniform excellelice of his work and his prompt and efficient executioll of all contras undertaken by him. He is a
native of Allegheny, is thoroughly acquainted
with every detail of the business in which he
is engaged, and secures satisfaory work by
close personal supervision of the large force
of expert workmen employed by him in 9he
prosecution of his business. He established
on his own account in I867, and was formerly
for some time a member of the firm  of
Trimble, McIntire  Co. He has a large and
steadily growing business in Pittsburgh and
Allegheny, and is prepared to make and execute contras for house building in all its
branches, as well as repairing, and promptly
attends to all work entrusted to his hands.
He is constantly engaged in the esecution of
important contrats for the eretion of public, business and residence strutures, and
many of the most attrative buildings in the
two cities are the result of his skillful work.
Among other edifices built by him may be
mentioned the Cleveland and Pittsburgh
Railway offices and the Wesleyan Seminary
in the Fifth Ward of Allegheny. He has
earned success in business by close attention
to its details and by uniformly fair and honorable methods in all his dealings.
ROOFING.
Eagle  Roofing  Company.-Manufaturers of 2 and 3 Ply Iron Fiber Cement
-T-", 4     LI. 1 Q---+ ^   i    L  -      
Roofing, I;tc.; I41 water;5treeL. 1 1is imporLant
manufauring establishnient was founded in
November, I885, by Messrs. J. C. Hibbets, W. D.
Creighton, and F. M. Reed, under the style of
the  Eagle  Roofing Compavy.  This  company
occupies commodious querters at I41 Water street,
where they give employment to a force ranging
from fifteen to twenty hands, and carry very
large stocks of two and three ply iron fiber cement
roofing, paint for tin and iron roofs, dipping paint
for wire fences, and general dipping paint purposes;
slaters' putty, rubber cement, etc. They make a
specialty of the medal brand roofing paper, manufa6tured by the Mica Roofing Company of New York,which is unsurpassed by any similar article in the
market. This paper is used by the company in the
manufacure of their roofing, and all other material
entering into the composition of their roofing is of
the very best quality, the coating being their inventions and discovery. Their produck consequently
possesses superior merit over any other in the United
States. The roofing has given entiro satisfac9tion
wherever used, and is now in large demand, the
trade of the company extending over Pennsylvania,
Ohio, West Virginia, Alabama, Tennessee and
throughout the West. They also manufature a
superior quality of rubber cement, plastic slate paint,
cheap coatings, resin paint, and prepared paints, in
which they have a large sale. Messrs. Creighton and
Reed are residents of this city, and are young, enterprisin g, and energetic business men, aud Mr. Hibbets
is a resident of Lawrenceburg, Indiana. All their
work is guaranteed to give entire satisfation.
CARPUNTURS AND BUILDIRS.
Samuel Hastings  Son.-Carpenters and
Builders; 280 and 282 North Avenue, Corner of James
Street, Allegheny.-In the building industry of the
two cities there is no firm which enjoys a better
or more honorable reputation than that of Samuel
Hastings _ Son, of which Messrs. Samuel Hastings
and John G. S. Hastings are the individual members.
The business was established in I866 by Mr. Samuel
Hastings, who conduted it alone until I884, when
he was joined by his son, Mr. John G. S. Hastings, in
the formation of the present firm. The firm enjoys
superior facilities for the prompt and efficient execution of every description of work in the line of
carpenter work and general building, giving employment to a force averaging twenty-five workmen
the year round, and is prepared to make and execute
contrats for the construftion of every kind of public and private buildings in the most workmanlike
manner and upon the most favorable terms. They
have a large and steadily growing business in Pittsburgh, Allegheny and surrounding boroughs and
villages, and are constantly engaged in the execution of important building contraAs, enjoying a
deservedly high reputation for the quality of their
work and the uniform fidelity with which they execute all their contras. Mr. Samuel Hastings, the
senior member of the firm, is a native of Belfast,
Ireland, from whence he came to America in I852.
He served his apprenticeship at this trade with the
firm of I. _ A. Patterson, of this city, and worked at
the trade up to the time of the inauguration of the
present enterprise, in which he has enjoyed a continuous prosperity as a result of the careful methods
and sound judgment exercised by him in the prosecution of the business. In addition to his business
prominence,Mr. Hastings is justly regarded as a
public-spirited citizen and has served in Councils as
a representative of his ward in Allegheny for the
past eight years. His son, Mr. John G. S. Hastings,
is a native of Western Pennsylvania, and received a
thorough training in every detail of the business,
under the careful and experienced supervision of his
father prior to becoming a member of the firm. He
adds largely, by his efficiency and intelligence, in
the success of the business. The firm has commended itself to favor, and steadily increases in
prosperity and patronage, the business showing an
annual growth, and the firm constantly having valuable contrats on hand.
A.  S. Wi lson.-Carpenters and Builders;
2II Third Avenue.-One of the oldest and most
prosperous building and contracting houses of the
city is that of A. _ S. Wilson, which was established
in 1852, by Messrs. Alexander and Samuel Wilson,
who carried on the business until I887, when, upon
the death of Mr. Alexander Wilson, Mr. Samuel
Wilson purchased his interest, and admitted his two
sons, Messrs. Adam and J. Charles Wilson into the
firm, continuing the business under the firm name,
which it has borne throughout the thirty-six years
covered by its history. They do every kind of carpenter work, making a specialty of the finer grades
of work. They also take contrats for entire buildings, and have ereAed many of the most prominent
and notable strutures in the city. They are now
engaged in the erection of the Fidelity Trust Building, on Fourth avenue, a six-story edifice of elegant
and imposing archite6tural design and finish, and
they also have under course of constrution the
Hussey building, a seven-story strucure on Fifth
avenue, which, when completed, will be one of the
finest on that thoroughfare. The firm is noted for
the faithful manner in which it carries out its contrats, the excellence of its work, and the close
supervision given to every detail. Their work
shops, at 2II Third avenue, are I20XI60 feet in
dimensions, and they give employment to a force
averaging about Ioo men, and are at all times busy
and prosperous, as a consequence of the appreciation earned by the uniform excellence of their
work.
WALL PAPIR, ]'rC.
Swindell  Otterson.-Wall Paper, Window
Shades, Oil Cloths, Etc.; I46 Federal Street, Allegheny.-This firm, which is composed of Messrs.
Harry Swindell, Jr., and G. L. Otterson, was fornied
in I886, and has built up a large business as dealers
in art paper hangings and interior decorations, their
salesroom occupying a handsome store, 25XIOO feet
in dimensions, eligibly located in the Central Hotel
Building, and their stock rooms, for the storage of
goods,being located at 54 North Diamond street.
The firm does a large business in paper hanging and
interior decorating, and their stock is very complete, embracing, in addition to standard domestic
goods, a superior line of fine imported art wall papers, which for beauty are not surpassed by any concern in the line in the two cities. In addition to wall
papers and other kinds of paper hangings, such as
LIincrusta Walton, etc., the firm carries a full assortment of window shades, oil cloths and a well s(lleced
stock of all kinds of stationery, holiday books', etc.
Employment is given to a full force of clerks and
assistants, and a large trade is enjoyed as a consequence of the superior selection of their goods, and
the uniformly fair aild liberal methods upon which
their transaions are based. Both members of the
firm are natives of Pennsylvania, and are thoroughly
competent and experienced business men, who have
fairly earned the steady increase which has been enjoyed by them from the inception of their business
to the present time.
Thomas Pal mer. -Wholesale and Retail
Dealer in Wall Paper; 4I6 Wood Street, Between
Fourth and Fifth Avenues. Mr. Thomas Palmer is
the oldest jobber in wall paper in Pittsburgh, having started here in business in I840, locating at the
corner of Wood and Diamond streets, and afterward
removing to the corner of Fifth avenue and Wood
street, and to the present site some years ago. He
formerly m~anufaStured his own paper, but of late
years has confined his operations to the jobbing and
retail business, and he carries constantly on hand a
superior and carefully selected stock of wall papers
of every description, which he sells in large quani
tities in the city and surrounding points in all directions. Ten competent clerks and assistants are
given employment in the house, and a staff of traveling salesmen represents tbe house on the road.
In the retail department can be found all the latest
novelties, such as Lignomur, Japanese leather paper,
Lincrusta Walton, and a large and full line of
Moorish fret work. Mr. R. H. Kelly, a well known
decorator, is conneted with the house, and its patrons can always rely on good, reliable work. Mr.
Palmer, the proprietor, is well and favorably known
in the commercial and social circles of the city, and
is a prominent Mason, having twice taken Masonic
delegations to Europe, and being EOminent Past
Commander of two encampments. He resides at I9
Church avenue, Allegheny. Mr. Charles S. Rea is
the enterprising manager of this house. He resides
on Mt. Washington.
BRICK LAYIRS AND CONTRACTORS,
C. G. Dixon  Co.-Brick Layers and Contraors; 34 Park Way, Allegheny.-This business
was established in I86I by the firm of Swain 
Dixon, changing in I877 to its present style, since
which time the business has steadily increased, and
is now one of the largest in the line in the two
cities, Mr. Dixon, the principal of the firm, having
secured a favorable recognition as a thoroughly efficient and conscientious contra6tor, who faithfully
fulfills all his undertakings, and a gentleman of accurate knowledge of every detail of his business.
He gives employment to a force averaging about
seventy-five hands, and has a large business throughout Pennsylvania, being prepared to fill orders in
the most prompt and workmanlike manner, to do all
kinds of brick laying and to execute contradts for
building churches, schools, fatories, stores, asylums,
dwellings, offices and all other kinds of buildings.
Many of the most notable struEtures of the two
cities have been produced under the careful and experienced supervision of Mr. Dixon, and he is now
engaged in the ereftion of the Carnegie Library
Building, the Allegheny High School, the Baltimore
 Ohio railroad depot at Pittsburgh, the Ohio milk
depot, and a large soap factory, as well as a large
number of dwellings and business houses. Among
the prominent structures which have been produced
by this firm in the past may be mentioned the Pennsylvania Reform School at Morganza, the rebuilding
of the Union Depot, which was performed in sixty
days, the Oil Exchange, Duquesne Bank, Diamond
Bank, Enterprise Bank, A. French Spring Works,
the Seventh Avenue Hotel, Arbuckle's store building, the Johnston Building on Ninth street and Per n
avenue, the First National Bank Building in Pittsburgh, the Yeager Building on Market near Liberty
street, Pittsburgh, and many others. Mr. C. G.
Dixon is a native of Dublin, Ireland, and came to
America thirty years ago, settling in Allegheny. He
is a thorough and praftical man in every detail of
the business, having, prior to embarking for himself
in business, been an expert brick layer, and this
thorough knowledge of the industry he has utilized
in carefully supervising all work done by him, and
in uniformly honorable methods adopted in the
execution of contras. It is by the exercise of these
principles of intelligence and integrity that Mr.
Dixon has secured his present position of leadership in his line.GRAIN7NG.
George H. H u l mes.-Grainer for the Trade;
20 Wood Street, Corner of First Avlenue.-This business was founded in I885 by Messrs. George H.
Hulmes and George W. Johns in connection with the
general painting business, and condu,ted by them
until the death of Mr. Johns in I887, since which
time Mr. Hulmes has continued the business alone,
merging it into an exclusively graining business.
He is prepared to furnish grainers for the city or
country trade on short notice, and receives a liberal
patronage throughout the city and adjoining counties. Mr. Hulmes is also one of the original patentees
of a system of graining on pine and poplar woods
without the use of paint for a groundwork. This
patent was issued June I6, I885, since which time
Mr. Hulmes has, in conne6tion with an efficient corps
of skilled grainers in his employ, by patient experiment and effort brought this system for imitations
of natural woods down to a perfetion before unknown to the trade. He does not confine his efforts
to this system, but on the old method of painted
grounds his work is excellent in every respet, both
in oil and distemper graining, making use of all
modern improvements in both eastern and western
styles, also adding many original improvements from
time to time. While he has withdrawn from doing
work for the general public, preferring, on account
of the growth of his graining specialty, to do business directly for the trade, yet his name is frequently
found in many of tbe finest specifications drawn up
by our city architects, bein g placed therein by request
of owners, who desire thattheir painters shall bid
with the understanding that they employ the graining done under his directions. Owners and contractors who have had the misfortune to have otherwise fine buildings spoiled in the finish by falling
into the hands of an indifferent or poor class of
grainers are in many instances calling for him
and his grainers to do their graining work. These
marks of preference are increasing every day,
as the painters themselves find they can obtain a
high class of work from him for the same rates at
which they have been paying, in many cases, for
very poor work, thus often spoiling their otherwise fine jobs of painting, and giving them endless trouble and discredit. Mr. Hulmes has been
a resident of Pittsburgh all his life except the
year previous to establishing his present business,
which year was principally spent in prosecuting a
similar business in New York city. He remained
there until the last illness of his mother decided
him to return to Pittsburgh, there to reestablish
business and remain.  Had not these circumstances intervened, Mr. Hulmes would doubtless
have been as far advanced in his ambition to
build up an exclusively trade graining business
in New York city as he is at present in Pittsburgh; but being re-established among friends in
the trade who have known him and abilities as a
grainer for fifteen years past, this city will hereafter
be the seat of his efforts.  Here he is known to the
trade and is justly regarded for his fair and liberal
methods in dealing, as well as the superior charater
of his work in all branches of the graining art.
PAINTING, rTC.
Reed    Mentel.-House, Sign and Steamboat Painters, and Dealers in White l,ead, Zinc, Oil,
Turpentine, Etc.; 35 Water Street.-This business
was established over forty years ago by William Lees,
who was succeeded about thirty-five years ago by
W. Iees  Co. In I882 Mr. 1,ees retired, and was
succeeded by Robert A. Reed  Co., Mr. Reed having
previously served his timle with Mr. Laees. The firm
recently became Reed _ Mentel, Messrs. Robert A,
Reed and C. G. Mentel being the individual members, Mr. Mentel having learned the trade with this
house. Mr. Reed is a native of Ireland, l-but came to
America when a boy, and learned the painters' trade.
He has been a resident of Pittsburgh many years,
and is a highly respe6ted citizen. Mr. Mentel is a
native and resident of Allegheny City, and is also a
praftical painter. Their premises, which are 28x6o
feet in dimensions, embrace the second floor and
basement of the building at 35 Water street, and
here they keep constantly on hand white lead, zinc,
oil, turpentine, dryer, varnishes, glass, putty and
mixed paints of all kinds, and employ twelve experienced painters and clerks. A large business is done
in house, sign and steamboat painting in the city
and surrounding country, % hich increases in volume
annually. All their work is promptly attended to,
being superintended by Messrs. Reed  Melntel
personally to the best interests of their patrons.
Estimates on work are furnished to builders or contra6tors on short notice.
John F. Cluley.-House and Sign Painter;
73 Sixth Avenue, near Grant Street.-Mr. Cluley is
one of the oldest, if not the very oldest, house and
sign painter continuously eligaged in business in
this city, having established himself in business in
I85I, since which he has steadily prospered. He
has a conimodious and well appointed store at 73
Sixth avenue, and is largely engaged in supplyilig
engraved metal signs and white enamel letters. Fle
does every description of house and sign painting,
in the very best style and all orders ieceived by him
are given the most prompt and careful attention.
Throughout his long business history Mr. Cluley
has always niaintained the highest reputation for
the superiority of his work and fairness of dealing,
and he consequently is liberally patronized by the
people of Pittsburghi and the vicinity.
STAIR BUILDING.
J. F.  J. L. Scott.-Pittsburgh StairBuilding and WVood Turning Shop; 48 Water Street.Messrs. John F. and Joseph L. Scott, who are brothers, established this business in I874, and have since
condu6ted it upon a large scale, and secured a trade
that is not only large locally, but extends throughout the States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Ohio
and Indiana. Their shops are 50XI60 feet in diniensions, occupying the first and second floors and
basement of the three-story building, where they
have a complete equipment, including all the latest
and most highly improved lathes and finishing
machinery operated by a forty horse-power engine
and large boiler, conveniently arranged so as to afford every facility for the prosecution of the business in the most workmanlike manner. A specialty
is niade of stair building in all its branches, the
working of hand rails to order with all joints cut
and bolted ready to put up, and wood turning in all
its departments. Both the Messrs. Scott were born
in Allegheny, but are now residents of Pittsburgh,
and prior to engaging in their present enterprise
had worked at the trade for a number of years, thus
bringing to the business the benefits of pracical
experience, to which they have added a capacity for
manaLement and a thorough and accurate knowledge
of business affairs, which, combined with the excellence of their produEt, has commended them to the
favor and patronage of a large and steadily increasing circle of customers.
OVIN BUILDIR.
F. J. Albrecht.-Pratical Oven Builder; II46
Penn Avenue, near Union Depot.-This is an old
established business, having been founded in I854
by Mr. Joseph Albrecht, father of the present proprietor, who, after having received a thorough traiining under his father's supervision, succeeded to the
business in 1866. He builds all kinds of Vienna
and furnace ovens, especially suited to the needs of
bakeries, confeioneries and hotels, and has ereted
ovens in seven different States. In his specialty of
improved styles of ovens for bakeries, c,infetioneries, hotels, etc, Mr. Albrecht is recognized as
beilig a leader, and the furnace ovens built by him
can be heated by bituminous coal of the smokiest
kind, and consequently can be heated by anthracite
coal, coke, wood or natural gas. He has introduced
many irmprovements, which are prote6ted by patents,
or by applications for patents. In addition to this
special branch of his business, Mr. Albrecht also
does all kinds of brick work and general contra6ting, and is largely patronized in this line, having
constantly on hand important work in the city and
its surroundin2s. He carries on hand a large and
coinplete stock of duplicate grate bars, door liners,
damp grates, brick and tile and all materials for repairing furnaces, which he executes in a prornpt
and accurate manner. Mr. Albrecht is a native
of Germany, from whence he came with his father
to the United States when a child, and he has
been identified with his present business from
his youth. and is a master of all its details, performing all contras in a manner which never
fails to secure satisfaion.
BUILDING MATURIALS.
Prentice    Hackett.- ManufaCturers
and Dealers in Building Materials; Ioog Liberty
Street.--Messrs. W. J. Prentice and George W.
Hackett, under the firm  nanie of Prentice 
Hackett, started in business in I873 as manufacturers and dealers in building materials of every
description, and by industry and close attention
to their buisiness have built their enterprise up
until it is now the largest and most important
in this line of trade in the city. They have two
large warehouses, the one at Ioog Liberty street
being a three-story and basement building, 25xIIO feet in dimensions, and the other at 54 Fountain street, occupying a two-story struure, 25xI20
feet, and here they carry constantly on hand very
heavy stocks of sewer pipe, fine imported Portland
cements, American hydraulic cements, plaster, fire
brick, grate tile, flue linings, terra cotta ware, fire
clay, white sand, land plaster, plastering hair, white
lime, flue pipe, coloring for mortar, andl every description of builders' supplies. They give employment to a force averaging seventy-five hands, and do
a very large and constantly expanding business
throughout the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West
Virginia, Tennessee, Alabama and Louisiana. Mr.
W. J. Prentice is a native of this State, and has resided in Pittsburgh since the close of the late war.
At the opening of the war he enlisted in Company K, 77th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry, and
served three years, being wounded several times
and.held in Libby Prison for a considerable length
of time. At the close of the war he was honorably
discharged, having served faithfully. gallantly, and
with great credit to himself throughout the war.
Mr. Prentice is a prominent business man, and in
addition to this enterprise he is a member of the
board of managers of the National Cement Co., of
Big Beaver Township, LLawrence County, Pa., one of
the board of inanagers of Brown  Hackett, Limited,
of Wilkinsburg, Pa., a direor of the Diamond Fire
Clay Company of Eurichville, Ohio, and prominently identified with many other biisiness and
financial enterprises, as well as an extensive owner
of real estate in this city and county. Mr. George
W. Hackett is a native of Pittsburgh, and is also
prominent in the business and financial life of the
city and county. He is a member of the firm of
Brown  Hackett, LLimited, of Wilkinsburg, Pa.,
Secretary and Treasurer and a mernber of the board
of managers of the National Cement Company, Limited, a stockholder in the Diamond Fire Clay Company of Eurichville, Ohio, and largely interested in
valuable realty throughout this seffion of the
country. This firm has filled many important contrats for the supply of building materials, including many large Federal Government and State contra6ts, the foundations for the new Riverside
penitentiary, the United States Government building in this city, the Carnegie Free Library, the
Smithfield street bridge, new Seventh street bridge,
the Thirty-tbird street bridge, Herr's Island bridge,
Ohio River bridge at Beaver, Monongahela River
bridge at Homestead, Jones  Laughlins bridge,
McKeesport bridge, Foxburgh bridge, etc.
Carrison, Williams   Co., Limited.Manufa6turers' Agents and Dealers in Grain, Hay,
Straw, L(ime, Coal, Sewer Pipe, Etc.; 23 Seventh
Avenue.--Messrs. Samuel Garrison and George F.
Williams, who compose this firm, are gentlemen of
long and praical experience in the department of
commerce in which they are engaged, both having
been conneted as employes with another firm in the
same line prior to establishing their present business in April, I888. They occupy as warehouse
premises a three-story building, 30 x I20 feet in
dimensions, where they carry a large and complete
stock of sewer pipe, terra cotta goods, fire brick, fire
clay, tile, cement and all kinds of builders' materials,
manufatured by the Great Western Fire Clay Companiy of Toronto, O., for whom they are agents in
this city. This company owns about forty acres of
land, wherein is mined a superior quality of fire
clay, and they have buildings and yards covering
four acres of ground, give employment to a force
ranging from Ioo to I25 hands, and utilize the most
improved processes of manufature in the produftion
of goods of the highest excellence in terra cotta
pipe, flue pipe, wall coping, and all kinds of fire
clay produts, careful supervision being maintained over every operation of the works, so as to
secure the high grade of excellence, which has
earned for them the position of one of the leading
manufa6turers in this line in the Union. All the
goods manufaured by them  are handled by Garrison, Williams  Co., and are of special excellence,
and in large demand by builders and contraAtors.
In addition to this business the firtn has a large trade
as dealers in grain, baled hay, straw, lime and
anthracite coal, and is prepared to fill orders in a
prompt and satisfadtory manner for the best quality
of goods in this line. Their trade extends over a
territory of one hundred miles in each direAion
from Pittsburgh, as well as including a large local
business; and although the firm is one of recent
formation, its success so far gives gratifying indication of a steady increase in the volume of business
done. The affairs of the house are conduEted upon
intelligent and reliable business principles, and the
house has already secured a prominent place in the
favor of the trade. Both members of the firm are
natives and life-long residents of Pittsburgh, M/r.
Garrison having been born here in I856, and M~r.
Williams in I86I. They bring to the prosecution of the
business the aid of superior business qualificati ons,
and all the e]ements of progressiveness and success.
E. IVagee  Co.--Dealers in Cement, I,ime,
Sand, Plaster and General Contraitors' Supplies; 33
Parkr AVay, Allegheny.--This businless, which ranks
among the largest in its line in two cities, was
established four years ago by the firm of E. IMagee
 Co., of which Messrs. B. Magee and A. J. Harnack
are the individual members. The premises utilized
for business purposes consist of a four story building, 70x30 feet in dimensions, at 32 Park Way, a
one-story warehouse, I25X25 feet, located on Allegheny avenue and Pennsylvania avenue, and a yard
on Robinson street and Penn sylvaina Canal, covering
half an acre. The line of goods handled embraces
cement, lime, sand, plaster, sewer pipe, chimney
tops, hair, mortar colors, ornamental and enameled
brick, grate fronts, encaustic tile, wire lathing, fireproof roofing, architectural terra cotta, fire clay
products, bricklayers', masons', plasterers' and contractors' supplies of every description, etc., and
great care is taken in the selection of the stock,-so
that it shall contain at all times the best goods in
eachline. Constant employment is given to a full
force of hands, and all the operations of the business are carefully supervised by the menibers of the
firm, both of whom have a thorough and practical
knowledge of this branch of industry. Mr. Magee
is a native of Ireland, and came to this country eight
years ago, settling in Allegheny, of which city his
partner, Mr. Harnack, is a native. Prior to the formation of this firm, the latter gentleman was for a
number of years conn ected with similar enterprises
in this city. The firm is deservedly prosperous, and
enjoys in a high degree the favor and confidence of
the trade and the public.
Harbinson  Walker.-Star Fire Brick
Works, Corner Twenty-second and Railroad Streets.
-Among the establishments in this vicinity engaged in the manufacture of fire brick, one of the
largest and best known is the Star Fire Brick
Works, which was established in I865 by the Star
Fire Brick Company, the present firm name and
style being adopted in I875. The works, which are
located at the corner of Twenty-second and Railroad streets, cover two and a half squares and include one building, 70XI20 feet, with mill and boiler
house, 25X80 feet, ore two-story building, 70XI20
feet with wing, 40x90 feet, and numerous smaller
buildings. They also have eighteen kilns, with an
annual capacity for the production of I2,000,ooo fire
brick, and this large output is supplemented by that
of the Woodland Fire Brick Company, Limited, at
Woodland, Pa., which have a capucity for the production of Io0ooo,ooo brick annually, and the produ6s of which are controlled entirely by this firm. Employment is given to 200 hands at the city works, and
225 at the works and mines at Woodland,and the trade
of the firm extends to all parts of the United States,
Canada, Nova Scotia, and Mexico. This widely extended business has been bulilt up as a result of the
superior quality of the clay used in manufaturing,
the careful supervision which is maintained over
all the operations of the business, and the prompt
and accurate manner in which orders are filled. As
an evidence of the high appreciation in which the
produ6is of this firm are held the following extract
from  the "American Manufaturer" of August 3
may be quoted: "The new furnace of the Iron
Mountain Coompany at Duranro, Mexico, is a success. Fornier furnaces were a failure, owing to the
inferior brick employed, but in this furnace it is
stated brick is used that was imported from the
United States (Harbison  Walker,) at a cost of $250
per thousand." In many other instances the produts of these works have been found satisfatory
when others have failed, and it mlay be safely asserted that there is no concern in the country which
turns out a better or more serviceable produ6i of
fire brick and other fire clay produts than that of
Harbison  Walker.
FIRE CLkY RIETORTS, ETC.
James Gardner, Jr.,-Manufacturer of Fire
Clay Retorts, Etc.; 5 Lewis Block, Corner of Sixth
Avenue and Smithfield Street.-This business was
established in I864 by the firm of Wilson  Gardner,
changing to Gardner Brothers in I872, to William
Gardner  Son in I883, and to its present style in
I886, the business steadily increasing in volume
from its inception to the present time, until it is
now one of the largest concerns of its kind in the
country. The extensive works of the concern are
located at ILockport Station, Pa., where a large tra
is occupied, the manufauring premises alone covering about two and a half acres of ground, and the
remainder of the tract being laid out in lots for tenant houses for their workmen, and utilized for
storage yards, etc. The plant is in every respeEt
complete with all the necessary machinery and appliances for carrying on the business upon a large
scale, and employment is given to a force ranging
from forty to sixty workmen in the manufature of
fire clay gas retorts and cremation furnaces and all
kinds of fire clay produts and settings, the goods
produced at these works having a superior reputation for the excellence of their quality, and commanding a trade throughout the Middle Atlantic
and New England States, and in their specialty of
cremation furnaces extending all over the country,
these works having supplied all the crematories now
in operation iu the United States, with a few exceptions. Mr. James Gardner, Jr., is the son of William
Gardner, who was formerly the head of the house,
and is a native of this city and was brought up to
this business. His father, Mr. William Gardner, is
a native of Ireland, and came to this country when a
boy. He first resided at Philadelphia and worked as
a machinist and construfting gas engineer until he
came here in I864 and established the present industry, which was built up to'success by the original
firm aud turned over to his son two years ago upon
his retiring from aftive business. The present proprietor maintains the high reputation built up by
his father, still pursuing methods of reliability and
integrity by which the success attained by this enterprise has been earned.THE CLOTHING- TRADE.
MNU VACTURFRS, JOBBERS AND  REiIAILJERS  OF
MUN'S CLOTHING-LUADING MIER
CHANT TAILORS.
The manufature and sale of clothing, as one of
Pittsburgh's many industries, may be classed as one
in which there has been a considerable amount of
progress made in recent years, the volume of the
annual trade having steadily grown. In the manufaturing branch of the business the industry is one
in which a large number of men and women find
gainful employment in supplying the wholesale
trade which finds its territory principally in Western
Pennsylvania, West Virginia, and Eastern Ohio,
while in some of the specialties the goods produced
by the Pittsburgh manufacturers find a market in a
still wider field.
In the retailing of ready-made clothing there has
been a tendency of recent years in all the larger
cities toward the concentration of this branch of
business in large houses, occupying palatial business
blocks, and carrying much larger assortments than
was formerly the case. Of houses of this character
there are several leading ones in the Iron City, whose
sales in the aggregate are very large. Most of the
houses of this character also have an extensive
business in related lines, such as furnishing good s
hats, etc.
In the higher and more artistic branch of the
clothing mahufacure, that of merchant tailoring
Pittsburgh and Allegheny are fortunate in the possession of a number of first-class establishments,
fully qualified to fill all the requiremeilts of the most
exaffing taste, and unexcelled in any part of the
country in material, workmanship and finish. It is
no longer necessary for any gentleman in either of
the two cities to seek beyond the home establishments for supplying his wants in garments of any
quality of goods or any detail of corret style.
Of the leading houses in these various departments of this branch of industry, those mentioned
in the subjoined notices may be fairly recommended
as leading and prominent ones.
CLOTHING.
J. Kaufmann 8 Brothers.-Clothiers and
Outfitters; Corner of Fifth Avenue and Smithfield
Street.-This business, from small beginnings,
has been developed until now it is the largest
retail clothing, shoe, hat, furnishing and tailoring
establishment in Western Pennsylvania. The business was originally established in I868 by Messrs.
J. and I. Kaufmann, under the style of J. Kaufmann
 Brother, the original location being on South
Carsonstreet, from which removal was afterward
made to Market street, Pittsburgh, with a branch on
Federal street, Allegheny, and from there the business was again removed to Diamond and Smithfield
streets in I876. In I880 the name of the firm was
changed to J. Kaufmann  Brothers, upon the admission of Mr. Morris Kaufmann to the firm, and in
I882 Mr. Henry Kaufmann was also admitted. The
steady expansion of the business made more extensive premises a necessity, and in I885 they removed
to their present grand depot at the corner of Fifth
avenue and Smithfield street, with a total frontage
of 205 feet, the combined area of the colossal store
rooms aggregating 55,340 square feet. This imposing strucure, with massive stone columns and plate
glass fronts, forms one of the most notable of the
archite6tural features of the city, and the top cornei~
of the building is surmounted by a high cupola,
upon which stands a statue of the Goddess of Liberty, fifteen feet high, holding in the uplifted hand
a huge torch, from which a flame of natural gas
nightly illuminates the surroundings. The interior
decorations are in accord with the grandeur of the
exterior, and all the appointments combine to make
it at once the handsomest and most convenient business palace in the State, if not in the Union.
Within this grand emporium is stored and tastefully
displayed a mammoth stock, embracing olie million
dollars' worth of clothing, cloaks, hats, furnishing
goods, woolens for custom tailoring, and boots,
shoes and slippers in every style, while a force of
250 competent clerks and assistants attend to the
wants of the throng of customers always to be found
in the store. In addition to their retail business
with the people of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and surrounding towns, the firm has built up a large mail
order trade reaching through the Middle States, and
steadily increasing in volume from year to year. In
order to facilitate the ordering of goods the firm
issues handsome catalogues with dire6tions for selfmeasurement and other aids to the intelligent ordering of goods. The expansion of the business has
been great, and its present success and enormous
proportions have been earned by stri adherence to
the One Price System, faithful fulfillment of all representations and care in the maintainance of the
quality of the stock at the highest standard. Mr. J.
Kaufmann, the senior of the firm, is a native of Germany, who came direftly to Pittsburgh in I865, his
brothers coming to this country and joining him at
different periods later on. The firm maintains the
most favorable relations with manufaturers at
home and abroad, and one of the partners goes to
EFurope and spends three or four months every
year to buy and import goods diret for sale to the
people. The firm controls the output of various
mills in Massachusetts and New Hampshire,-and in
every way its facilities are unsurpassed. The prosperity which the house enjoys is a gratifying exemiplification of the rewards which await the career
of industrv and honorable dealing.
M. Oppenheimer  Co.-Wholesale Clothing Manufaturers and Importers and Jobbers of
Woolens; 7I3 LLiberty Street and 7I2 Penn Avenue.To realize the complete revolution which has been
effected in the clothing trade during the past quarter of a century, it wou'd be necessary to visit the
salesrooms of such an establishment as that of
Messrs. M. Oppenheimer  Co., whose immense
stock of fashionably made garments, complete in
every department, has no superior in any similar
establishment west of New York. This house dates
its inception from I857 when it was founded by H.
 M. Oppenheimer and then located in limited
quarters at 82 Market street. In I864 the firm became Kaufman, Oppenheimer - Co., and January I,
I88I, assumed its present style, Mr. M. Oppenheimer
being the sole proprietor. The firm now occupies
a commodious four-story struture, 25X240 feet in
dimensions, extending through from liberty street
to Penn avenue. The spacious salesrooms are filled
to repletion with a valuable and desirable stock of
ready-made clothing, manufatured from the finest
fabrics of American and foreign looms, with the
same skill, care and regard to modern fashion as is
bestowed upon similar goods by merchant tailors.
They also carry-a carefully selected and seasonable
stock of piece goods for gentlemen's wear. Experienced traveling salesmen represent the interests
of thio reliable house in the States of Pennsylvania,
M~aryland, Ohio, Indiana and West Virginia, and a
very large business is done at the headquarters of
the firm in this city with the regnlar trade, while
remunerative employment is furnished to more
than five hundred workmen in the manufacnturing
department. Mr. Mo~ses Oppenheimer is a native of
Germany and came to the United States in I856,
locating in Pittsburgh the same year. In every respect this prominent house is one of the most noted
of Pittsburgh's commercial enterprises, and the
marked success which it has attained is a deserved
tribute to the business sagacity which has characterized its progressive management.
S. Kauf man ~ Sons.-ManufaAturers and
Wholesale Dealers in Pantaloons; I5 and I7 Ninth
Street. -This firm, composed of Mr. S. Kaaufrnan and
his sons, J. S. and Solomon Kaufmian, established
business in I880 as whole sale manufacAurers of pants,
and have since built up their trade until it covers
the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, W~est Virginia, Mvaryland, Illinois and all the Western States.
They occupy a handsome five-story and basement
brick building, 35XI25 feet in dimensions, arranged
with every convenience and accessory calculated to
aid the operations of the business and to facilitate
the handling of goods, and they have a complete
equipment of sewing and cutting machines and give
employment to a force of I50 people in the manufa6lure of all grades of pantaloons, including a
superior quality of working pantaloons and a large
line of finer goods. In addition to the manufature
of pants for the general trade, the firm make a large
number under contract for the United States Government, which they have secured as a consequence of
the superior quality of their gootls, and which contrat has been awarded them for the past three years.
They are now working on a large contra for Indian
reservations, as well as filling orders from wholesale
houses throughout their trade territory. The, gentlemen composing this firm are all business nieli of
thorough training. Mr. S. Kaufman, the senior
member of the firm, is a liative of Germany, where
he was born in I825, coming to the United States
and settling in Pittsburgh in I849. From that time
to the present he has been prominent in the business
circles of the city, and in addition to his interest in
this business, is conneted with a number of other
iniportant business enterprises. His sons, Messrs.
J. S. and Solomon Kaufman, the other menibers of
the firm, and his other sons, Benjamin, Emanuel
and S. L. Kaufman, who, while they are not members
of the firm, are conneted with the business, are all
natives of this citv. They have been educated to
business pursuits under the careful supervision of
their father, and are energetic, enterprising and
capable business men. The superiority of the productions of the house, the careful sele6tion of
materials and the close supervision maintained over
all the details of manufature, combined with liberal
and honorable treatment of their customers, have
secured for the house its present prosperity and
popularity.
MERCHANT TAIL,ORS.
Edward Rice.-Merchant Tailor; Ig Federal
Street; Allegheny.- One of the best known and
most popular tailoring establishments in the two
cities is that of Mr. Edward Rice. The business was
inaugurated ten years ago by Mr. Charles Gardner,
who was joined in I882 by Mr. Rice, the firm becoming Gardner - Rice, and in I886 Mr. Rice purchased
the interest of Mr. Gardner in the business, and has
since condued it alone. The work of the establishment, is of the most al tistic order and afiords perfe6t
satisfaction in materials, fit and workmanship. He
occupies a handsomely appointed store, 25XI25 feet,
where he carries large and carefully seleed stocks
of the best manufac"ures of England, France, Scotland and Germany, with the acknowledged superior
products of some of the most noted American looms.He gives employment to a large force of experienced
and artistic cutters and tailors, and executes all
orders with promptness and in a superior manner.
In the stock a careful selection is made and all the
latest and popular novelties in fabrics and patterns
are secured. Mr. Rice is a native of Ireland, and
came to the United States twenty years ago, settling
in Allegheny, and prior to going into business for
himself, he worked as a cutter in other prominent
tailoring establishments for a number of years.
Being himself a highly skilled and efficient workman,
and supervising every detail of the business, so as to
secure the uniform satisfactioli of his customers, he
has established a patronage of the best class and a
valuable reputation for the superiority of his garments, and the uniform fairness and accuracy of his
business dealings.
Henry G. Hale.-Merchant Tailor; Corner
Penn Avenue and Sixth Street.-It is not alone in the
creations of the painter or sculptor that true art is
found. Inltheprodution ofperfectfitting garments
for gentlemen's wear, there is as wide a scope for the
display of artistic ability as in any of the professions
ordinarily included among the "fine arts." For more
than a quarter of a century, the name of Henry G.
Hale has been prominently identified with the merchant tailoring trade of Pittsburgh, and during this
period he has acquired a most enviable reputation
as a leader in this branch of industrial art. He has
long enjoyed a liberal patronage, largely derived
from the elite and wealthy citizens of Pittsburgh, although his long experience, extended acquaintance
and unrivalled fits and workmianship ensures for
him a considerable custom from remote setions of
the Union, extending as far west as California, Colorado and Texas. This house was founded in I849
by Mr. James C. Watt, who was succeeded by Mr.
Hale in I862, and is to day unquestionably the oldest
merchant tailoring establishment in Western Pennsylvania, as well as the most progressive. Mr. Hale
carries constantly in stock a carefully seleted and
seasonable line of the most serviceable and fashionable fabrics in woolen goods for gentlemen's wear,
including all the choicest produts of European and
American looms, and devotes special attention to the
manufa6ture of fine suits and garments of fashionable styles and faultless finish. He employs in the
manufaturing department from twenty-five to thirty
skilled and experienced workmen, and his annual
transactions will closely approximate $50,000. Mr.
Hale, who is a native of England, has been a resident
of the United States since I852. He is praically
conversant with even the most minute details of the
business, and every garment manufactured at this
establishment is closely scrutinized by his experienced eye before being sent to its destination, thus
insuring to patrons, perfe fitting, and thoroughly
made and elegantly finished garments in every
particular.
Lacock  Fleeger.-Merchant Tailors; 537
Smithfield Street.-Mr. Hamilton Lacock established
-this business in I882, and June I, I888, was joined by
Mr. J. P. Fleeger in the formation of the present
firm, which conduts a thriving business at 537
Smithfield street. Mr. Lacock is an artistic cutter
-of eight years' experience, and personally supervises
this department of the business with the result that
all garments produced here have a high reputation
for their perfe6t fit and excellent workmanship.
The firm carries a large and carefully seleed stock
of the finest imported and domestic fabrics, and
employs none but skilled labor. A specialty is made
of dress suits, and the house is liberally patronized
by the gentlemen of the city and its suburbs, who
when ordering garments at this establishment, are
always sure of being satisfied in every respe. Both
members of the firm have always resided in Pittsburgh or vicinity, and are well and favorably known
in the business and social circles of the city.
Henry Smith  Sons.-Established in I848;
Merchant Tailors, and Dealers in Gents' Fine
Furnishing Goods; 98 Wylie Avenue, Corner of
Federal Street.-This is one of the oldest established
houses in the merchant tailoring business in Pittsburgh, having been founded in I848 by Mr. Henry
Smith, who conduted the business alone until I874,
when he admitted his sons into partnership with
himself under the present firm name, the individual
members of the firm now being Messrs. Henry,
Joseph F. and Harvey H. Smith. They occupy for
business purposes the main floor, 25XIOO feet in
dimensions, of the handsome and commodious
Smith's Block at 98 Wylie avenue, which is owned
and was erected by the firm, and their salesroom is
constantly stocked with an admirable and carefully
sele6ted assortmnent of imported and American
fabrics of the latest styles and best quality, which
the-firm are prepared to make up to order in the
styles and at reasonable price, guaranteeing perfet
styles and artistic workmanship. They also carry a
very complete line of gentlemen's fine furnishing
goods, and the establishment receives a liberal
patronage from the gentlemen of Pittsburgh and the
vicinity. The members of the firm have been continuously engaged in this business for many years,
and the house has acquired a most favorable repntation on account of the excellence of the work, and
the uniform, neat and perfe6t fits insured here.
H.  C. F. Ahlers.--Merchant Tailors; 422
Smithfield Street.--This old-established business
has been successfully conduted since I859, in which
year it was founded by the firm of Nieman  Ahlers,
which was succeeded in I879 by the present firm.
Both of the members are of German nativity, but
came to the United States when very young. To a
thorough and pratical knowledge of the business
in all its details they have added long years of experience, and have commended themselves to the
favor and patronage of a large conneion of refined
and wealthy citizens by the uniform excellence in
fit, workmanship and material of all the garments
produced at their establishment. Their store is
eligibly and centrally located and is at all times
completely stocked with the finest goods, the produ6t
of the most noted English, German and French
looms, and directly imported by the firm. The
business employs a force ranging from twenty-five
to thirty skilled cutters and tailors, and the house
is a leader in corre6i styles. Its large trade has
been fairly earned by the uniforni satisfacrtion given
to the patrons of the establishment.
DRY GTOODS TRADE.
WITH ITS KINDRID INES OF MII,KINIBRY AND
FURNISHING GOODS AN IMPORTANT INDUSTRY.
It has been frequently remarked of Pittsburgh
that its preeminence in manufaStures has had somewhat a tendency toward the deprecation of its importance in the mercantile lines. And yet here is
located the center of a populous and prosperous
trade territory, with which Pittsburgh has the advantage of communication by numerous lines of
railway as well as by the rivers which have their
confluence here.
In the mercantile branches of industry carried
on in Pittsburgh and Allegheny there is none in
which the advance both in the volume of the business and the ability of the houses engaged to fill
the requirements of this increase, is more marked
than in the dry goods trade and those intimately associated with it, such as millinery goods, hosiery,
underwear, furnishing goods, fancy goods and
notions. A recent and valuable work estimates the
total volume of the wholesale and retail business in
dry goods and kindred lines in the two cities at $20,ooo annually, and this estimate, which probably approximates as nearly to accuracy as is possible
under the circumstances, gives a fair idea of the importance of these branches of trade.
Some of the houses engaged carry stocks embracing all the many and varied lines with which
the dry goods trade is associated, while others, also
important and prosperous houses, devote themselves
to special branches of the business, such as millinery,
fancy goods, furnishing goods, etc.
In the special mention of houses ill these various
branches of the business, as well as of those in the
general trade, it may be said that the establishments
are fairly representative of the progress and advancement made by the two cities in these lines.
Joseph Horne  Co.-Importers and Jobbers of Dry Goods, Notions, Etc.; 6IO, 6I2 and 6I4
Wood Street.-This great house, which holds a recognized leadership in its line in Western Pennsylvania and is one of the most important in the entlre
country, was originally established in I848 by Mr'
Joseph Horne, who still remains at the head of the
firm, tlle other members now being Messrs. Durbin
Horne, C. B. Shea and A. P. Burchfield. The history
of the house has been one of continuous progress
and a steady enlargement of its facilities, and they
now occupy as a wholesale warehouse a spacious,
well-lighted, handsome and imposing six-story
struure, 54XI20 feet in dimensions, erected especially for the purposes of the business, and arranged
with every convenience and facility calculated to aid
or expedite the operations of the business. A
thorough system of perfet organization characterizes every department of the business, in which a
very large force of hands is employed, alld judicious
buying, careful selection and a personal superintendence of the details of the business by the members of the firm make its relations with the trade of
the most satisfaory and favorable charater.  The
vast and varied stock of the house is adapted to the
wants of purchasers in all parts of the country, and
qele6ted with special reference to assortment required in each of the various departments of the
business. It embraces a general line of staple and
fancy dry goods, foreign and domestic silks, satins,
velvets, dress fabrics of all textures, white goods,
linens, domestic cottons, laces, ribbons, embroideries, shawls, wraps, furnishing and upholstering
goods, blankets, flannels, hosiery, gloves, underwear, notions, fancy goods, trimmings, etc. All
goods are purchased diret from  manufaturers,
foreign and domestic, the goods of European make
being directly imported by the house; and its relations with the leading sources of prodution are of
a character to enable them to offer superior inducements, both in qality and price, to the trade. In
addition to the wholesale department, the firm conduts the largest and most popular retail dry goods
store in Pittsburgh, eligibly located in the handsome
stone building at 6I3-62I Penn avenue, where a large
and complete stock is carried, embracing all kinds of
dry goods, notions, etc., and where, because of the
superior character of the assortment, a large trade
is done, the house being a favorite resort of the
ladies of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and surrounding
towns  throughout  WVestern  Pennsylvania. The
members of the firm are all gentlemen of the highest character and standing, who by strict commercial integrity and correct business methods have
built up this important establishment to a recognized place among the leading dry goods houses of
the Union.
H. J. Lynch. -Dealer in Dry Goods and
Notions; 438 and 440 Market Street.-This wellknown headquarters for the purchase of goods in
the dry goods and notion line has a special distinction as one of the oldest establishments engaged in
that branch of commerce in the city. It was estahlished in I849 by Russell  Lynch, and continued
so until I854, when Mr. L/ynch went out and opened
business at what is now 440 Market street, part of
his present stand, and who has continuously conduted it from that time to the present, and has
commended himself to a large and steadily increasing patronage from the people of Pittsburgh, Allegheny, and surrounding towns by careful selection
and assortment of the stock, and fairness and
liberality of his dealings. He occupies commodious
premises embracing a three-story building, 3oxIoo
feet in dimensions, fitted up with every convenience
and accessory calculated to aid or expedite the
operations of the business, and he gives employment to a force of twenty-five clerks and assistants.
The store is completely stocked with full and carefully assorted lines of imported and domestic dry
goods, including silks, velvets, satins, all kinds of
dress fabrics, white goods, linens, domestic cottons,
lace, ribbons, embroideries, and a full line of notions
and fancy goods, and ladies' and gentlemen's underwear. The house is a popular favorite with the
people of Pittsburgh and surrounding country, and
the steady increase in the business from year to
year throughout the period of thirty-eight years
covered by its history, is the best possible indorsement of the methods upon which the establishment
is conducled. Mr. Lynch, who is a native of Chester
County, Pa., has resided in Pittsburgh since I836.
FURNISHING GOODS, NOTIONS, I'TC.
James H. Aiken  Co.-Dealers in Men's
Fine Furnishing Goods; No. Ioo Fifth Avenue.As the oldest established and unquestionably the
most successful house in the, city engaged in this
special branch of commercial enterprise may be
mentioned that now conducted by the flrni of James
H. Aikell  Co., which was founded in I863, during
the eventful war period, and condued by him with
a.marked degree of success for a peri.od of two decades, when the present partnership was formed in
I883 by the admission of Mr. Lewis J. Welsh, who
had previously been in the employ of Mr. Aiken for
fifteen years as errand boy, clerk and salesman. The
premises occupied are eligibly and centrally located
on the principal business thoroughfare of the city,
with a frontage of eighteen feet on Fifth avenue and
a depth of one hundred feet. This stand has been
occupied by Mr. Aiken since I868, and has become
to citizens and strangers alike one of the familiar
landmarks of Pittsburgh, as well as the recognized
headquarters for the finer grades of gentlemen's furnishing goods. The firm carries a full and comprehensive line of all articles pertaining to the furnishing goods line, making a prominent specialty of fine
dress shirts to order, and of the latest novelties in
neckwear of every description. The members of
the firm have had an extended pra6tical experience
in this branch of trade, and are both well and favorably known in the two cities and throughout a wide
area of adjacent territory.
James Phelan.-Dealer in Hosiery, Gloves,
Underwear and Men's Furnishing Goods; 32 Fifth
Avenue.-This is an old established business, having been founded in I839 by Mr. Daly, uncle of the
present proprietor.  In I849 the business was
acquired by the firm of Daly  Dunne, who were
succeeded thirty-four years ago by Mr. James
Phelan, who has since condu6ted it with marked
success. His store is eligibly located at 32 Fifth
avenue, and is conveniently fitted up and presents
an elegant display of hosiery, gloves, underwear,
canes, umbrellas, neckwear, and men's furnishing
goods of every description, liis stock filling the
main floor and two basements of the building. He
is aided in the business by the services of six competent salesmen, and has a very large and old established trade, which increases in volume from year
to year. Mr. Phelan is a native of Dublin, Ireland,
but came to this country when a child, settling in
Philadelphia with his parents. He came to Pittsburgh in I846, and has resided here ever since. He
is prominently identified with many public enterprises here, and is at present Vice President of the
City Insurance Company and a Diretor of the City
Savings Bank of Pittsburgh, Pa.
Charles J. Brush.-Dealer in All Kinds of
Kid Gloves; 6I6 Penn Avenue.-This prominent
kid glove emporium had its inception April I, I886,
whzen the business was founded by M12r. Charles J.
Brush. Mr. Brush camve to Pittsburgh about nine
years ago from Marrietta, O., and since the establishmentt of this business he has enjoyed a marked and
Lgratifying success, which is due both to the high
class chara'er of his stock and his judicious manragement of the business A specialty of the business
is the making of gloves to order from measurement,
and he imrports large quantities of the finer grades
of gloves, his stock being unsurpassed in quality by
any similar establishment in.the city. His commodious and eligibly located store is elegantly arranged
Land fiLtted up with eve ry convenience, and he keeps
constantly on hand a complete and carefully assorted
line of ladies' and misses' glace gloves, ladies' riding
and men's driving gloves and ladies' and misses'
gants de suede gloves. This establishment has a
large and increasing patronage from the best peop' e.of the city and surro~unding country, and is constantly growing in favor, all goods purc hased here
never failing to give perfeEt satisfadtion.
Clarence H. Sweari nmgen.-BIanufacturers'
Agent; Ninth and liberty Streets.--Mr. Swearingen,
who is a thoroughly pracncical and experienced man
in all the details of the hosiery and underwear
branches, was the pioneer in establishing this special
branch, and the first to make a success. He established in business seven years ago as a manufacturers' agent for textile goods, consisting of cotton
and wool hosiery, underwear, fringes, trimmings,
blankets, yarns, flannels, etc. His first location was
at 94 Fifth avenue, from whence he removed to the
premises now occupied at Ninth and L,iberty streets,
where he has a sample room, 25X60 feet in dimensions, upon the ground floor of the Second National
Bank building. He carries a complete line of samples
of all the various goods he represents, and has a
large trade in Pittsburgh and Allegheny, Wheeling,
W. Va., and Columbus and Cleveland, O., which he
has built up by reason of his intimate acquaintance
with the trade, the superior line of goods he handles,
and the favorable inducements in quality and price
which he is enabled to offer. The manufaturers
represented by hini are among the largest and best
in the country, and the lines of goods he handles'
comprise all grades from lowest to finest, and are
specially assorted with reference to the needs of
progressive and judicious buyers. Mr. Swearingen
is a gentleman of energetic and systematic methods,
and holds a high place in the confidence and esteem
of the trade throughout the territory covered by his
business operations.
VANCY GOODS.
L; Breuninger  Co.-Importers and Wholesalers of Fancy Goods and German Books; Office and
Salesroom, 535 Smithfield Street.-The only house
in this particular line of business in the city is that
of L. Breuninger  Co., the individual members of
the firm being Messrs. Adolph Steding, Fred. Engelbrecht and Louis Breuninger. The business was
established in I87I by Mr. Breunin ger, who continued
it alone until r885, when the present firm was
formed. They occupy the main floor,and basement,
25x60 feet in dimensions, of the building at 535
Smithfield street, where they carry very complete
stocks of fancy goods, including photograph and
autograph albums, scrap books, toilet sets, plush
work boxes, glass and paper tree ornaments, wax
candles, Christmas, New Year, Valentine, Easter and
Birthday cards,paper dolls,oleographs,scrap piEtures,
French tissue paper, first premiuni sheet wax and a
full line of materials for making wax and paper
flowers. A specialty is also made of German books,
in which their sales extend to all parts of the United
States. Their store is handsomely fitted up, and employment is given to five competent clerks. Mr.
ILouis Breuninger, the founder of the business, is in
Wimpfen, Germany, where he is the proprietor and
manager of a paper fatory. The other members of
the firm reside here, and are aAively engaged in the
affairs of the business. Mr. Steding was born in
Germany, and came direcly to Pittsburgh on bis
arrival in America eight years ago, engaging in the
house furnishings and fancy goods business. Mr.
Englebrecht is also a native of Germany, coniing to
this country in I863. He at first resided in Baltimore, but came to Pittsburgh when but a boy, and
was employed by Mr. Breuninger for eight years
before becoming a partner in the business.
Heisley  Neely.-Importers and Jobbers in,Notions, Fancy Goods, Toys, Etc.; 5I8 Wood Street.
- lhis important importing and jobbing house was
founded in I886 by the firm of Heisley  Brown,
which changed to its present styleJuly, I888, the
members now being Mt/essrs. Frank S. Heisley and
John H. Neely. They carry very large and comprehensive stocks of druggists' sundries, tobacconists'
articles, base balls and bats, fireworks, flags and
lanterns, toys, fancy goods and notions of every decription, baby carriages, wagons, velocipedes, etc.
occupying a four-story and basement building 22x60
feet, at 5I8 Wood street, and a warehouse, 22xgo
feet, on the opposite side of the street. A staff of
traveling salesmen represent the firm in its trade
territory, embracing Ohio, W~est Virginia and Western Pennsylvania, and a full force.of clerks and
assistants are employed in the house. The memibers
of the firm are all experienced and capable business
men, and prior to the establishment of this business
Mr. Heisley was engaged for fifteen years with the
house of J. P. Kauffman on Wood street, and Mr.
Neely was for ten years with Mr. J. G. Ivauer. A1though the history of this house is comparatively
short, yet it has experienced a wonderful growth,
which has resulted fromt the judicious and reliable
manner in which its affairs are managed by the
firm, and there is every prospecr that this prosperity
*will prove permanent.ART DRVSSMAK-ING, ErC.
Boisol  Wagley.-Dressmaking, Art Needlework, Etc.; 6I8 Penn Avenue. - One of the leading
emporiums of fashion in the State is that condued
by Miss Jennie A. Boisol and Miss Chrystenah
M. Wagley, under the firm name of Boisol 
Wagley. These ladies established their business in
Marcb, I879, and have since conduted it in such a
manner as to commend themselves to the favor and
patronage of the ladies of Pittsburgh and its suburbs,
and now control a large business as manufaturers
of ladies' and children's clothing, dressmaking, and
as dealers in art embroidery alid artistic novelties,
of which they carry at all times a large and elegant
display suited to the requireiments of ladies of cultured taste. They occupy as business preinises a
three-story building, 25xroo feet in dimensions, and
give employment to a force ranging from forty to
fifty ladies, according to the season, as dressmakers,
clerks, etc. They are prepared to make dresses and
other articles for ladies' and children's wear in the
most perfe6t style of the art and in exat accordance
with the prevailing mode. A specialty of their stock
is the celebrated F. P. Robinson Co.'s cleanfast
black stockings, the sale of which they control in
this city.  These stockings are equally
as clean as white hose, and will not stain
the feet or clothing,and is the only hosiery in the world that will remain a brilliant, glossyblack until worn out. These
stockings are carried in cotton, lisle
thread, balbriggan and other fabrics, and
in all sizes for ladies', misses', children's,
infants' and mell's wear.  Both of the
ladies composing the firm are thoroughly
pratical and experienced in the business,
and they have condu6ted their establishment from its inception to the presenit
time in a manner which has secured for
them a deserved success and a steady increase in business from season to season.
MILL INERY.
Renwick, Ellis  Co.-Importers
and Jobbers of Millinery and Notions;
628 and 630 Liberty Street.-Amolig the
houses engaged in the importation and
jobbing of millinery and notions none
has a higher reputation or enjoys a
greater prosperity than that of Renwick,
Ellis  Co., which established business
in I882. At their premises, which consist of a four-story and basement buiLding, 30XI00 feet, at 628 and 630 Liberty
street, they carry a heavy and completely
diversified stock of every description of
millinery goods and notions, includIing
hats, bonnets, velvets, satins, laces, silks,
nets, feathers, flowers, ribbons, ornaments, etc., the greater part of which
they import diret, and wliich embraces
the latest styles and novelties. Employment is given in the house to fifteen
people, and a staff of salesmen of wide
acquaintance with the trade represent
them throughout the State of Ohio,
Western Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
The gentlemen composing this firm are
Messrs. H. D. Renwick, A. C. Ellis and A.W.
Renwick, all experienced men in this line
of business. They are all natives of Pittsburgh, where
they are well and favorably known in business and
social circles, and the Messrs. Renwick are brothers.
J. D. Bernd  Co.-Importers and Jobbers in
Millinery and Notions; 8I5 and 8I7 I,iberty Street.The oldest established and most extensive millinery house in VV estern Pennsylvania is that of
Messrs. J. D. Bernd  Co., which was founded in I86I
by the senior member of the present firm, who colidu6ied the business alone and with other partners
until i880, when by the admission of Mr. S. M. Rose
the present partnership was formed. The house was
for many years located at the corner of Fifth avenue
and Market Street, and removed to its present commodious quarters in I886. A commodious, conveniently arranged and well lighted modern structure of
seven stories and basement, each 35sII0 feet in
dimensions is here utilized for the display of an immense line of imported and American millinery
goods, laces, ribbons, flowers, feathers, trimmings,
ornaments, fancy goods and notions in great variety
such as legitimately pertain to this important department of commercial enterprise. This house
imports direct from manufa6turers in Europe and
procures its American goods from producers and first
hands, thus enabling it to supply the retail trade in
WVestern Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and West Virginia upon such terms as to defy successful competition by any contemporaneous establishment east or
west. During the season they furnish to dealers
throughout this seftion of the Union, pattern hats and
bonnets of the latest Parisian and metropolitan modes
and employ direcStly and indirectly a working force
from I25 to I50 people. Mr. J. D. Bernd is a native
of Germany, and came to the United States when
but four years of age. He has been emphatically the
archite6t of his own fortune, having commenced his
mercantile career at the age of thirteen, in the humble capacity of errand boy in a Philadelphia house
at the munificent (?) salary of 50 cents per week.
By his own unaided exertions, business sagacity and
indomitable energy he has attained the prominent
position which he occupies to-day as one of the representative self-made men and successful merchants
of Pittsburgh. Mr. S. M. Rose is a native of WVellsburg, W. Va, and has been a resident of Pittsburgh
and identified with this special branch of business
as salesman and partner in this house for the past
eighteen years.
T HI GROCERY TRADE.
AN IMPORTANr BRANCH OF PITTSBURG"H'S COMMERCi---RELATED MANUFACTURING INES.
Pittsburgh is favorably situated as a center of
receipt and distribution of all the class of goods
coming under the head of groceries. In the heavier
classes of goods the river connection with all points
south to New Orleans gives the advantage of cheap
freights on those goods which are necessarily sold
at close margins, while the railroad situation of the
city is such that it has at least an equality in freights
on other kinds of goods. There are a large number of
wholesale and retail houses in the grocery trade of
the city who compare favorably in the volume of
their business and the assortment of their stock
with any in the country.
Related to the grocery trade, and an important
part of it, is the tea trade, in which Pittsburgh is
one of the most prom-inent markets in the country,
this specialty engaging the attention of many substantial houses.
In the various lines conneed with the grooery
trade, however, there is no branch of the business
in which this city so distincfly excels as in that comprising the nianufa(ture of preserves, pickles and
condiments generally, that branch of business
engaging the attention of several successful firms,
among which one is the largest in its line in the
United States. In this branch of buisiness the trade
of the city reaches to every part of the Union and its
volume is steadily and annually increasing.
GROCERIES.
S. P. A r m st ro n g.-Wholesale and Retail Grocer; 4I South Diamond, Allegheny.- This business
was established in I860 by the firm of HIall  Riddle,
by whom  it was conducted until I870, when they
were succeeded by Mr. S. P. Armstrong, who has
since continued it with steadily increasing success.
Mr. Armstrong has had a long and pratical experience in the grocery bl-siness, having been conneted
with this enterprise from its inception, first as an
employe, and later as proprietor, and his thorough
knowledge of every detail of the business enables
him to sele6t his stock judiciously and carefully, and
manage his affairs upon the most perfect and accurate system. In addition to a very large retail local
business he has an extensive trade at
wholesale throughout Western Pennsylvania; and at his store, which occupies a
three-story and basement building, 25x
IIO feet in dimensions, he carries constantly on hand a large and complete
stock of staple and fancy groceries, grocers' sundries, choice teas, flour, fish, salt,
bacon, country produce of all kinds,
wool, etc., and gives employment to a full
force of clerks and assistants, while two
teams are utilized in making deliveries,
and two agents are constantly on the
road. Mr. Armistrong, who is a native of
this city, is a thorough and practical business man, and his store is one of the most
prominent and prosperous grocery establishments in the city.
W. F. Mills.-Dealer in Staple and
Fancy Groceries; Corner of Diamond and
Ferry Streets.-One of the oldest and
most successful grocers of Pittsburgh is
Mr. W. F. Mills, who has condu6ted his
business since I85I, and has steadily increased his trade from that time to the
present, as a consequence of the superior
seletion and assortment of his goods,
the prompt and accurate manner in which
all orders are filled, his favorable prices
and fair dealings. He occupies a threestory building, 25XIIO feet in dimensions,
carrying a full stock and complete assortment of every description of staple and
fancy groceries, with an especially fine
line of all grades of India, China and
Japan teas, and the best brands of roller
process flour. The stock at all times comprises the best and freshest goods obtainable, and the relations of the firm
with its customers are of the most
satisfa6tory character, all the details of
business being conduc'ed under the
the careful personal supervision of Mr.
Mills.
John Siebert,,-Dealer in Choice Family Groceries, Produce, Provisions, Etc.; Agent for The
London Creamery Butter; r23I Penn Avenue.-Mr.
Siebert, who is a native of Germany, came to the
United States in I839, and prior to the war was engaged as a clerk in the grocery business for seven
or eight years. At the conimencement of the war
he enlisted in the Second Virginia (Union) Infantry,
which was subsequently detached as a flying artillery battalion, served three years with the Army of
the Potomac and Army of West Virginia, was in
General Averill's command and participated in
numerous important engagements and raids, serving his country with great fidelity and bravery. In
I867 he established his present enterprise, which has
proved a success from the start, on account of the
superior quality of all the goods handled by him,
and his equitable and liberal methods of dealing
with his large circle of customers. He occupies
four floors, each 25XIOO feet in dimensions, at I23I
Penn avenue, neatly arranged and well stocked with
every description of choice family groceries, produce, provisions, etc. He carries the best brands of
flour, is agent for the London creamery butter andgives special attention to country produce of all
kinds, and his stock always embraces the very best,
purest and freshest goods in all lines. Employment
is given to a full staff of clerks, and two wagons are
kept constantly busy in making deliveries in the
city and its suburbs. Mr. Siebert enjoys in a
marked degree the esteem and confidence of the
public, which he has fairly earned by his liberality,
reliability and fair dealing.
Schuchman  Mahler.-Grocers, Etc.;
1508 to 1512 Sarah Street, South Side.-Messrs. Albert Mahler and John Schuchman composing this
firm, established the business in 1886, and have since
conducted it upon methods which have commended
them to favor and a large and constantly increasing
patronage from the citizens of the South Side and
adjacent country districts. They occupy spacious
premises at the corner of Sarah and Sixteenth
streets, where they carry a large stock and complete
assortment of every description of staple and fancy
groceries, grocers' sundries, shelf goods, etc., as well
as a complete supply of the most desirable brands of
flour, feed of all kinds, and country produce of
every description, and a large and completely assorted stock of glassware, queensware and other
goods in that line. They give employment to eight
clerks and assistants, and have wagons to facilitate
the delivery of goods to their customers, and are in
every way equipped with all conveniences for carrying on the business in an efficient manner. Both
of the members of the firm are thoroughly practical
and experienced grocers, devoting their time and
attention to their business, and constantly endeavoring to deserve the patronage of the public by keeping their stock carefully assorted with the best and
most seasonable goods, and by reliability and
promptness in all their transactions.
J. C. Hill   Co.-Wholesale Grocers, and
Dealers in Wood and Willow Ware; 109 Wood Street.
-This prominent grocery business was founded in
1865 by the firm of H. R. McClellen  Co., of which
Mr. J. C. Hill was a member, and which, after a succession of changes, assumed its present style in 1885,
the individual members of the firm now being
Messrs. J. C. Hill and W. W. Hewitt. At its inception the business was solely that of-dealing in wood
and willow ware, but the grocery department was
afterward added, and now comprises the principal
branch of the business. The firm has ample warehouse facilities, and keeps constantly on hand a large
stock of the freshest and purest groceries, grocers'
sundries and shelf goods, doing a very large business
in the city and through Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland and Pennsylvania. Mr. Hill is a native of Allegheny County, Pa. He served
three years in the Union Army during the
war, and is Chaplain of G. A. R. Post 548,
(Major Lowrey's) Wilkinsburg, Pa., where
he resides. He is President of the Board
of School Directors of Sterill Township,
and a prominent business man of this
city. Mr. Hewitt is a native of Williamsburg, Blair Co., Pa., and is an energetic
and thorough business man. He attends
to the financial affairs of the house, while
the active management is in the hands of
Mr. Hill. Mr. R. N. Hill, son of Mr. J. C.
Hill, is the book keeper and confidential
clerk of the firm, and is possessed-of a
high order of business ability.
George W. McClure.-Merchandise Broker; 59 Ninth Street; Renshaw
Building.-Mr. McClure, who is a native
of this city, and has long been well and
favorably known to the business community, is recognizedas a business man
of superior attainments and experience.
He was formerly engaged as a dealer in
groceries, but for the past thirteen years has
carried on his present business as merchandise
broker, and has built up a large trade with the
wholesale grocers of Pittsburgh and surrounding towns, representing a number of the leading
merchants and manufacturers of the country, and
making a specialty of sugars, coffees, and all kinds'
of canned goods. His connections and facilities
are such that he is at all times enabled to offer to
the trade superior inducements both in quality and
price for all kinds of staple and fancy groceries, and
as a consequence his business has steadily increased
from its inception to the present time. Mr. McClure
has built up his business to its present large proportions by close attention and uniform reliability.
William  Haslage  Son. - Fancy and Staple
Groceries and Japanese Goods; 18 Diamond and 10
Sixth Street.-There is no name which is more intimately associated with the history of the grocery
business in Pittsburgh than that of Mr. William
Haslage, who established himself in business in 1845,
continuing it alone until 1860, when the name of the
firm was changed to William Haslage  Co., from
which it was again changed in 1878 to its present
style upon the admission of Mr. W. C. Haslage to
partnership with his father. In 1880 Mr. Haslage
died, the business passing into the hands of his son,
who still continues it under its old and honored
style. The location at 18 Diamond, which has been
occupied for several years, was seriously damaged
by fire January 12, 1888, and a temporary removal
was made to 433 Wood street, pending the repairing
of the building, to which the business again removed.
At this location a four-story building, 30 X 160 feet in
dimensions, is entirely occupied, and here is carried
in large stock and complete assortment every description of staple and fancy groceries in large variety
and carefully selected from the freshest and the best
goods bought at first hands and always reliable.
addition to the premises at 18 Diamond, another
store is occupied at 10 Sixth street, comprising a
four-story building, 25 X 100 feet in dimensions, where
a large business is carried on in every description
of Japanese goods, the stock. of these articles being
especially well assorted, and comprising all kinds of
useful and novel goods of Japanese make, with a
specially fine line of decorated goods.  At both
establishments a large business is done, the grocery
house at 18 Diamond being justly regarded with
favor by the citizens of Pittsburgh, Allegheny and
surrounding towns, the firm of William Haslage 
Son having an established reputation as leading
family grocers, and the Sixth street establishment
also enjoys a large and steadily growing business.
Mr. William Haslage, the founder of the house, was
a native of Germany, from which country he came
direct to Pittsburgh, establishing this business upon
a very modest scale, building it up to a leading
position by industry, integrity and honorable
methods. His son, Mr. W. C. Haslage, the present
proprietor, is a native of Pittsburgh, and was trained
to the business under the careful and experienced
guidance of his father, and is a gentleman fitted by
education and attainments for successfully continuing and steadily increasing the large business of
his two establishments.
Jason M. Hoffstot.-Merchandise Broker;
Room 1, Renshaw Building; 901 Liberty Street.Mr. Jason M. Hoffstot was born in Ohio, but has resided in Pittsburgh since 1856. He was formerly a
member of the firm of S. P. Shriver  Co., and
eleven years ago embarked in his present business
as a merchandise broker in sugars, coffees, molasses,
syrups, etc. He represents the Franklin Refinery
of Philadelphia, and several other large and prominent houses, and does a large business with dealers
in Pittsburgh and vicinity. He handles only goods
of the best quslity, and consequently stands high
in the favor and confidence of the trade in this section. At his office he is assisted by his nephew,
Perry D. Hoffstot; and conducting his business
upon principles of integrity and reliability, he has
built up for himself a large and lucrative business
which steadily increases in volume from year to
year. Among the many houses in Pittsburgh engaged in the merchandise brokerage business none
maintains a better reputation or enjoys a larger
trade than Mr. Hoffstot.
TEAS.
W. T. Chaffey   Co.-Wholesale Teas and
Coffees; 957 Liberty Street.-This business had its
inception in 1872 under the firm name of Montgomery  Chaffey, which continued a year, since
which time the business has been conducted by W.
T. Chaffey  Co., Mr. Chaffey being the sole proprietor of the business. He occupies, as business
premises, two flours, each 20 X 120 feet in dimensions,
of the four-story building at 957 Liberty street,
where he carries a large and completely assorted
stock of every description of Chinese, Japanese,
and Assam teas, as well as all grades of coffees, carefully selected and assorted, and comprising the best
grades of goods to be found in the markets. He
maintains the most favorable relations with producers and importers, which enable him to offer the
best inducements in quality and price to
the trade, and a large proportion of his
stock is directly imported by himself.
Mr. Chaffey has resided for the past twenty-five years in Pittsburgh, and is one of
its most reputable and substantial citizens.
In addition to his business as a wholesale
tea and coffee merchant he is also President of the New Brighton Pottery Company, of Beaver County, Pa.,giving employment to 125 hands; is a member of
the Batten Fire Escape and Stand Pipe
Manufacturing Company of Pittsburgh
is owner of the Queen City Forge at
Sumner, O'Hara Township, Pa., and is
largely interested in valuable and productive gold mines in Mexico. Mr. Chaffey
is of English nativity, coming direct from
that country to Pittsburgh.  He is a
gentleman of a high order of business
attainments, and by his promptness and
accuracy in all transactions has extended
his trade until it now covers Western
Pennsylvania, Ohio, and West Virginia,
and reaches to many localities in other
States. He is a liberal and progressive
merchant, and his methods commend him to the
favor and confidence of the trade.
William M. Mulhern. - Teas; 703 Penn Building, 708 Penn Avenue.-Mr. Mulhern is a native of
Belfast, Ireland, from whence he came to the United
States when young, and settled in New York. He
has been for the past eighteen years engaged in the
tea business, and for the last four has carried on the
business in this city, representing the firm of Carter,
Macy  Co., of New York and Chicago, leading importers of teas, and the house maintains the most
favorable relations with producers of teas in India,
China andJapan, especially in the latter country,
from which they receive some of the finest teasbrought to the United States. Mr. Mulhern, as a
representative of this firm, has built up a large trade
in Pittsburgh and Allegheny to wholesale grocers
and tea houses, and has secured a wide acquaintance
and a high favor with the trade, as a consequence of
the uniformly satisfa(tory and prompt manner in
which he fills all orders, and the fairness and accuracy
which charafterizes his dealings. Mr. Mulhern is a
business man of experience and high character, and
he has secured a success in this business which exhibits the superiority of his methods, and the great
interest with which he attends to all details of his
business.
CONVECTIONERS' SUPPLIES.
J. W. Koenig    Co,-Manufaurers and
Dealers in Confetioners' and Bakers' Supplies, and
Manufacturers of All Kinds of Flavoring Extracts;
320 Fifth Avenue.-In I885 Messrs. J. WV. Koenig and
A. C. Kauffeld, under the firm name of Koenig _
Kauffeld, established this business, which, in January,
I888, passed into the hands of Mr. J. W. Koenig, who
conducted it alone until August, I888, when he was
joined by Mr. Fred Koenig in the formation of the
present firm. The first floor and basement, 30x75
feet in diniensions, of the biiilding at 320 Fifth avenue, are utilized for the business, and here a very
heavy stock is constantly carried on hand, embracing
every description of confe6tioneIs' and bakers' supplies, including the most approved and useful laborsaving machines known to the trade. The firm are
agents for Thomas Mills  Brother's machinery and
tools, the Hunter Sifter Manufaturing Co.'s Lightning Sifter, sponge beater, Seaman's Ice Cream
freezers and many other valuable devices, and are at
present making a specialty of Geilfuss' Patent Icing
Beater, the latest and most highly improved machine
for the trade, and in large demand by bakers, confeftioners, caterers and restaurant and hotel keepers.
A specialty is also made of cake ornaments and lace
paper, and the trade of the house, which is entirely
wholesale, includes, in addition to a large local business, an extensive patronage throughout Western
Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and West Virginia. Mr.
J. W. Koenig is a German by birth, and removed to
America when but nine years of age. He is an
energetic and progressive business man, who has, by
the exercise of industry, fair dealing and frugality,
built up this enterprise from a very small beginning
to its present position of importance among the
leading wholesale establishments of Pittsburg. Mr.
Fred Koenig, the other member of the firm, is a
native of this city, and has been a pratical baker all
his life.
MACCARONI, ETC.
B. Piccardo. - Manufa6lurer of Fine Maccaroni, ]Egg Noodles and Fancy Paste; Faories, 444
Liberty Avenue and 3 Diamond Street. -Mr. Piccardo,
who is a native of Genoa, Italy, came to this country
in I867 and settled in Philadelphia, where he was engaged for several years in the bakery business. In
January, I888, he removed to Pittsburgh and commenced business as a manufaturer of fine maccaroni,
egg noodles and fancy paste, and has already built
up a large and prosperous business. His factory,
which is 25xIOO feet in dimensions, fronts at 444
Liberty avenue and runs through to 3 Diamond street,
and contains all the necessary appliances for carrying
on this business, a large force of expert hands being
employed. Mr. Piccardo's trade inclusdes, in addition
to a heavy city patronage, a large business through
the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, and NiVest Virginia,
and the promptness with which all orders are filled,
and the accuracy and fairness of his dealings, has
made the establishment a favorite one, and its future
prosperity is fully assurred.
CHOICE FAMILY~T GROCERIES.
O m m ert  H off ie Id..-Dealers in Choice
Family Groceries and Fine Teas; I5 Diamiond.--
TIhis prominent grocery business was estajlished in
I870 by Messrs. P. Ommert and F. Hoffield, who
have built it up to a position of leadership among
the retail grocery hlouses of Pittsburgh. The business occupies a four-story building, 20X60 feet
in dimensions, where large stocks of staple and
fancy groceries, grocers' sundries and shelf goods
are constantly carried, a specialty being made of
fine teas and coffees. They have a high reputation
for handling only the purest, freshest and best goods
in choice family groceries and consequently have a
very large and high class trade with the people of
Pittsburgh and vicinity. The firm are agents for
Hamilton  Co.'s ston~ware, and carry a full line of
their superior goods. The members of the firm are
assisted by several competent clerks in condu6ting
the business, and personally supervise all its details.
Mr. Ommert is a native of Germany, but has resided in Pittsburgh for about thirty years, and was
formerly in the coal business here. Mr. Hoffield
was also born in CGermany, has lived here since I850.
For two years he was employed in a printing office,
and was afterward engaged for twelve years at
engine building, and for six years at engineering.
He has been conneted with the grocery trade for
eighteen years.
CONFIIECTIONERS
Lorenzo T. Yode r.-Manufauturing Cofifectioner, Etc.; 136 to 140 Third Avenue.-The largest
confetionery manufacturing establishment in Pittsburgh is that conducted by Mr. ILorenzo T. Yoder,
who established the business in I873. The business
at its inception was small, and was located at 3I7
Liberty street, but its rapid growth demanded more
commodious quarters, and in the present year removal was made to the premises now occupied,
which had been thoroughly remodelled to suit the
purposes of the business. The building is a fourstory stru(ture, Sox60 feet in diniensions, the first
floor of which is utilized as a salesroom, the second
for offices and storeroom and the fourth for manufaturing purposes. Here employment is given to a
large number of hands in the manufacture of a general
line of confe6tionery, and a large and fresh stock of
all kinds of confectionery, cakes, crackers, almond
paste, jiimbles, bananas, dates, nuts, oranges, lemons,
figs, cigars, tobies, etc., is constantly carried on hand.
The goods manufatured at this establishment are
made of the purest and best materials and lhave a
large sale in the city and through the surrounding
country, a large staff of traveling salesmen being employed. Mr. Yoder also conducts a retail store on
Fifth avenue, opposite the New Court House, from
which a flourishing business is done. He is a native
of Pittsburgh and was born in IS47. When embarking in business his capital was small, but by industry,
integrity and energy he has steadily prospered, and
is now a large real estate owner and one of the niost
successful business men of the city. The elements
which have contributed to his success have been
the care taken in the seletion of the materials from
which his confeccions are made, close supervision
over all the details of manufature so as to secure a
maintainance of the high standard of quality for
which the products of the house have become celebrated, promptness and accuracy in filling orders,
and uniformly fair and honorable methods of dealing.
Mr. Yoder has been the architet of his own fortunes,
and the prosperity which has attended his enterprise has been fairly earned.
PICK ELED GOODS, ETC.
Lutz Brothers. - Manufaturers of Fancy
Pickled Goods, Home Made Ketchups and Table
Delicacies, Etc.; 68-74 Main Street, Allegheny.This business; was established in I883 by Messrs. J
J. and Jacob Lvutz, who condu6ted it until I886, when
they were joined by Mr. Joseph H. Schramm. They
occupy a four-story and basement building, 60X70
feet in dimensions, at the corner of Main and Cherry
streets, in Allegheny, and also have a branch
establishment at Sharpsburg, with a two-story
building, 40x40 feet and a very large cellar, which'
was formerly used as a beer vault.  They give
steady employment to a force ranging from fortyfive to sixty pLople, anu are engaged upon a large
scale in the manufadtnre of all varieties of fancy
pickled goods, home made ketchups and table
delicacies, and have built up a superior reputation
for the excellence of their goods, which are prepared
from the best materials and put up upon the most
approved processes. In addition to a extensive
trade in articles of their own manufacqture, the firm
are also dealers in preserves and jellies of all kinds
and of the best quality, carefully seleting their
stock so as to maintain the reputation earned by
the firm of uniform excellence in all the goods made
or handled by it. The bulk goods made by the firm
are put up in oak iron bound packages, and it is prepared to fill orders from the trade in a prompt and
satisfacRory m anner.  Employment is given to a
staff of traveling salesmen, who visit the trade in the
interests of the house, and the business includes all
the territory within a radius of 200 miles from
Pittsburgh in every direion. The members of the
firm are all thoroughly pra6tical and experienced
men in this depaitment of industry, and Mr. J. J.
I,utz, prior to establishing this business in I883, was
engaged with the firm of F.  J. Heinz for a period
of twelve years. The great success which has attended the firm has been earned by a steady adherence to the highest standard of quality in their
goods, and as a consequence the demand for theni
by consumers has grown, and their trade enjoys an
increasing prosperity from year to year.and when Dr. Connelly issued his proclamation, St.
Clair issued a warrant for his arrest, and he was
taken to jail at Hannastown. He secured his release on bail, and returned to Augusta County, Virginia, to which it was claimed Pittsburgh belonged,
and procured a commission as Justice of the Peace.
Thus combining within himself the functions both
of a military commander and a civil officer, he returned with I50 men to Hannastown, arriving there
on the sth of April, when court was in session, and
demanded of the justices that they should desist
from exerting their official functions. This order
not being obeyed, the justices were arrested a few
days later and carried to Staunton, where they were
kept under guard until a conference was secured
with Lord Dunmore, when they were released and
permitted to return, being held under their own
recognizance for appearance when wanted. Following this event demands were made by a commission
appointed by Pennsylvania to arbitrate the matter
with Lord Dunmore, but without success, and in
I774 Dunmore, who was then preparing for an expedition into the Indian country, came to Pennsylvania
and issued a proclamation calling on His Majesty's
subjects west of Laurel Hill to obey the laws of Virginia, and to yield obedience to the authority of
Pennsylvania at their peril. Following this proclamation Dr. Connelly took high-handed measures,
_  A    _.  +."r   non.
and on two occa  
sions caused the
Westmoreland
County jail to be
broken open, and
prisoners who had
been arrested under the laws of
Pennsylvania to be
released, and in
the spring of I775
again arrested the
justices.
In the meantime
the relations between the colonies
and the mother
country had become severely
strained, and in
I774 a provincial
convention was
held in Virginia,
at which George
Washington, Peyton Randolph and
others were elected representatives
to the First Continental Congress.
To this convention
John Harvey and
John Neville, of
Pittsburgh, were
sent as delegates
from Augusta
County. At a meeting held at Hannastown May I6, 1775, over which General Arthur St. Clair presided, resolutions were adopted
appointing a District Committee with authority
to call the citizens together, and a resolution in
the following words was passed:'"Resolved unanimously, That this committee have the highest
sense of the spirited behavior of their brethren in
New England, and do most cordially approve of their
opposing the invaders of American rights and privileges to the utmost extreme, and that each member
of this committee respectively will animate and encourage their neighborhood to follow the brave
example." Other resolutions were passed recommending the organization, arming and drilling of
the able-bodied men of the country, providing for
ammunition and supplies and for conciliating the
Indians, in order -that the people might enter the
contest with the mother country untrammeled by
home troubles.  John Harvey and George Rootis
were appointed by the committee delegates to the
Colonial Congress.
The high-handed proceedings of Dr. Connolly
and LLord Dunmore were soon ended by the outbreak of the Revolutionary War, when they were
driven from Virginia, and although the two States
of Pennsylvania and Virginia still continued to
claim the territory, the matter was finally settled
by the appointment of George Bryan, John Ewing
and David Rittenhouse on the part of Pennsylvania
and Dr. James Madison and Robert Andrews on the
part of Virginia, as commissioners to confer and
settle the boundary. As a result it was agreed to
extend Mason  Dixon's line five degiees due west,
to be computed from the river Delaware for the
southern boundary of Pennsylvania, and that a
meridian drawn north from the western extremity
thereof to the northern limit of the State be the
western boundary of Pennsylvania. The lines were
run in I784 and I785, and the boundaries of the State
were thus definitely and permanently fixed.
Outside of the disputes between Pennsylvania
and Virginia, other interesting matters occurring
before the Revolutionary period, which may be
mentioned, include the purchase from the chiefs
of the Six Nations by the Penn family and their
associates, known as the proprietaries, of the whole
of the bituminous coal fields of Pennsylvania,
except that portion which lies northward of Kitanning, which was not purchased until I784. The
purchase price of this valuable acquisition was
$Io,ooo. The first coal mining, however, antedated
this purchase, as Captain Thomas Hutchins, who
visited Fort Pitt in July, I760, states that a coal
mine was opened on the Monongahela, opposite
Fort Pitt, at that time, for the use of the garrison.
The first physician in Pittsburgh was Dr. Nathanial Bedford, who came to Western Pennsylvania as a surgeon in the British army, and who,
besides his practice at the garrison, also attended
to the medical wants of the community around
him, and in I865 he resigned his army position, and
opened what was then called a " doctor's shop " in
Pittsburgh, where he combined the functions of
the apothecary with the practice of the physician.
In I769 the Manor of Pittsburgh was surveyed for
Thomas and Robert Penn as proprietaries, covering
a tract of 5,766 acres, including the town of Pittsburgh.
THE REVOLUTIONARY PURIOD.
In a letter from Fort Pitt, dated September 24,
1759, and afterward published in the Amwerican
Magazine, it was said, " It is nearly a month since
the army has been employed in erecting a most
formidable fortification, such an one as will, to
latest posterity, secure the British Empire on the
Ohio." There is no doubt that this letter well represented the convictions of the writer and most of his
fellow-colonists at that time. The following two
decades, however, showed great changes in sentiment, and after the occurrence of the ever memorable Boston  Tea Party, December 16, I773, the
dissatisfaction of the colonists with the British
Government became more and more intense. This
excitement extended to Pittsburgh, and the highhanded measures of Lord Dunmore and his instrument, Connelly, did not tend to lessen the hostile
feelings of the citizens. Dunmore was very unpopular with the Virginians throughout the dominion,
and their hatred of him became so apparent that on
the 8th of June, I775, he took refuge on a man-ofwar, where he was joined by Connelly. In consequence of the disturbance, the members of the
Continental Congress united in a circular, urging
the people to patience, but on August 7th the Provincial Convention of Virginia passed a resolution
ordering that Captain John Neville, with his company of Ioo men, should march and take possession
of Fort Pitt. This resolution angered the Pennsylvanians, and Connelly, hoping, on account of the
local quarrel, to be enabled to make Fort Pitt a
basis of operations for the British army, began to
scheme to that end, and proceeded to Frederick,
Md., but the discovery of his plots caused his arrest
by order of the congress, and he was conveyed to
Philadelphia, where he was imprisoned.
The struggle for independence made the situation a dangerous one for the settlements upon the
frontiers, as the concentration of the Continental
troops in the cause of the revolution left the frontiersmen exposed to the border savages.  The six
Nations and their allies held a conference at Pittsburgh July 8, I776, at which the Chief Kiyasuta
announced that his people would not permit either
the American or English troops to pass through
their country.  Subsequently, however, these Indians were, by the
influence of emissaries of G r e a t
Britain, made directly hostile to
the colonists, and
rendered  still
more threatening
the condition of
the settlers west
of the Alleghenies.
The  British
Lieutenant Governor, Henry Hamilton, of Detroit, organized the Indians into hostile
bands for the purpose of harrassing
the settlers of
the Ohio and its
branches. In I777
attacks were made
at several places,
although the Virginian troops at
Fart Pitt maintained a policy of
conciliation, and
managed to keep
the  Delawar es
friendly  to  the
American side. In
June, I777, Brigadier General Edward Hand, of the
Continental Army,
assumed command,,,4 -     L;   T-_
of Fort Pitt, and discovering that a concentrated Indian attack was preparing, he concluded upon an aggressive campaign and demanded 2,000 men from the
Western counties of Pennsylvania and Virginia. He
was unable, however, to secure a sufficient number,
and abandoned the expedition. While the sentinient of the colonists around Fort Pitt was generally
patriotic, there were not wanting sympathizers with
the English, and several arrests were made of
parties, who were, however, afterward released on
parole. Of these Alexander McKee, Deputy Agent
of Indian Affairs, secured a Captain's commission in
the British army, and in March, I778, left Fort Pttt
accompanied by Matthew Elliot and Simon Girty,
the celebrated Indian interpreter and renegade, and
joined the army, inciting the Indians against the
settlements. Many attacks were made on settlements and forts in WVestern Virginia and Kentucky,
but General Hand was unable, from scarcity of men
and provisions, to successfully carry out his ideas of
aggressive warfare.
Early in I778 General Lachlan McIntosh, in command of a force composed of portions of the Eighth
Pennsylvania and Thirteenth Virginia regiments of
the Continental Army, came to Fort Pitt, and in the
spring of that year he descended the Ohio and built
Fort McIntosh on the site of the present town of
Beaver. In October an army of I,ooo men formed at
Fort McIntosh, from whence they proceeded about
seventy miles to the Tuscarawas River, where theyPICIXr,ES, PRUSURVES, ETC.
H. J. Heinz Company.-Formerly F.  J.
Heinz; ManufaAurers of Pickles, Preserves, Vinegar
and General Condinients; Office, I95 First Avenue.
-There is no name more favorably known to the
trade and consumers in America than that of Heinz,
as being the manufacturers of the best pickles, preserves and table delicacies. This statement is attested
by the immensity of their trade, which covers every
State and Territory within the limits of the United
States. Not only is this true, but their goods are
sought, without solicitation, from South America,
Mexico and England, to which countries they have
recently made shipments. Their trade-mark is the
"Keystone," which, like the keystone in an arch,
means the highest. Their ambition has been from
the beginning not to produce goods that could be
sold at a low price, but goods of superior quality
and merit, which is proved by having always been
awarded fir t prizes and medals wherever exhibited.
They early recognized the fat that good goods, like
men of good chara6ter, would eventually be recognized and rewarded. It is a well known fa't that
anything without merit never has an imitator, but
themertoriou  on"ly do. Son if is wit'h
the meritorious only do, So it is with
Heinz's Keystone Brand.  Some manufaunrers, knowing the purity and popularity of the goods, have imitated their
labels and bottles, thus deceiving the public; yet, with all this attempt at fraud, the
sale of Heinz's Keystone Brand has been
very large, and is constantly increasing.
It is a common saying, "As good as
Heinz's," thus acknowledging them as
the standard. We state it knowingly that
this is the largest concern of the kind in
America.  Some idea may be gained as
to the extent of this business when it
is stated that this firm cultivates on their
vegetable farms over 500 acres, on which
they use over 4,0o0 tons of fertilizer annually; they have constantly nearly a
regiment on their pay roll, and during the
picking season for vegetables and fruits,
it requires about 3,ooo additional hands.
They own and have in use 93 head of the
best draft horses in the city. Their factories are located in Pittsburgh and Allegheny, and the kraut factory at Ross
Station.  Salting-houses are at la Porte
and Walkerton, Ind. They also manufaure and supply their Western agencies from ILa Porte. From all these they
have switch facilities for supplying their
many agencies by car-load by any line of
railroad.  Their shipments  last  year
amounted to about I,500 cars. This firm.
possess peculiar advantages from the fa
that they oversee everything from its
growth to manufacture. They grow thousands of pounds of seeds in their own
gardens, with which they supply farmers
in the West, who grow pickles for them.
In this way they are always intelligently
supplied with the best stock. In addition
to the foregoing, they have the largest
and most complete vinegar works in the
United States.  This factory is located in
Allegheny City, where they manufa6ture. -114-_   _ A  4 _1_ 1:y   f _:, CY a 1   T 1
their celebrated  pickling  vinegar.  Here also
they manufacture pure  malt vinegar,  (which
they formerly imported) and with which they
preserve their pickles in glass.  This vinegar
imparts an aromatic flavor to the pickles, peculiar
to itself, which ordinary vinegar used by other
manufaturers fails to produce, and this is the
only factory in this country where it is made and
used. In order to keep pice with the growing
demand for these goods, the firm has recently purchased, (adjoining their factories in Allegheny City),
a plot of lots, 300 feet front on Main street and
running back 250 feet to the West Penn Railroad.
Here they are erefting additional buildings, with
switches running in and connerting with the P. R.
R., B.  O. and P.  W. R. R, Cars are loaded
directly from the fac6cory, thus facilitating prompt
shipments. Their agencies or branch houses are
located as follows:-Boston, Albany, New York,
Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington City, Augusta,
Ga., New Orleans, Louisville, Cincinnati, Columbus,
Indianapolis, Kansas City, Wichita, St. Louis, Chicago, Onlaha and San Francisco. To all these points
they are shipping daily in car-loads. The firm is
composed of A. M. Heinz, H. J. Heinz, Frederick
Heinz and G. H. Frager, the latter having charge of
the office. The gardens and portion of the manufaory are in charge of Frederick Heinz. To H. J.
Heinz, the founder of this industry, and whose portrait appears in connection with this article, is due
the popularity of the goods and the success of the
business. He received the usual common school
education, after which his parents sent him to Duff's
College, where he took a course in book-keeping.
His father was then engaged in the brick business
and general gardening, and although the son was
yet in his teens, he was entrusted with the management of his father's books.  Upon attaining his
majority he was taken in as a partner in this business,
to which was added contra6ting and building. When
a mere boy he developed a taste for, and took great
delight and interest in the cultivation and sale of
garden produce, etc. His spare moments were
employed in experimenting and manufauring
horse-radish, celery, sauce, pickles, etc. This was
in I867, when the nucleus of the business was established. He commenced in this small way, and being
possessed of a quick perception, keen foresight and
good judgment, and recognizing the fact that
Anlerican manufature of pickles had hitherto not
been of a high standard, he saw here an opportunity
of establishing a business in the line of pickles and
condiments, the quality of which might excel any
in the world. Having patience, energy and pluck
and faith in his enterprise, he never wearied in his
work, and today he is enjoying the fruits of an
economical and persistent business career. He is
one of Pittsburgh's most enterprising citizens, and
his purse strings are always open to charitable
objes. He is an a6live member of the Board of
Diretors of the Western Pennsylvania Exposition
Society and many other institutions.
VLOUR, imC.
Ohio Flour Store.-Dealers in Flour, Feed,
Cereal Goods, Soaps, Starch and General Merchandise; 2 6 Market Street.-This business, which wis
estiblished in April, I888, iS owned by the Buckeye
E;ngine Co, of Salem, O.; Charles Bon,all and D. T
Peeples, the two last named gentlemen having the
nianagement of the business in this city. The Buckeye Engine Company is one of the largest manufacturing concerns in the United States. It was
established in I853 and has since steadily increased
iti business and enlarged its facilities until now the
engines manufacured by the company, and ranging
in capacity from IO to 500 horse power, are recognized
as being of unsurpassed excellence, and are in demand in all parts of the Union. The company has
a paid up capital of about $400,000. In connection
with their extensive plant at Salem, O., they have a
flouring mill construced upon the most modern and
improved principles, and producing flour of special
excellence. This choice flour is handled by the Ohio
Flour Store of this city, and the stock of the establishment also embraces a large and select assortment
of feed, cereal, goods, starch and general merchandise.
Messrs. Bonsall and Peeples, both of whom are prac
tical and experienced business men, conduct the
affairs of the house in a manner which commends it
to the favor and patronage of the people of Pittsburgh, Allegheny, and surroundingtowns. They are
also agents in this city of the celebrated Buckeye
Automatic Engines, which they are prepared to supply at factory prices, and are also agents for Ohio
Fertilizers, recognized as of unsurpassed excellence
and effe6tiveness. The firm has secured a business
which is already very large and is steadily increasing
as a result of the nierit of their goods and the accurate and reliable methods adopted by them in all
their transaftions.
B-READ AND CRACKER BAIERS.
James McClurg  Co.-Maliufaturers of Crackers and Candies; 602 and
604 Wood Street: Faory, Io, I2 and I4
Walker Street, Allegheny.-This is, with
one exception, the largest house in the
city engaged in the manufature of crackers and candies of all kinds. It employs
the services of seventy-five hands, and
its produt, which is very large, finds a
iiiarket throughout the States of Pennsylvania, Ohio, West Virginia and Maryland, seveli traveling salesmen of wide
acquaintance with the trade, representing
the house on the road. The business was
origina lv established at Allegheny in
I870 by the present firm, of which Mr.
James McClurg and his son-in-law, Mr.
John McClurg, are the members. From
1883 to I888 Mr. S. D. Ache was a member
of the firm, but in the latter year withdrew.
The firm has a cracker faory at Io, I2
and I4 Walker street, Allegheny, which is
a three-story building, 75xI20 feet in
dimensions, and completely equipped
with all the latest and most highly improved machinery and appliances adapted
to cracker manufaure, and their warehouse at 602 and 604 Wood street in this
city, embraces three floors of the building,
28XI38 feet.   They manufature every
description of plain and fancy crackers
and candies of all kinds, all the materials used being of the purest and best
quality, and the produt consequently of
high merit. Mr. James McClurg has been
a pra6tical baker all his life, and oversees
that department of the cracker fatory,while
Mr. John McClurg, who prior to the establishment of this businesswas engagedin the
grocery line, is the active manager of the
business. Both are able and enterprising
business nien, who condut their affairs
-   -!    -     -    _ -'  -1- -      - -  - -    1  - 1  - -   -  - 4-,      --   -   -   -~
upon principles which commend them to the favor
and confidence of the trade, and have made their
business steadily increase from year to year. The
firm are also manufaturers' agents and jobbers of
cigars and tobies, of which they have always on
hand a very large stock.
S. S. Marvin  Co. -Manufaturers of
Crackers, Cakes and Bread; Liberty Avenue, Between
Fourth and Fifth Streets.-S. S. Marvin  Co. are
the successors of a business originally established
at 9I Liberty street in I831 by John Davis, who was
later succeeded by the firm of R.  J. Davis, followed
in 1866 by Messrs, S. S. Marvin and C. B. Rumsey
under the present firm style. Their produs embrace every description of crackers, cakes and bread,
and in crackers the trade of the firmi extends to
every part of the United States. Employment is
given to a forc- of 250 hands. Mr. S S. Marvin, of
this firm, is, in addition to his interest in the business, also well known, by reason of his position as
President of the Western Pennsylvania Exposition
Society.
S. A. Nesbit.-Superb Bakery; I42 Market
Street, Allegheny. -One of the most prospero is establishmients in its line in either Pittsburgh or Allegheny is the Superb Bakery, conduted by Mr. S.'A.
Nesbit, and which was established in 1885 by Nesbit
 Co. The partnership did not remain in force
long, and since July 2I cf the same year Mr. Nesbit
has carried on the business alone. The business was
started upon a comparatively small scale with one
wagon, but now four wagons are regularly run, and
a large increase in trade has been experienced. The
trade is at wholesale exclusively, and the buildings,
which are 25XI25 feet in dimensions, comprise two
complete bakeries, one for home made, and. one for
ordinary bakers' bread having two large ovens,
heated by natural gas, and turning out the finest
quality of goods in bread, cake and pastries, which
are sold to dealers, hotels and restaurants in Pittsburgh, Allegheny and on the South Side. Steady
employment is given to a force often men, and 5,000
loaves of bread per day are turned out. The establishment is one of the best equipped in its line in
Western Pennsylvania, and its produ6t is in deservedly high favor. Mr. Nesbit is a native of Allegheny City, and prior to engaging in business on
his own account, was with S. S. Marvin  Co. for
five years, and his thorough and pratical knowledge
of every detail of the business, and his successful
endeavors to excel in producing bread of superior
quality have secured for him a notable and constantly growing patronage and success.
SUPPIM S AND STORAGI.
The Grocers Supply and Storage Company.-A. M. Voigt, President; Andrew Strain,
Secretary; WV. W. Prince, Treasurer; I3, I5, I7, I9
and 2I Seventh Street.-This prominent and important business was founded in I86I by the firm of
L. H. Voigt  Co., by whom it was continued until
I868, when it was succeeded by Voigt, Mahood 
Co., followed by A. M. Voigt  Co. In I884 this
firm and Voigt, McAfee  Co. consolidated, and
January 20, I888, the present company was incorporated with a capital stock of $200,000, and with
officers as above named. In addition to th ese
gentlemen, there is also a board of directors, composed of Messrs. W. C. Voigt, William J. McAfee,
Horace Phillips and W. W. Prince. The premises
utilized embrace a six-story and basement building,
76XIoo feet in dimensions, at I3, I5, I7, I9 and 2I
Seventh street, which is equipped throughout with
all the niost highly approved appliances, their cold
storage rooms, eight in number, being among the
finest in this country. The refrigeration is done
with improved machinerv, thereby. obtaining the
best results, the atmosphere being preferable to that
made by using ice, there being no dampness or
moisture. They have an artesian well I80 feet deep,
and a sixty horse power engine and boiler that
furnish power for the machinery. The company
receives butter, eggs, cheese, dressed poultry, dried
fruits and all kinds of merchandise for cold and
general storage, and all storage or consignments
entrusted to them are insured at the lowest rates,
if desired. They do a large commission business iu
bananas, California fruits, oranges, lemons, pine
apples, cocoanuts, strawberries,water melons, apples,
foreign and domestic dried fruit, nuts, cranberries,
yotatoes, beans, cider, cheese, eggs, butter, honey,
canled goods of every description, pickles, and all
kinds of vegetables and farm and country produce.
Tne company are agents for T. A. Snider Preserve
Co.'s celebrated catsup, preserves, jellies, sauces.
fruit butters, etc., and ship large quantities of these
superior goods diret from the manufatory. They
handle the " Dundee," " Harold," " Eldridge,"
" King " and other fine brands of creamery butter,
and at the house employment is given to a force of
about thirty-five hands, while a staff of experienced
traveling salesmen represent them on the road,
The company receives consignments from all parts
of this country and Europe, and all its transactions
being based upon the niost fair and equitable
principles, it enjoys a high reputation and a very
extensive trade, which is rapidly increasing. The
management of the business is in experienced and
capable hands, its officers all being busine s men of
prominence. Mr. A. M. Voigt, the President,
who was born in Westmoreland County, Pa., has
been a residtnt of this city for twenty-eight years,
while Mr. Strain, the Secretary, has resided here
thirty-five years, coming here from Ireland, of
which coulitry he is a native. Mr. Prince, the
Treasurer, is also a native of Ireland, who came to
America eight years ago, and in addition to his conneffion with this business, he is also identified with
the Shamrock Fertilizer Company. The dire6tors of
the company are also prominent in the business and
financial circles of the city, and the company itself
is one of the most valuable and important business
enterprises of the Iron City.
THE PRODUCE TRADE.
BUSINESS IN  HAY, GRAIN, FLOUR) PRODUCE
AND PROVISIONS.
It is a regretable fact that there is a dearth of
reliable statistics to show the amount of business in
any one of the divisions of the grain, produce and
provision trade of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, notwithstanding that it is evident that the volume of
transations of this character is very large and annually growing, and if it could be ascertained would
make a favorable showia g.
The trade done in these various lines is not only
large for local consumption, but in many of them
-also includes a considerable shipping business to
points within the trade territory of the city. The
xnumber of houses engaged is a large one and of
these many of the most prominent are mentioned
b!in the paragraphs which -follow. Amiong them are
some handling a general line of grain and produce
while others pay special attention to particular
lines. Of all it may be said, however, that they are
representative of the great activity of these lines of
-busine- ss and are leaders among the dealers and
commission merchants handling the hay, grain,
flour, produce and provision trades of Pittsburgh.
Thomas H. M'Gowan. -Produce Commission MIeIchant; 607 l~iberty Street.--Mr. MI'Gowan
is one of Pittsburgh's most successful and prominent produce commission merchants, and he establishsd this business in I876. From its inception the
busiriess h-as prospered, and now occupies a fourstory and basement building, 25XIOO feet in dimensions, where large stocks of goods are constantly
carried, and nine assistants employed. Mr. MI'Gowan
receives consignments from all parts of the country,
ancR miakes a specialty of butter, eggs, cheese, grain,
seeds! apples, oranges, bananas, lemons and all
kinds of fruits. He does a large and constantly increasing business throughout the western part of
the State, both on commission and personal account,
and stands high in the favor of shippers and producers everywhere, as a consequence of his stri
integrity and reliability. He is an ative and energetic business man, and is highly respFcted by all
with whom he comes in contat.
John Fite.-Proprietor of The Flgin Butter
and Cheese House; 539 and 54I Liberty Street.-One
of the largest and most prosperous houses in Pittsburgh engaged in the sale of butter, cheese, eggs,
etc, is that of Mr. John Fite, who has been engaged
in the business since I880. He has been a resident
of the city for the past twenty-five years, and prior
to embarking in his present enterprise was engaged
in the dry goods business. His thorough business
qualifications have secured him a prominent position in the commercial circles of the city, and he is
an active and influential member of the Board of
Trade. His business premises comprise a threestory brick building, 30XI40 feet in dimensions  
fully equipped with the most ample facilities for
cold storage and every convenience for the successful prosecution of his business. His stock embraces
the freshest and best qualities of butter, cheese and
eggs, constantly replenished, and he receives large
consignments oF fresh eggs daily. the care taken
by him to keep his stock up to the best standard of
quality has resulted in a large trade in the city and
throughout Allegheny County, and his business has
grown steadily from its inception to the present
time.
Aiken  Henry. - Produce Commission
Merchants; Wholesale Dealers in Foreign and
Domestic Fruits; 605 I,iberty Street.-This is an
old established commission business, having been
founded in I862 by Mr. John Aiken, who was joined
by Mr. J. K. Henry OcRober I, I887, in the formation
of the present firm. They do business on personal
account, as well as on commission, and in foreign
and domestic fruits, of which they handle large
quantities, they do an extensive business as wholesale dealers. At their warehouse, which is a threestory and basement struure, 20x7s feet in dimensions, they carry a very large stock of all kinds of
produce and fruits, and give employment to a force
of six clerks and assistants. A large and constantly
increasing business is done in the city and throughout the surrounding country, the firm holding the
confidence of shippers and dealers on account of
their uniformly reliable and satisfa6tory methods of
dealing. Mr. Aiken has resided here for many
years, and Mr. Henry, who is native of Ohio, has
lived here eleven years. Both gentlemen are well
and favorably known in the business and financial
circles of the city, and the success they have achieved
in their business has been fairly earned.
Wilson  Phillips. --Produce Commission
Merchants; 504 Liberty Street.-This important
produce commission business was established three
years ago by Mr. James Wilson and Mr. Phillips.
The latter gentleman retired about three months
after the inception of the business, and Mr. Wilson
has since been the sole proprietor, retaining, however, the old firm style. His store occupies the main
floor and basement, 2sx7s feet in dimensions, of the
building at 504 Liberty street, where he carries constantly on hand large quantities of fresh vegetables,
fruits, butter, eggs, cheese and all kinds of garden
and farm produce, and employs a full force of clerks.
Mr. Wilson's dealings with producers have always
been of the most favorable chara6ter, and his relations are such that he is enabled to offer his goods
at the most reasonable prices. He does a large business in the city and throughout the State, and his
reputation for fairness and reliability is of the
highest charater. Mr. Wilson is a native of Ireland,
who came to America in I865 and settled in Pittsburgh.
N. J. B rad en.-Commission Merchant for the
Sale of New York State and Ohio Fatory Cheese
and Butter; 80I Liberty Street.-The house of N. J
Braden, which was established in I865, is the largest
concern in the city whose principal business is the
wholesaling of cheese. Mr. Braden makes a specialty of this article and carries heavy stoc'ks, representing the leading dairies of New York and Ohio,
and handling about 4,000,000 pounds annually. He
also deals largely in butter and eggs, and in all these
articles does an extensive local business. Mr. Braden
now occupies for business purposes a four-story and
basement building, 25XII0 feet in dimensions, at 80I
Liberty street, to which he removed two years ago
from 8I9 Liberty street, in order to secure more
commodious quarters. Here he has every convenience and facility for carrying on his extensive business, and gives employment to a large number of
clerks and assistants, Mr. Braden has resided in
Pittsburgh for the past twenty-five years, and is one
of her most successful and enterprising business
men. His prosperity in business has been marked
and gratifying, and has resulted from industry and
fairness in dealing with his customers.
Somers, Brother  Co. -Wholesale Butter, Cheese, Eggs, Green and Dried Fruits and Produce; 639 Liberty Street.-This important business
was established in I876 by Messrs. Charles and J. L.
Somers, who were joined March I, i888, by Messrs.
W. H. Williams and E. D. Echols, the firm name remaining unchanged. They do a large business in
the city and surrounding country within a radius of
I50 miles, both on personal account and consignment, in butter, cheese, eggs, new vegetables, cocoanuts, peanuts, fancy honey, refined cider, evaporated
fruit, early fruit, cranberries, banalias, oranges,
lemons and all kinds of produce, employing eighteen hands in the house and a number of traveling
men on the road. The warehouse, which is a fourstory and basement struure, 20XII0 feet in dimensions, contains every facility for the business, including a cold storage department and printing
offices operated by steam. The Messrs. Somers are
natives of Beaver County, Pa., and have a long experience in this line of business. Mr. Williams was
born in Westmoreland County, and was formerly in
the railroad business, while Mr. Echols is from
Sharon, Mercer County, and prior to joining this
firm was engaged in the iron industry. A11 are business men of a high order of attainments, and their
enterprise is a leader in its line in the city, their
annual business amolinting to about $250,000.
W. G. Miller.-Coommission Merchant; 1029
Iiberty Street.-Mr. W. G. Miller was born in Londonderry, Ireland, and came to Anierica when eighteen years of age, settling near Wilmington, Del.,
from whence he removed in I85r to Pittsburgh. He
formerly condued a country store in Beaver County
for several years, and in 1859 embarked in his
present business in Pittsbnrgh as a commission
merchant in barley, malt, rye, hops, etc. These
articles he handles in large quantities from the cars
in car load lots, and has an old established and constantly increasing trade throughout the State of
Pennsylvania, where he has an unsurpassed reputation for the quality of goods handled by him, and
his fair and equitable methods of dealing with his
customers. He has every tacility and convenience
for conduting his extensive business, and throughout his long and honorable business history his affairs have ever been managed in a rmanner which
has secured for him the favor and confidence of the
public generally, and caused his enterprise to be regarded as a representative one in its line in the city.
John L. Rhoads, Jr.-Broker and Commission Merchant in Flour, Grain and Feed; 59 Ninth
Street.-One of the most prominent grain and flour
houses of Pittsburgh is that originally established
fourteen years ago by Mr. J. L. Styne, who condu6ted it until his death, and was succeeded September I, I887, by Mr. John L. Rhoads, Jr. Mr.
Rhoads is a gentleman of practical experience in
the business, and enjoys the most favorable relations with the leading manufaurers of the better
grades of flour, being agent for the Holly Flouring
Mills, the celebrated Minneapolis millers, at d is also
agent for George Tileston  Co., millers, of Fairbault, Minn., and the George P. Plant Milling Co.,
of St. Louis, Mo., and other prominent manufacturers. Mr. Rhoads does a large brokerage and
commission business in grain and feed, receiving
consignments from the States of Pennsylvania,
Ohio, West Virginia and Indiana, throughout which
States he has commended himself to the favor of
shippers and producers by the attentive and intelligent manner in which he performs commission
services, the promnptness with which he makes
returns and uniforim fairness and accuracy of his
dealings. He has been conneated with this house
for a number of years, having been with Mr. Styne
prior to acquiring the business himself, and his
thorough knowledge of the markets, his energetic
business methods and his close attention to every
detail are steadily securing a gratifying increase in
the volume of his trade from season to season.
H. J. M'C racken  Co.-Produce Merchants;
62I Liberty Street.-One of the most popular and
successful of the houses engaged in the produce business is that of H. J. M'Cracken  Co., which was
originally established in 1870 by Mr. H. J. M'Cracken,
who has since successfully conducqed it from that
time to the present. In I882 Mr. W. J. M'Crackeli, a
son of the founder, was admitted to the partnership
when the firm assumed its present style. The business premises are eligibly located in a spacious
warehouse at 63I Liberty Street, comprising a threestory building, 25xI00 feet in dimensions, where the
firm carries on a large business, and has at all times
a completely assorted stock of apples, potatoes, all
kinds of foreign and domestic fruits, berries, vegetables, waterinelons in their season, and.everything
in the line of produce. The firm receives consignments from a large and steadily expanding territory,
and has a merited reputation for keeping the best
quality of goods in the lines enumerated. Mr. J. H.
M'Cracken, the senior of the firm, who is a native
of County Down, Ireland, and a resident of Pittsburgh since I85I, is a thoroughly pradtical and
experienced man in all the details of theproduce
market, and his son, who has been trained to the
business under the supervision of his father, is also
attentive to every detail of the business, and by their
close attention to orders, the fairness of their prices,
and the thoroughly reliable charadter of their trans  
adtions! they have earned a large business and a
high place in thee favor and confidence of the trade.
S. B. Floyd  Son.--Wholesale Dealers in
Flour, Grain, Hay ancl Feed; II35 Ivriberty Street.--
This is one of the oldest, as well as the most prominent houses in this branch of industry in Pittsburgh,
dating its inception back to I859, when the business
was founded by Mr. S. B. Floyd, who still remains at
the head of the firm. The original location was on
I,iberty street, below Tenth street, from which removal was made to the premises now occupied at
I r35 L~iberty street, comprising a four-story building,
24XI00 feet in dimensions, and in I884 Mr. Floyd admitted his son, Mr. W. S. Floyd, into partnership
with himself and the present firm name was adopted.
The firm has a very large and firmly established trade
at wholesale throughout Western Pennsylvania in
the best qualities of flour, grain, hay and feed, and
tbroughout its long business career it has always
maintained the Ilighest reputation for the superior
quality of the goods handled. The fi m have elevators
in the grain regions of the west to facilitate their
extensive business. Mr. S. B. Floyd is a native of
Ireland, and came to this country in I853, settling in
Pittsburgh, and prior to starting in business for
himself was engaged in the grocery business with his
uncle, John Floyd. His son, Mr. W. S. Floyd, was
born in Pittsburgh, and has always been conneted
with this business, in which he has had a thorough
training under the experienced supervision of his
father.- Both gentlemen are prominent business men
and reputable citizens, and their enterprise is one of
the most prosperous in its line in the city.
William Fischer.-Dealer inFlour, Grain and
Mill Feed, Etc.; I37 Sandusky Street.-This business was originally established in I868 by William
Langkamp, at 2I2 lacock street, to whom  Mr.
William Fischer succeeded in I882, afterwards removing to his present quarters. He carries alarge
and completely diversified stock, enlbracing all of
the most noted brands of flour, which he receives
from the best manufacturers, and he also carries on
hand all kinds of grain and mill feed, and has a large
shipping business in loose baled hay. He has built
up a prosperous trade with the residents of the two
cities and surrounding country and is thoroughly
prompt and reliable in all his transactions. Mr.
Fischer is of German -nativity and came from thence
to this country in I867. He is thoroughly acquainted
with all the details of the trade in which he is engaged, is energetic and enterprising, and is in every
respeft a thorough business man and a good citizen.
He carefully selets all his goods, and is prepared to
fill orders, large or small, in a prompt and satisfactory
ma nner.
T. L. Hanny  Co.-Wholesale Dealers in
Produce, Foreign and Domestic Fruits; 23 Federal
Street, Allegheny.-Mr. Hanny has been steadily
engaged in his present business since I877, and has
acquired a large trade and a superior reputation
throughout Pennsylvania and Ohio, as a consequence
of the promptliess of his dealings and the thorough
and complete manner in which his stock is sele6ted
and assorted   He occupies two stories and the
basement of a four-story brick building, 25XI20 feet,
and he carries a full and complete stock embracing
all kinds of produce and foreign and domestic fruits,
his establishment being headquarters for pure
creamery and dairy butter, cheese, striftly fresh
eggs, apples, potatoes, onions, beans, peas, buckwheat flour, dried and evaporated fruits, starch, olive
oils, desiccated cocoanut, oranges, lemons, bananas,
dates, peanuts. foreign nuts, prunes, figs, raisins,
pure clover andbuckwheat comb honey, maple syrup
and maple sugar in season, a specialty being made
of oranges, lemons and bananas, for which the firm
has a very large trade, receiving constant consignments from the leading centers of produion and
import. Mr. Hanny is a native of Geneva, Switzerland, but came to the United States twenty-five
years ago and settled in Allegheny. He is a gentleman of a high order of business attainments, prompt
and accurate in all his dealings and maintaining the
favor and confidence of the trade by the excellence
of his goods and the uniform propriety of his business conduSt.
George Curry.-Dnealer in Flour, Grain, Mill
Feed and Baled Hay; 2643 Penn Avenue. Mr. Curry
is one of the oldest established merchants in his
line in this seAtion of the city, he having started in
the location he now occupies in Is54. Tn I886 his original premises were burned out, and he immediately
rebuilt a double store, 2sx40 feet in dimensions, and
also occupies a warehouse in the rear, 2IX50 feet in
size. He carries a large stock and complete assortment embracing all the m-rost popular and desirable
brands of flour, grain, and all kinds of mill feed of
every description, and first-class baled hay, and llis
stock is not excelled in quality or assortment by any
in the city. He has a large and well-established
trade in the city and its surroundings, which he has
earned by the uniform excellence of his stock, and
the fair and liberal methods upon which all his
transacrtions are based. Mr. Curry was born in Ireland, and was engaged in the wholesale grocery
business in E;ngland for four years prior to comingto the United States in I85I. He was employed in
the construftion of the Pennsylvania Railroad, and
by his own efforts and energy has secured a handsome competency, and a recognized position as one
of the representative merchants of the city.
Joseph Schwebel.-D)ealer in Flour, Grain,
Mill-Feed and Salt; 33, 35 and 37 East Street, Allegheny. One of the most important establishments
in Allegheny engaged in handling flour, grain
-mill-feed and salt is that which has been conducted
for several years under the style of Joseph Schwebel.
In I884 Mr. Schwebel died, since which time the
business has been continued by his widow, Mrs.
Rosa Schwebel, the aftive management, however,
being in the hands of Mr. P. J. Mueller, who has
been conneted with the business for several years,
and who is a business man of reliable and sagacious
methods. The premises occupied at 33, 35 and 37
East Street are conveniently arranged for the purposes of the business, and the stock is at all times
-complete in every respect, only the best quality of
goods being handled by this house. A large trade
is enjoved, which is constantly on the increase, and
the establishment is in every way,a representative
one in its line.
Daniel McCaffrey.-Dealer in Flour, Feed
and Grain; 238 and 240 Fifth Avenue. - This is an old
established business, having been founded in I867
by Mr. Daniel McCaffrey. In I885 this gentlemen
died, and the business has since been managed hy
his sons, Messrs. John J. and William A. McCaffrey,
for the benefit of the estate. Both gentlemen have
been brought up to this business, and are superior
judges of the quality of goods they buy and keep in
-stock, as well as the wants of their many patrons,
and they consequently enjoy a very large and firmly
established trade throughout this seffion, which is
constantly increasing from year to year. They deal.
extensively in flour, grain, chopped feed, oil meal,
corn meal, bran, middlings, oats and corn, and make
a specialty of hay, being the only house in the city
that buys hay by the wagon load from the farmers
of the surrounding country and bales it, thus being
enabled in every instance to guarantee the quality of
the hay offered for sale. This firm handles grain extensively on commission, large consignments being
constantly received by them, and are thereby enabled
at all tinies to meet every demand upon them. The
warehouse at 238 and 240 Fifth avenue comprises
-two floors, 50XII0 feet in dimensions, and employment is given to a full staff of men, and a business
aggregating $Ioo,ooo is annually transaed. The high
reputation which this house has enjoyed from its
inception is still maintained by the Messrs. McCaffrey, who condut its affairs upon the same principles
of integrity and reliability which ever charaterized
the dealings of their father.
James A. Thom pson.-Wholesale and Retail Dealer in Flour, Feed, Grain, Hay, Salt,:Etc.; 7I
and 73 Irwin Avenue, Corner of Pennsylvania Avenue, Allegheny.-Mr. James A. Thompson has been
aftively engaged in business in Allegheny since
I855, and in business for himself since I867, in
which year he established his present enterprise,
which has continued to expand in volume from year
to year, as a result of the systematic and accurate
methods which he has employed in its management.
He has a commodious warehouse at 7I and 73 Irwili
avenue, 75XI50 feet in dimensions, and partly one
and partly two stories in height, which he keeps
completely stocked with flour of the best and most
popular brands, feed, grain, hay, salt, etc., in which
he has a large trade extending tbroughout Western
Pennsylvania both at wholesale and retail. Mr.
Thompson is a native of Ireland, but came to
America when quite young, settling in Allegheny.
He is a business man possessed of a high order of
ability, and has deservedly prospered in his enterprise, as a consequence of industry and reliability on
his part.
DRUSSED BEUP.
Armour  Co.-Jobbers of Chicago Dressed
Beef; J, P. Leutz, Manager; 5 Union Street and 5I4
Liberty Street.-The name and fame of Armour 
Co. as shippers of superior grades of dressed beef,
from their world-renowned Chicago slaughter
houses, has become so well established in all sections of the Union, that extended comment in this
review would be a work of supererogation. The
Pittsburgh office of this company was established
in I880 at its present location, where four entire
floors and basement, each 25XI25 feet in dimensions,
extending through from Union to Liberty streets
have been fitted up expressly for this business with
improved refrigerators, coolers and everything requisite for the storage and proper preservation of
dressed beef, which is received daily direct from
Chicago in refrigerator cars and disposed of to
wholesale and retail dealers in Pittsburgh, Allegheny and surrounding towns, in this and adjacent
counties in Western Pennsylvania. Fifteen assistants are regularly employed, and the annual transcations at this office alone will closelv approximate
$250,000, with every indication of a considerable increase in the not far distant
future, as the advantages of the system
adopted by this firm become more fully
apparent to dealers and consumers. Mr.
J. P. Leutz, the efficient manpger of this
extensive and important establishment,
is a native and life long- resident of
Pittsburgh, and prior to assuming the
management of this business, which has
considerably increased under his energetic and liberal Edninistration, was
engaged in the butchering business here.
PORK PACKIRS.
E. H. Myers  Co. -Pork Packers
and Curers of " Keystone" Brand Sugar
Cured Hams, Shoulders, Beef and Breakfast Bacon; Office and Warehouse, 645
and 647 Iiberty Street, Corner of Seventh
Street.-As one of the oldest- and certainly the largest among the pork packers -and provision dealers of the Keystone State
this firm is entitled to special mention among
the important business houses of Pittsburgh.
The business was established in I85I, under
its present style, which it has continuously held
ever since. The original members of the firm were
Messrs. E. H. Myers and William McDevit, thelatter
of whom withdrew five years later, and Mr. J.
Stevenson was admitted to the firm. In I880 Mr.
Myers bought Mr. Stevenson's interest, and then he
admitted Mr. A. E. Succop, his son-in-law, and Mr.
Charles H. Myers, his son, who with Mr. E. H. Myers
now constitute the firm. They occupy as office and
warehouse a spacious four-story and basement
building, 40xgo feet in dimensions, eligibly located
at 645 and 647 Liberty street, where they carry at
all times a large and complete stock of their excellent produts. They also have a curing and packing
house 8oxIoo feet in dimensions, with five stories, a
basement and a sub-basement, located at the corner
of Virgin and Bank alleys, near Wood street, where
they have ample cold storage facilities and every
convenience and accessory for the successful prosecution of the business, and a capacity for smoking
37,000 pieces at one time. The firm also formerly
condu6ted a branch packing house at the Union
Stock Yards, Chicago, but of recent years have leased
that establishment to other parties. They do a large
business as packers of pork produts and beef, and
especially of the " Keystone " brand of sugar-cured
hams, which bear a merited distinffion for superior
quality, being prepared by a special process. They
are in high favor with consumers, and consequently
in large demand by the trade throughout Pennsylvania, Maryland, West Virginia and Eastern Ohio.
Mr. 1E. H. Myers, the founder of the business and
head of the firm, is of German nativity, but has
resided in the United States since I847. He is a
leader in the business circles of Pittsburgh, being
closely identified with important business enterprises
of the city, a member respeffively of the Board of
Trade and the Corn and Flour Exchange, a diretor
of the German National Bank and has been Treasurer
for the Orphans' Home ever since I883, and he is in
the enjoyment of the highest commercial standing.
Mr. Succop, of this firm, is also an ative business
man who largely contributes to the success of the
firm and Mr. Charles H. Myers has been trained to
the business, is intimately conversant with all its
details and an important fator in its management.
The firm has for the thirty-seven years covered by
its history condued its affairs upon principles of
accuracy and honor, and is representative of the
best business elenient.
Pittsburgh Beef Company.-Commission
Dealers in Swift's Chicago Dressed Beef, Mutton,
Pork, Etc.; Corner ILiberty and Fifth Streets; Charles
Turner, Manager.-The prejudices which formerly
existed against Chicago dressed beef, and which
were'mainly originated and instigated by local
butchers, have happily been obliterated in this com-,
munity and consumers have become convinced that
a better quality of beef can be laid down in this
city, and at a lower price by means of the great improvements made in the methods of transportation
by refrigerator cars, than by the old and more expensive methods of shipping cattle on the hoof,
with all its attendant evils and risks. The Pittsburgh Beef Company, which was established July I,
I888, as a branch of the great slaughter and packing
house of Swift  Co., of Chicago, under the immediate supervision and management of Mr. Charles
Turner has, during the short period of its existence
here, demonstrated to dealers and consumers that
the best grades of beef, mutton, pork, etc., can be
furnished at lower rates than by local butchers, and
have already succeeded in establishing a trade in
this section which will compare favorably with that
of any contemporaneous house. This company
occupies at the corner of Liberty aild Fifth streets,
a commodious Four-storv structure 50XI20 feet in
dimensions, fitted up with improved refrigerators
and cooling apparatus, for the proper preservation
and storage of dressed meats, where they carry at
all times a large and desirable stock of Chicago
dressed beef, mutton, pork, lard and provisions received direct every day from the Chicago headquarters, which they are enabled to offer to dealers and
large consumers at rates such as to defy successful
competition. Mr. Turner, the efficient and energetic manager of the Pittsburgh branch, is a native
of Chicago, Ill., and previous to establishing this
successful enterprise had been for manv years engaged in the same line of business with the extensive house of Swift  Co. in that city.
William Zoller  Co.- Pork Packers, etc.;
Stalls, 24 and 26 Allegheny Market; Office and Packing House, 359 Spring Garden Avenue, Allegheny. --
One of the oldest and best known establishments in
the two cities engaged in the packing of meat producs is that now conducRed under the style of
William Zoller  Co., but which was established in
I838 by Mr. Henry Zoller, who was succeeded in
I876 by his sons, Messrs.William and Charles Zoller,
Mr, William Zoller becoming sole proprietor in
I883. The premises occupied by the business cover
an area of I50X200 feet, the whole plant including
about one square of ground, with three-story buildings fitted up with every convenience and accessory
for the prosecution of the business upon an extensive scale, and with the use of the most improved
processes, including steam sausage stuffers, steam
choppers, two engines, one of twenty-five and the
other of thirty-five horse power, an ice machine of
large capacity for the manufature of ice for the
cooling rooms of the establishment, and a large business is done, an average of 250 hogs per week being
killed, and from g,ooo to Io,ooo pounds of sausage
per week put up. The produts include dried beef,
sugar cured hams, sausage, breakfast bacon and
lard, and employment is given in the summer to an
average of about fifteen and in the winter to about
twenty-five hands, and a large trade is done
not only in the two cities of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, but also  throughout WAlesternL Pennsylvania and lastern Ohio. In addition to the packing house and offices for supplying the trade, the
firm has stalls numbers 24 and 26 in the Allegheny
market, and conimodious salesrooms for retail trade
at its new office building. Mr. Zoller, the principal
of the house, is a native of Allegheny and has always
resided here, and is prominent in the business life
of the city, being a direor in the Workmans' Bank
of Allegheny, and otherwise prominently identified
with important business affairs. He has earned snccess as a result of uniformly fair dealings and
promptness in every transaftion.
Charles Richardson.-Dealer in Choice
Meats; 73 and 94 Diamnond Market.-This is probably the oldest established meat business in the
city, having been founded by Mr. Samuel Richardson, grandfather of the present proprietor, immediately upon his arrival in this country from Ireland
in I804. He located at what was then known as
Squirrel Hill Market, at the corner of Second and
Grant streets, and continued the business until 1836
when his son, Mr. Hugh Richardson, took charge of
it, and removed to the Diamond Market. In 1848
the founder of the business died. Mr. Hugh Richardson was born in the old gth Ward, or Bayardstown, the location now being Tenth street, where
the railroad crosses Penn avenue. He successfully
conducted the business until his death in I874, when
he left it to his son, Mr. Charles Richardson, the
present proprietor. Mr. Richardson was born in
Allegheny, and has been conneed with this business since he was nine years of age. He carefully
maintains the high reputation which this establishment has held throughout its long history for
carrying only the freshest and choicest meats in the
market, and he has an old and firmly established
trade with the people of Pittsburgh and the surrounding country, with whom his dealings are
always of the most satisfactory character. Mr.
Richardson is a highly respected citizen of Pittsburgh, and in addition to this business, is also
largely interested in other business enterprises in
the city.
F. Sellers  Co.-Room 6I5 Penn Building,
708 Penn Avenue.-Mr. P. Sellers, who is a native of
Maryland, has resided in Pittsburgh since I826, and
has steadily been engaged in business since that
time. He is now, and has been for a number of
years, agent for N. K. Fairbank  Co., of Chicago,
manufaturers of lard, neat's foot and tallow oils
and soap, and is also agent for the Fairbank Canning
Company, curers of the celebrated "Lion" brand of
cooked canned meats. These produts, representing the very best goods in their line offered to the
trade, are in large demand throughout the country,
and the firm of F. Sellers  Co. is prepared to supply them to the trade at wholesale on order. They
are prepared to quote the lowest prices on any of
the goods which they handle, and the uniform satisfo6tion given by them, and the a6tivity of Mr. Sellers
in maintaining and extending the trade has secured
for the firm a large and increasing connetion in the
city and its surroundings.
THE DRUG TRADE,
WVHOI,SAI, AND R1RYAIL, DRUGGISTS -A LINIR IN
WHICH GRIEA? PROGRISS HAS BEEN MADE.
The history of the drug trade of Pittsburgh may
be said to have begun with the first physician who
permanently located in the city and who set up
what was then known as a " doctor's shop "-a sort
of combination of office, consulting room, and
pharmacy common to the earlier frontier settlements. The general stores of the earlier days also
sold such staple articles as castor oil, etc., but the
registered prescription clerk had not yet been called
into being.
As the settlement grew and assumed urban proportions, there was a tendency toward the division
of the mercantile interests of the community into
defin ite specialties, and in I8I5 there were four
drug firms, and about twenty years later there were
seventeen firms. In the early " fifties " there were
more wholesale drug houses in the city than at
present, but although the number of establishments is less, the volume of the annual business of
the city in drugs is much larger now than at any
previous period.
In no department of trade does the list of goods
kept in stock grow more rapidly than in that of
drugs. The invention of new remedies, both in
the officinal list and in proprietary medicines, goes
on from year to year, while the branch of the business known as druggists' sundries now covers so
wide a range as to make the stock of the well
equipped retailer present a most diversified and
attraStive appearance.
TIhe wholesale drug establishmients of Pittsburgh
are, for the most part, old houses that have grown
with the city's growth, and are properly ranked
with the best in the country, while of the retail
stores there are many which in the elegance of their
display, the carefuil and systematic arrangement of
their prescription departments, and general facilities for doing business, are unsurpossed anywhere.
Of the drug business of the city the houses mentioned in the following paragraphs may be classed
as truly representative.
The L. H. Harris Drug Company.-9gI3
and 9I5 Liberty Avenue.-This firm is deservedly
popular and one of the largest and most enterprising
wholesale drug houses in the State. TIhe business
was established by Dr. Harris in I867 under the firm
nalne of Harris  Ewing. In I88I Mr. Iv. H. Harris
became sole proprietor, and in I887 formed a copartnersMip with A. S. Bender and John`G'i. Fleming
under the firm name of the L~. H. Harris Drug Company. Their place of business, 9I3 and 9I5 Iviberty
avenue,is a four- story iron-front buiiding, 30XI IO feet,
running to an alley in the rear. Their stock COn1prises a full line of carefully seleEted drugs and
chemicals, a large stock of paints, oils andvarnishes,
and a well assorted line of toilet articles, perfumery
and proprietary goods or patent medicines. The firm
also make a specialty of fine wines and liquors formedicinal use, of which they carry a large stock in
the United States Government bonded warehouses
in Pittsburgh and elsewhere. They also have the
use of a storage warehouse on Penn avenue where
essential oils, opium, morphia, quinine, and other
expensive goods are stored at a lower rate of insurance than would be paid if carried in with their
general stock in the Liberty avenue store. In addition to this they have recently ereted two frame.
buildings in the suburbs of the city where they manufature and store a large atnount of their well-known
proprietary goods, for which the constantly increasing demand rendered these additional facilities
necessary. In these new buildings they have the
most improved facilities for the manufacture of their
proprietary goods and a steam engine to furnish the
power for mixing the preparations. These proprietary goods are shipped to all parts of the United
States, to Canada and also to Australia and New
Zealand. Dr. Harris declined to state the amount of
business annually done by the house, but in an interview with a younger member of the firm, it was
learned that the daily sales now average the same as,
the monthly sales did twenty-one years ago, when
the business was first established. This surprising
growth has been, however, only the steady natural
increase of busine3s due to the untiring industry and
activity of the members of the firm and to their rigid
adherence to stritly honorable business methods.
Dr. Harris, whose portrait is presented to our readers
with this article, although still in the prime of life,
at the age of fifty-five years, is looked upon as one
of " The Fathers " in the drug trade in Western
Pennsylvania, liaving been identified with it since
I857, at which time he was traveling agent and salesmnan for the old house of B. A. Fahnestock  Co.,
and he justly deserves this honorable distinffion,
since few men have accomplished more in a life-time
than he has done within the past twenty-one years.
He is a rapid talker, quick and decided in conversation, expressing himself clearly but in no mistakable
terms, and has very little patience with any one who
is disposed to talk all round the subjet without
coming to the point. In a business way he strikes
right to the center, asks for the facts and figures and
then decides instantly. His decisions are very generally corret, but when once made, are rarely, if ever
reversed. He commands to a rare degree the affection as well as the re, pect of all his employes, who
invariably go to him for advice in personal as well as
business matters. Most men of decided convictions p
or positive traits of charadter, have some special
" hobby," and in this respect Dr. Harris is no exception, his hobby being medical charities as embodied
in hospitals, free dispensaries and homes for the aged,.
the afflicted and the friendless; and although carrying the cares and the responsibilities of a large
business, he finds ample time to devote to works of
this kind. Of the younger members of the firm,
when it is stated that one of them was with Dr.
Harris when he first embarked in business, and the
other came into his employ as a junior clerk but a
few years later, and at the age of sixteen years, we
will be understood as saying they have been so
thoroughly trained in the business methods adopted
by the house that they are in entire harmony with
the senior member of the firm in every respet, and
seem to anticipate his methods of business in everydetail. Mr. Bender has full charge of the sales department and stock, and controls the traveling agents
of the firm. He also attends to the purchasing of
goods for several departments of the business. His
desk is generally surrounded by customers during
business hours and his wonderful memory of prices,
with his knowledge of the qualities of the various
kinds of goods, enables him to dispatch a large
amount of business in an incredibly short space of
time. Mr. Fleming acts as cashier, and gives his
special attention to credits and colle'tions and the
general standing of the customers of the house. He
rarely forgets a face or a name and is universally
popular with the trade. In conversation he is free,
and yet talks rightto the point. Hehasalargefund
of information and the happy faculty of communicating it in a pleasant way. To him the writer is
indebted for the memoranda from which this article
has been written and the writer is sure that no statement as to the reliability and well deserved popularity
of the L. H. Harris Drug Company, as a firm or as
individuals, could be too highly colored.
Joseph Fleming.-Wholesale Druggist; 84
Market Street, Corner of Diamond.-The wholesale
drug trade has many prominent repres-ntatives in
Pittsburgh, but among them none has a higher reputation or does a bet'er business than Mr. Joseph
Fleming, who for many years has been a leader in
his line of business. The enlterprise was originally
founded in I836 by Mr. J. Miller, who was succeeded
in I843by Mr. L. Wilcox, Mr. Fleming obtaining
control in I855. Mr. Fleming owns and occupies a
four-story and basement building, 25XIOO feet in
dimensions, at 84 Market street, where he carries
very large and complete stocks of the purest, freshest
and best drugs and chemicals and wines and whiskies, in which he has a sale all over the country. He
carries a sele line of California wines, of which he
makes a specialty. These wines are guaranteed to
be pure,and free from adulterants, and are for this
reason equal to any of the imported wines. They
are highly recommended by physicians for the use
of invalids and the aged, whose failing powers require a stimulating tonic. Selecion can be made
from several choice varieties, and they are none the
less desirable for the table, the sideboard and the
closet. What has been said here for the wines is
applicable to the Pure Bight-year-old E;xport
Guckenheimer Whisky, which is also a specialty of
this establishment. This whisky is now the people's
favorite brand. It has all the properties inherently
in the grain, and being old and mellow is especially
adapted for chills, sluggish circulation and rheumatic patients, The wines are sold at 50 cents, put
up in full quart bottles, or at the rate of $5 per dozen.
The Export whisky is sold at $I for full quarts, or
six for $5. Mr. Fleming also keeps in stock a full
and complete line of old imported Scotch and Irish
whiskies, Old Tom gin and other fine imported gins,
together with a fine line of imported wines, embracing port, sherry,Heidsieck, Mumm's, etc., all of which
he sells at very low rates. This house is also headquarters for the celebrated "Gold Seal" champagne,
put up in quarts and pints-a pure wine, made by
fermentation in the bottles, after the French
method. A force of twelve to fourteen competent
clerks and assistants are employed in the house, and
careful supervision is exercised by Mr. Fleming over
all the operations of the business, so as to maintain
for the house its old established reputation for reliable and pure goods. Mr. Fleming is a native of
Pittsburgh, and has been in the drug business all
his life. He is a large property owner in this section, and also has considerable brewery property in
Wheeling, W. Va.
Ro bert Ch risty.--Druggist; Smithfield Street,
Corner of Fourth Avenue. Mr. Christy has been
engaged in the drug business ever since I858. He
was born in this city, but went West for a time, and
learned this business in Mlilwaukee. He attended
one year at the Wooster Medical College, Cleveland,
and one year at the Columbus Medical College, and
is a thorough and practical pharmacist. He has had
control of his present business for the past three
years, and occupies a handsome store, eligibly
located at the corner of Smithfield street and Fourth
avrenue, and fitted up in the tnost attracrtive and
convenient manner. His stock of drugs, chemicals,
druggisis' sundries, etc., always embraces only the
purest and best goods, and as he employs only experienced and competent clerks, his establishment
enjoys the favor and confidence of physicians and
the public, at large. Mr. Christy also has a store at
Mansfield, Pa., which he established in I87I, and
still conducts. He was formerly Burgess of Mansfield and also held a seat on the Board of School
Directors in that two. He is a prominent and popular business man and a highly respected citizen.
Louis  Emanuel.-Pre-cription  Druggist;
Dealer in Drugs, Medicines, Chemicals, Perfumery
and Toilet Articles; Corner of Second Avenue and
Grant Street.-Mr. Emanuel has for several years
been known as a prominent druggist of Pittsburgh,
liaving established himself in business here in I876.
He has one of the neatest and most attractive stores
in the city, located in the handsome and imposing
four-story building, 22X60 feet in dimensions, at the
corner of Second avenue and Grant street, and
which is owned by himself, and he always carries a
very full and complete stock of the freshest and
best drugs and chemicals, as well as a superior assortment of perfumery, brushes and combs, sponges,
soaps and toilet articles of every description, fancy
goods, druggists' sundries, etc. A specialty is made
of the filling of prescriptions in a careful and accurate manner from the purest and freshest materials,
and this department of business is so efficiently
managed that the establishment enjoys the favor of
the physicians of the city in a high degree. Mr
Emanuel is a thorough and experienced pharmacist'
a graduate of the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, and is a member of the American Pharmaceutical Society and of the Examining Board of the
College of Pharmacy of Pittsburgh. He is a prominent and highly esteemed citizen and a life manager
of the Exposition Society.
James Kerr, J r.--Apothecary; 402 Smithfield
Street. -This is an old established business, having
been founded in I850 by Mr. Benjamin Page, who
was succeeded in turn by George W. Weyman in
I857, J. C. Mattern in 1864 and James Kerr, Jr., in
I876. The original location of the store was at the
corner of Third avenue and Smithfield street, removal being made in I876 to Fourth avenue and
Smithfield street, and in I880 to the present location
at 402 Smithfield street. A full line of pure drugs
and chemicals is constantly carried, as well as a
complete assortment of toilet articles, druggists'
sundries, proprietary medicines, etc., and a specialty
is made of the careful compounding of physicians'
prescriptions. Mr. Kerr is a native of Pittsburgh,
an educated pharmacist and an experienced prescriptionist. He has always been engaged in this
line of business, and was conneed with this house
as clerk from I864 until he became proprietor of the
business in I876.
S. S. Holland.-Druggist; Corner of Smithfield and Lviberty Streets. --An old established and
popular drug store is that condued by Mr. S. S.
Holland, who founded the business seventeen years
ago. Mr. Holland is a highly skilled pharmacist, a
prominent member of the Pittsburgh College of
Pharmacy, of the National Pharmaceutical Association and of the State of Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Association, and his pharmacy ranks among the
first in the western part of the State. It is patronized by the leading physicians of the city, who regard Mr. Holland with a high degree of favor and
confidence, which is fully merited. He occupies a
commodious three-story brick building, which he
keeps fully stocked with pure, fresh drugs, chemicals, all approved patent and proprietary medicines,
toilet articles and everything usually found in a
model drug store, and the prescription department
is under his personal supervision. Four clerks
assist him in the business, and the establishment being centrally located and bearing an
unsurpassed reputation for the merit of its
goods, is favored with a large and constantly
growing trade.
Boericke  Tafel. - Homoeopathic
Pharmacists and Publishers; Headquarters in
Philadelphia; Pittsburgh Branch, 627 Smithfield Street.-A house which enjoys the distintion of having a world wide reputation, and
being the largest in its line, is that of Boericke
 Tafel, homceopathic pharmacists and publishers, having headquarters at IOI I Arch street,
Philadelphia, and branch houses at Baltimore,
New York, Chicago, Washington and Pittsburgh. The business was established in I835,
and is the oldest house in its line. In I883
the Pittsburgh house was established at 5I
Sixth avenue, from whence removal was
made in April, I887, to the present quarters.
Mr. A" C. V. Schott, the manager of this branch,
assumed control of the business one year
after its establishment here, and under his
diretion it has grown rapidly. He is a highly
educated pharmacist, thoroughly understanding
every department of the business, and the
house is patronized by all the homeeopathic
physicians of the city and vicinity. The trade
of the firm, through its various houses, covers
the entire country, and their publications,
which treat of all diseases, medicines and
practice, and which receive contributions from
all the leading physicians and medical societies, are sold to physicians all over the world,
and are used as text-books in all homceopathic
medical colleges. At the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia and at New~ Orleans the
house of Boericke  Tafel received the only
prize medals awarded for homceopathic medicines, and physicians and medical societies all
over the country regard the publications and
preparations of this firm with the hi-hest favor.
In January, I883, Dr. F. E. Boericke, the founder
of the house, retired from the pharmacy business,
retaining, however, its publishing branch, and Mr.
A. J. Tafel then associated with himself Dr. Boericke's
two sons, Francis L. and Felix A. Boericke. A chief
feature of the firm's business is the import and export of homceopathic preparations from and to
foreign countries.
ESSUNcES, OILS, I'TC.
Charles Louder,-Manufaurer of Essences,
Oils, Inks, Etc.; Office and ILaboratory I23 and 125
Beaver Avenue, Allegheny.-Mr. Charles Louder is a
native of New York City, but for a number of years
lived in Chicago, where he was engaged in business
with his father in a line similar to that in which he
has been engaged in Allegheny since I875. He occupies eligible premises, embracing two buildings
each of 60 feet front and three floors, which he uses
for laboratory, manufacturing, packing and storage
purposes. He keeps a full force of hands at work,
and has every convenience and facility for the expeditious prosecution of his business, and manufactures in large quantities all kilids of fruit extrats,
essences, laundry blues, inks, oils, druggists' sundries, medicines, including Dr. Brown's Cough
Syrup, Dr. Brown's Little Headache Pills, louder'sIndian  Liniment, Louder's  Absolute  Specific,
Louder's American Vermifuge, general American
calcined magnesia, Messrs. Townsend's Infant Syrup
and others. He has biilt up a large business, which
he has earned by the uniform excellence of his
goods and the accurate and reliable methods upon
which his business is condued.
FOOD PREPARAT IONS.
J. B. Zim mmerman.-Manufacturer of Zimmerman's Foods; IOI Fourth Avenue.-It is a recognized principle of hygiene that the careful reguation of the diet is the surest way to the maintenance of health, and in I873 Mr. J. B. Zinlmerman,
after having given a careful study to the subject,
began the manufaure of his now celebrated food
preparations, including Hygienic Coffee, Barley-Oat
Food, Substitute for Mothers' Milk, or Infant Food,
No. 4 Food for Dyspeptics and No. 5 Food for Constipation. Mr. Zimmerman established originaily
on Liberty street, relioving to his present quarters
in I888. The foods are entirely free from all drugs
and chemicals, and their excellence has been approved by the medical profession throughout the
country, by whom they are constantly prescribed for
the purposes for which they are prepared. The
Hygienic Coffee is a healthy substitute for tea and
coffee, absolutely free from the exciting and injurious properties of the berry, agreeable to the taste
and prescribed for dyspepsia, palpitation of the
heart, sleeplessness, nervous debility, dizziness, indigestion and constipation. The Improved Substitute for Mothers' Milk, or Infants' Food, has been
long in use in all parts of the United States, and is
now also shipped in considerable quantities to
Europe, and is a healthy and wholesome food for
infants and the aged, while Barley-Oat Food, besides
being good for infants, is also used by adults. The
No. 4 Food for adults cures dyspepsia and indigestion, and the No. 5 Food is used for constipation
and debility. The trade of Mr. Zimmerman extends to every part of the United States, his preparations being furnished by the wholesale drug trade,
and diret agencies being maintained in thirteen
States. He has -a factory at Refletorville, three
miles from the city, where he prepares all his food,
and where he is also interested largely in real estate,
having sold more lots than all the real estate dealers
combined on that line of railroad. Mr. J. B. Zim,
merman not only sells the largest and best package
of health food put up in America for 50 cents, but
he sells a larger lot of land for less money than any
other real estate dealer in Allegheny County. Call
and see his plans of lots at his office, IOI Fourth
avenue, Pittsburgh. Mr. Zimmerman is a veteran
of the civil war, throughout which he served honorably in the Union army, and since engaging in his
present business he has attended to its details in a
manner which has secured for him a merited and
continuous success.
The advantages of Pittsburgh for handling a large
and steadily prosperous trade in drugs are obvious.
The central position occupied in a populous distrit,
as well as the facilities which this position affords
for the advantageous distribution of goods of this
charater, combined with the recognized stability of
the leading houses here, make this an important
center for this business. In proprietary medicines
this city has long been a noted produtive center,
and one of the largest fortunes ever made in the
city-that of the late Dr. David Hostetter-was
amassed in that branch of business.
TH:E LIQUOR TRADE.
PITTSBURGH THEI CENTER OF AN IMPORTANT BUSINESS IN WHISI_fES, rTC.
The trade in whiskies and other liquors forms an
important item in the business of Pittsburgh. In
the early days of the city and of Western Pennsylvania the distilling of whisky was one of the first
branches of manufa6ture introduced, and although
the stills were small and scattered throughout the
adjacent country, their produt, in the aggregate,
formed an important item in the conimerce of the
city, and of its trade with the more western settlements.
The rye whiskies of Western Pennsylvania have
earned a world wide reputation for their superior
quality and flavor, and their distillation and distribution is, to a large degree, controlled by the wholesale dealers of Pittsburgh and Allegheny, and in
this special line the trade of many of these houses
extends to all parts of the United States. In the
other articles entering into the stock of the wholesale liquor dealer, the houses of Piitsburgh and Allegheny control the territory embraced in Western
Pennsylvania, Eastern Ohio and West Virginia.
Among the wholesale dealers of the two cities, the
following named are recognized as reputable and
leading ones.
A. Andriessen.-   holesale Dealer in Pure
Wines, L(iquors, Etc.; I72 Federal Street, Allegheny,
--One of the best known and most successful of the
wholesale wine and liquor dealers of the two cities
is Mr. Arthur Andriessen, who has carried on the
business in Allegheny since 1872. He occupies a
handsome and commodious three story and basement building at I72 Federal street, where he carries
on hand at all times a large and completely assorted
stock of the purest rye whiskies, being agent for the
celebrated brands manufa6lured by Gibson's Sons 
Co.) A. Guckenheimer  Bro., J. A. Dougherty's
Sons and G. W. Jones, and he also carries a large
and complete assortment of the finest champagnes
and Rhine wines, moselles, clarets, ports, sherries
and other wines, the finest French brandies, the
best Holland and English gins, and all foreign
wines, liqueurs and cordials, of which he is a diret
importer. His stock is not surpassed in the completeness of its assortment in the two cities, and he
has a large trade which extends throughout Western
Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Eastern Ohio, in
which he is well and favorably known by reason of
the promptness and accuracy of his dealings, the
superior quality of his stock, and his reliability in
every respe6t. Mr. Andriessen is a native of Detroit, Mich., has had a long experience in this business, and is well and favorably known to the trade.
Al be rt Be rtalott.-Importer and Wholesale
ILiquor Dealer; IOT5 Liberty Stre et.-This old established and prominent liquor house was founded in
I848 by the firni of M. McCullough, Jr.,  Co., who
were succeeded three years ago by Mr. Albert Bertalott, the present proprietor. He occupies for warehouse purposes the three-story and basement building, 35 x I60 feet in diniensions, at IOI5 Liberty
Street, where he keeps constantly on hand a heavy
stock of pure old rye whiskies, such as Gibson's,
Guckenheimer's, Finch's, Dillinger's, Sherwood,
I,arge's and many other brands; a specialty being
made of McCullough's pure O. K. old rye whisky.
He is also a diret importer of chanipagnes, Rhine
and Mosel wines, clarets, French liqueurs, port, sherry,brandy and gin and other goods. Having had
many years' experience in the wine busin ss in Europe, he is thereby in dire communication with
foreign houses. Mr. Bertalott also recently commenced to handle the celebrated Bohemian, Bavarian
and'Standard larger beer, manufa6tured by the
Bartholomay Brewing Company, of Rochester, N. Y.
and carries a large stock of this superior beer constantly on hand. It is put up in barrels, half-barrels, and quarter barrels, and can be found on
draught at the best places in the city. Their "Export Beer," in bottles, is shipped to nearly every
State in the Union, and is especially adapted forhotels, restaurants and family use, It is guaranteed
to be pure and healthy, and has the recommendations of some of our best physicians. The beer department is managed by Mr.William Risser (formerly
of the Bartholomay Brewing Co.) whose experience
in this business is well known. At the house, employnient is given to a force of twelve competent
clerks and assistants, and a staff of experienced
traveling salesmen represent Mr. Bertalott throughout Pernsylvania  and  Eastern Ohio, where he
maintains. the highest reputation for fair and honorable dealings and the superior quality of the goods
handled by him.
Getty  Co.-Wholesale Dealers in Liquors;
I82 and I84 First Avenue.-Mr. James Getty, Jr.
established this important business in 1872, and has
since condued it with marked and steadily increasing success. He has a had a life long experience in
this business, his father having been a distiller for
many years, and thoroughly understanding every
department of the business, he is enabled to condut his affairs in a manner which has secured to him
the most satisfatory results. He makes a specialty
of the Premium brand of pure rye whisky, which is
in high repute on account of its excellent quality
and flavor, and in which he has a large trade, covering Western Pennsylvania and the entire State of
Ohio. At his premises at I82 and 184 First avenue
he carries constantly on hand very heavy stocks of
these superior goods, and gives employment to
about ten hands. His annual business aggregates
$ioo,ooo, and the amount of his sales steadily increases every year. Mr. Getty is a prominent and
highly respeted citizen of Pittsburgh, in the welfare of which city he is deeply interested, and has
contributed in various way to many charitable and
public institutions here. He is a business man of a.high order of ability, whose reputation for square
dealing and probity, both in public and private
life, is unsurpassed. He is the owner of the First
Avenue Hotel and its furniture. This hotel, which
is elegantly fitted and furnished throughout, has all
the modern conveniences and accessories required
for the proper entertainment of the traveling public, and is one of the leading hotels -of the city. Mr.
Getty is now representing the Second Ward as
Selet Councilman.
S. Klinordlinger  Co.--Wholesale Dealers
in Pure Rye Whisky, and Importers of Brandy, Gin
and WVines; I9 Diamond Square.---Mr. Klinordlinger
commenced the liquor business in I860, and has been
engaged in the same twenty-eight years, and has
established a trade which ta-day ranks him as one
of the leading merchants in this line. His business
is chiefly done in the St stes of Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Maryland and West Virginia, and is thoroughly canvassed by his salesmen. He carries a large stock of
pure rye whiskies, free and in bond; also a large
liae of brandies, gins, wines, etc., which are of the
best quality. Special attention is paid to mail
orders, and the firm would be pleased to receive
from any dealer a trial order, and are
confident of their ability to convince him
of their superiority in supplying his
wants.
Otto Frey. - Wholesale Dealer in
Whiskies, and Importer of Wines, Brandies and Gins; 7 Diamond Square.-Mr.
Frey, who is a native of Germany,
came to America about fifteen years ago
and settled in Pittsburgh. He was for a
number of years engaged in the furniture
business, and in I880 established his
present enterprise, in which he has experienced a marked and steadily increas -
ing success. He do-s a large business in
the importation of wines, brandies and
gins and as a wholesale dealer in whiskies, and makes a specialty of fine
Monongahela rye whiskies, which are in
large demand on account of their purity
and general excellence.  Mr. Frey occupies for business purposes a fourstory building, 25xI00 feet in dimensions,
at 7 Diamond Square, which he keeps
constantly filled with large stocks of
the finest goods, and bis trade covers
the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland
Virginia, West Virginia and Ohio, a staff
of experienced traveling salesmen of
wide acquaintance with the trade representing him on the road.  Six clerks are
eiiployed in the house, and the business
is systematically and accurately managed
by Mr. Frey, who is a thorough and experienced business man. His standing
in the business and financial circles of
the city and with the trade is of the
highest characer, and his reputation for
reliability and integrity unsurpassed.
Phillip HamburgqMr.-Proprietor
of the George W. Jones Distillery; Office
and Warehouse, 29 and 3o Diamond
Square. -Mr. Hamburger, who is of
German  nativity, came to America  twenty-two
years ago, and settled in Pittsburgh. In I870 he
established his present business, which through his
industry and close application has grown to its present vast proportions, his trade now coveri ug  the entire
Union, his goods having a high reputation everywhere, and being in great demand. Mr. Hamburger
is the proprietor of the George W. Jones distillery at
Brownsville, Fayette Co., Pa., and at his warehouse
in this city, which is a four-story building, 25XI20 feet
in dimeilsion-, he carries very large stocks of G. W.
Jones' Monon-ahela rye whisky, double distilled on
copper, Old Bridgeport double copper distilled pure
rye whisky, and handles large quantities of whis kies
in bond or tax paid, and imported wines and liquors
of all kinds. Sixteen hands find employment in the
house and a staff of traveling salesmen represent him
to the trade on the road. Mr. Hamburger is thoroughly informed in regard to every department of the
liquor business, and the great prosperity which has
attended his enterprise is in a larg. mnasure due to
the judiciou, manner in which he managAs his business. His  Eastern business ha, grown to such
proportions that he has found it necessary to opeu
an office in Newv York, at I69 Greenwich street, where
he is represented by Mr. Henry Pike, Jr., as agent.
G. W. Schmidt-N0os. 95 and 97 Fifth Avenue,
Pittsburgh.--This well known house came into existence a half century past. It was fotunded by William Schmidt, the father of the present owner, and
was condu6ted by him from I836 to I854, after that
time until I865 by his son, Joseph S: hmidt. He was
th,n succeeded by G. WN. Schmidt and W. J. Friday
as Schmidt  Friday, until October Ist, i888, and
then by G. W. Schmidt. As it was then constituted
and as it now renlains when it has come to a golden
epoch in its history as a progressive house in Western Pennsylvania. The first habitation of the firm
was established at No. 409 Penn avenue, then known
as Bayardstown. The wines first imported for the
founders of the house were shipped in sailing vessels to New Orleans, and thence by the Mississippi
and Ohio Rivers to this city. After the opening of
the Pennsylvania Canal they were delivered by sailing vessels to New York, and frotii thence by the
old time canal boat. The journey from  the wine
cellars of FBurope to this city then consunied from
four to six months, while at the present tinle by
steamer and the use of cable, it requires about fourteen days for the filling of an order. To-day G. W.
Schmidt handles all goods that are known to the
wine and liquor trade. He imports from Germany,
France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Hungaria, RLissia,
Holland, Sweden, Denmark, England, Ireland ancl
Scotland, He has also arrangements with the wine
growers of Napa Valley for California Wine. As to
his ci-ar trade, he only handles the choicest brands.
He has completed satisfa6lory arrangements with
the leadiug firms of Havana and has spared no pains
to make this department a success, and guarantees
satisfaftion in every particular. The stock of G. WV.
Schmidt is the largest in the trade, and he has demands on it froni all parts of the United States,
from Maine to California. His Blended Whiskies
are large aud wall stocked, and are classed as AI.
The house has a large an,] growing family trade, and
to a large measure to supply this department he has
removed to the present central location, which was
opened May 24th, I886. In speaking of this opening
the Pittsburgh Press made the following comments:
"Fornial opening of the Schmidt Building," " Colos,
sal Establishment," "A Triumph o I Architetural Art
Blended with Mercantile Enterprise."  "the son of
Jupiter himself would have found pleasure in the
scene enaclted in G. W. Schmidt's new building Oti
Fifth avenue ye3terday. The portals were extended
at nine A M., and  crowds poured througa this
kingly struure, animated by a curiousity to behold
the consumation of an idea which has been a longcherished dream of S. W. Schmidt for years. To- day
he occupies the finest struture -in the land devoted
to the wholesale wine, liquor and cigar business.
Its proportions are grand and its equipments p.rfe6t and its stock complete in every particular in
this line of traffic. It is located on the principal
businessstreet of the city  Fifthavenue. Ithasbeen
ere6led at great expense and in the most thorough
manner, with the sole purpose of making it a Euperior office building and perfet in all its appointments. It is eight stories in height; the first floor
cellar, and also the connefting four-story warehouse
in the rear are occupied by him, and the remaining
upper stories, devoted to office purposes, consisting
of some ninety offices that have no equal in the city
as to finish, light and ventilation. The front is
built of polished red granite, and Philadelphia
pressed brick laid in red mortar together with
its pleasing design makes it a distintive building.
Bonistalli   Bisi.-Importers and Dealers in
Spanish, French and Itallian Produce; Wines a Specialty; Io Diamond Square. -- Messrs. Frank Bonis'_     11    --        -     --,  --   - -  -4.-n -    - -    --    - t-1_-   42: -    -
talli and Ernest Bisi, composing this firm,
established  the business in I884, and
they occupy the main floor and basement,
I6X80 feet in dimensions, of the premises
at IO Diamond Square, where they carry
on a large and prosperous business extending throughout Pennsylvania, Ohio,
West Virginia, Indiana and the West.
They are direct importers and large dealers in every description of Spanish,
Italian, French, German, Austrian and
Russian pioduce, including delicacies of
all kinds, oils, bottled goods, thirty
varieties of macaroni, vermicelli, foreign wines, liquors, cordials, cigars,
foreign fruits, nuts, etc.  They have a
very neatly arranged store and most
attractive stock and they maintain the
m-ost favorable relations with leading
r roducers throughout Southern Europe
by which they are enabled to offer
superior selections of goods and the
greatest inducements  in  quality  and
price. Mr. Frank Bonistalli, of this firm,
is a native of Italy, from whence he came
to the United States in I86I.  He enlisted in the Uinited States navy in the
early part of the war, and served until the
close of hostilities, and is now a prominent member of the Grand Army of the
Republic and is also prominent in the
Italian circles of the city. His partner,
Mr. Ernest Bisi, is also a native of Italy,
and has resided in this city for the past
nine years.  He was in the wholesale
fruit business prior to the formation of
the present partnership.  Both gentlemen are business men of superior attainments, who have earned good repute as
a consequence of uniformly fair dealings.
Max  Klein.-Distiller  and  Importer; Sole Proprietor of the "Silver
Age" Rye Whiskies; 82 Federal Street,
In Ir.   r7  1     *  *_ I- 1 I -,, - --       1-      -1         
Allegheny. -Mr. Klein is distinguished among
the wholesale liquor dealers of the two cities
by reason of the volume of his business, the great
extent and variety of his stock, and the marked
superiority of his facilities for the prompt and
satisfa6tory  filling  of orders.  His  connetion
with this business as a principal dates back to 1870,
in which year he established in busineEs at I4 and
I6 Wood street, Pittsburgh. From thence he removed in I880 to his present elegant quarters at 8'2
Federal street, Allegheny, where he is surrounded
by all the conveniences and auxiliaries calculated to
aid or expedite the operations of the business, and
to facilitate the prosecution of his large and ever
increasing trade. In this commodious, well-; ighted
and completely equipped establishment he carries a
large stock, embracing the finest produftions of the
leading American distillers in the be3t and purcsbrands of rye and other whiskies, making a primes
specialty of the justly celebrated " Silver Age " rye
whisky, of which he is the sole proprietor and controls the entire output. This celebrated whisky is
a pure, reliable alcoholic stimulant, indorsed b,
prominent physicians as being superior to another stimulant in the'market, possessing the prop
erties required for medicinal purposes. This firstclass whisky has earned an unsurpassed reputation
for its uniform superiority and excellent flavor, and
is in high favor with consumers and consequently
large demand by the trade in all parts of the United
States, the volume of Mr. Klein's trade in this
w iisky alone giving him a leading prominence
among the large distillers of the twin cities. In
addition to whiskies, Mr. Klein is an extensive importer of the finest vintages of France, Germany,
Italy and other wine producing countries of EVurope,
and his stock of fine champagnes, sauternes, ports,
clarets, madieras, burgundies, sherries and Rhine
wines is not excelled in quality or assortment anywhere. He also handles the finest French and English brandies, Hollands and Tom gins, Scotch and
Irish whiskies,' Bass' and other fine imported ales,
Guinness' Dublin porter, and all kinds of cordials
and liqueurs. He gives employment to a force of
twelve clerks and assistants. Mr. Klein is a native
of Bavaria, but has resided in the United States for
the past thirty years. In I86I he enlisted in the
Union army as a private in the First Iowa Volunteer
Cavalry, and after four years of active service, during which he had been promoted to First Lieutenant, was honorably discharged at the close of the
war. Mr. Klein is prominent in Grand Army circles
as a member of Post No. I28, G. A. R., and on Grand
Army Day, October 5, I886, was chosen Commander
of the Day, and headed the military procession. In
business life he has established a gratifying and
merited success as a consequence of his superior
business abilities, his uniform promptness, and his
fair treatment of all with whom he comes in business contact.
John  Z. T. Robitzer. -- Wholesale Liquor
Dealer; 7I7 I,iberty Street.--Mr. John Z. T. Robitzer,
a portrait of whom appears with this article, is one
of the youngest and best known of the wholesale
liquor dealers of the city of Pittsburgh. His trade
has been entirely local, and the success which he
has attained is a sufficient evidence that he understands the sele6tion of goods, and deals with his
customers upon the most equitable basis. Mr.
Robitzer is justly termed a self-made man of the
times, as all he possesses is due to his energy and
industry, having commenced business without capital, and now ranking among the largest houses in
his line of business in the city. He occupies for
business purposes a three-story brick building at
7I7 Liberty street, running through to Penn avenue,
this being one of only three buildings on Liberty
street having this depth. Here he carries a large
stock of foreign and domestic wines and case goods,
and all the leading brands of whisky, in addition to
his famous SilverWedding pure rye whisky,which he
distills himself. Mr. Robitzer is the successor of one
of the oldest liquor houses in the city, which was
established over forty years ago by Leopold Sahl,
succeeded by Seifert  Co., then by Charles G. B.
Weihl, and finally by John Z. T. Robitzer, the present proprietor, who is a native of Pittsburgh.
O'Dohertv  Co., Limited. -Wholesale
Dealers in Foreign and Domestic Wines and l,iquors; I7 and I8 Water Street, Corner of Penn Avenue.-This prominent and old established wholesale
liquor house was founded in i866, and after passing
through several hands was acquired'Dy the firm of
John O'Doherty  Co., the present company being
formed in I883. In I880 Mr. John O'Doherty died,
and the members of the firm now are Mr. Daniel P.
O'Doherty and Annie O'Doherty. The firm deal
extensively at wholesale in foreign and domestic
wines and liquors, old Monongahela and redtified
whisky, etc., their specialties being their own brand
of genuine pure nine-year old Fort Duquesne
Whisky, and Finch's Golden Wedding, which has a
widespread reputation and is in large demand. The
building occupied by the firm for business purposes
is one of the oldest landmarks in Pittsburgh, having
been ereted in I8Io, and standing upon ground
where in ante-Revolutionary times Forts Duquesne
and Pitt stood. It is a substantial three-story brick
struture, and is kept constantly filled with large
stocks of superior wines and liquors. Throughout
its history the reputation of the house has been of
the highest chara6ter, and it now ranks among the
largest and most important wholesale liquor concerns of Pittsburgh. Mr. Daniel P. O'Doherty has
the entire management of the business, and is an
affable, agreeable and energetic business man.
John McCullough.-Dealer in Old Monongahela and Pure Rye WVhiskies, Foreign and Domestic
Wines and Liquors; 523 Liberty Street. -This prominent wholesale liquor business was founded about
half a century ago by Mr. John McCullough, who
condued it until his death in I886, since which it
has been managed by his widow, who is the admini.
stratrix of his estate. The location of this house is
historic ground, being near Cecil All-y, a poillt occupied by one of the eatliest settlers of the city, a
prominent old French family, who lived here before
the Revolutionary War, and the building utilized by
this business was formerly his residence. It is but
a half a square from the Pittsburgh Market, and the
Union and West End street cars pass the doors.
Mr. McCullough was a native of the North of Ireland
and his uncle was a guest at the wedding of Oueen
VictoIia, and his own admiration for the Queen led
Mr. McCullough to name several of his best brands
of liquor in her honor. He was a distant relative of
the great aor, John McCullough, deceased. The
house does an extensive business in old Monongahela and pure rye whiskies, foreign and domestic
wines and liquors, their "Windsor Castle " and
" Prince Regent " brands of whiskies being especial
favorites, and a considerable reffifying business is
also done. A sele6t stock of sixteen year old grape
wine for medicinal and sacramental purposes is also
carried. Mrs. McCullough is a member of the Humane Society, and formerly held a seat at the Board
of that Society. She was a delegate to the Intenational Council of Women, which met at Washington
D. C., last April, and is one of the women who interested themselves in buying up and preserving the
grounds and house at Valley Forge, where General
Washington passed the winter of I776. She is an
exceedingly intelligent and well-informed woman,
and efficiently manages the affairs of the house
in a manner which testifies to her superior business
qualifications, and her son, Mr. J. W. McCullough,
also takes an aftive part in the management of the
business, giving special attention to the wholesale
trade and the fiilanciering. He is a young man o'
excellent business ability, and is a native of Pittsburgh. The building occupied is a four-story structure 20XI50 feet, and a full staff of competent hands
is employed to aid in the operations of the business,
and a large wholesale business is done throughout
Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio.
John C. Finch.-Dealer in Jos. S. Finch
 Co's Golden Wedding Rye Whiskies, Gins, Brandies and Wines; No. I36 Water Street. -An unqualified verdict of popular approval has been unanimously ren:dered-and cordially approved by the vast
army of connoisseurs from the rock bound coasts of
the Atlantic, to the sunny slopes of the Pacific ocean
in favor of the purity, excellence and superiority of
Finch's celebrated brand of "Golden Wedding" Rye
whiskies, which either as a beverage or for medic -
nal purposes stand without an equal, and have
attained a more than national reputation. These
celebrated whiskies are now offered in original
packages or in bottled form by Mr. John C. Finch
whose establishment is located at I36 Water street,
where is also carried a large and desirable stock
of the choicest brands of imported brandies,
gins, wines, cordials and similar merchandise
selected with an express view to the requirements of the better class of trade. This representative house was founded by the present enterprising
proprietor in I873 and from its very inception has
maintained a high standard of commercial honor
and integrity and established a first-class trade extending throughout the States of Pennsylvania, NewYork, Ohio, West Virginia, Maryland and even more
remote sections of the Union. Mr. Finch, who is a
native of Westmoreland County, Pa., has been for
miany years prominently identified with this special
branch of trade and by a uniform system of fair and
honorable dealing, has established a reputation for
business integrity which commends this house to
the favorable consideration of dealers and purchasers everywhere.
Joseph Fuhrer Sons.-Wholesale Dealers
in Wines and Liquors; 370I Butler Street.-This was
the first wholesale liqluor house in this ward, having
been started in I866 upon a small scale by Mr. Joseph
Fuhrer, who was later joined by his sons, Messrs.
Joseph Fuhrer, Jr., and William E. Fuhrer. Mr. William E. Fuhrer subsequently died, anild the business
has since been condu6ted by Messrs. Joseph Fuhrer
andJoseph Fuhrer, Jr. From its inception ihe enterprise has prospered, and the firm now occupies a
handsome four-story building, 2IX80 feet in dimensions, which W.1 ereated by the firm especially for
the purposes of this business, and which is kept fully
stocked with a complete assortment of fine imported
and domestic wines and liquors, including McKim's,
Gibson's, Guckenheimier's, Large's and other leading
brands of whiskies. The house has an extensive
wholesale trade throughout Western Pennsylvania
and Ohio, where it is in high repute for the superior
quality of the goods handled by it, and the affairs of
the firm are managed upon the most reliable and enterprising principles by the Messrs. Fuhrer, who are
thoroughly informed in regard to every department
of the liquor business. Mr. Joseph Fuhrer, the senior member of the firm, was born in Allegheny
County in I835, during President Jackson's administration, and has been a lifelong, consistent. and
energetic democrat of the old school, and a prominent, substantial and highly esteemed business man
and citizen..
Frederi ck M ugele.-Importer andWholesale
Dealer in Wines and liquors; 545 and 547 Fifth
Avenue.-Mr- Charles P. Mugele, by whom this business was founded, is one of the oldest wine and liquor merchants in Allegheny County. He started
the business in I858, beginning with little or no capital, but by hard work, industry, economy and accurate dealings has made for himself an enviable reputation and amassed a handsome competency. In
I872 he erected the imposing three-story building,
with a large hall upstairs, and 40 x go feet in dimensions, the main floor and basement of which are
used for the business. It is the finest. building on
Fifth avenue east of the Court House, and one of
the handsomest in the city. Mr. Frederick Mugele,
son of the founder of the business, is a natve of
Pittsburgh, and was educated to the business under
the experienced guidance of his father, and became
a member of the firm, which was carried on under
the style of Charles P. Mugele - Son until February, I888, when Mr. C. P. Mugele retired fromi the
business andMr. Frederick Mugele has since continued as sole proprietor. He occupies the main
floor of the building above mentioned as salesrooms,
while the basement is utilized for wine cellars and
storage purposes. He imports direct all the finer
grades of wines, brandies, gins, etc., and carries a
specially fine stock of old rye and other whiskies,
including the leading productions of the most
prominent distilleries.  He has a large trade all
over Western Pennsylvania and Eastern Ohio, which
was built up by his father and is retained by the son
by a continuance of the methods by which this
house has ever commended itself to favor. Mr. C.
P. Mugele has a handsome residence adjoining the
business block, and owns a large amount of real estate on Fifth avenue, wliich is among the most desirable and valuable property in this seffion of the
city. The house has long been prominent as a
leader in its branch of trade, and is justly regarded
with confidence by a large and ever increasing circle
of customers.
BRE;WING.
GROWTH oF THEP MAN UVACTURI: OV MALT,IOUORS
IN r- H:U TN1TO CITIJS.
The manufacture of malt liquors has largely increased in all parts of the United States during recent
years, or since the influx of a large German population has brought the substitution of lager beer for
the somewhat indifferent quality of ale which had
formerly been the product of American breweries.
The brewing of ale was carried on in Pittsburgh
as early as I795 in an establishiment located near the
Point, and condu6ied by George Shiras, and this was
followed by other establishments, none of which,
however, could compare in any way with the large,
elegantly equipped, and extensive plants now conduted by the brewers of Pittsburgh.
There have been vast improvements made, both
in the quality of the produ6t and the facilities for
manufature, of recent years, and the processes of
brewing, upon the modern plan, now require the investment of large capital and the employment of a
greatly increased number of men.
in addition to local brewers, the leading breweries
of other cities are represented here by their agents.
G eo rge J Sch m itt.-Agent for the AnheuserBusch Brewing Association of St. Louis, and the
Gerke Brewing Company of Cincinnati; 12I7 Liberty
Street.-Mr. Schmitt established this business in
I884 as sole agent for, ancl dealer in the produts of
the Gerke Brewing Co., of Cincinnati, including the
well-known and favorite Gerke LLager Beer, and the
unrivaled Gerke Pilsner Beer. In the spring of I888
Mr. Schmitt became the exclusive agent in this city
for the lager beer of the Anheuser-Busch Brewing
Association of St. Louis, which is in demand not only
over all the United States, but largely in other parts
of the world, and is justly regarded as the perfetion
of excellence of American beer. The great estimation in which the product of the Anheuser-Busch
Brewing Association is held is attested hy the fact
that the produions of the company in I887 reached
a larger total than those of aniy other brewing establishment in the United States, amounting to 465,493
barrels of beer. Mr. Schmitt sells exclusively to
Pittsburgh, Allegh-ny, and towns in Western Pennsylvania, and distributes about six car loads, running
four wagons which he utilizes to facilitate his city
delivery. Mr. Schmitt is a native and lifelong resident of Allegheny, and now resides with his family
in the house in which he was born in that city, and
is a well-known and highly esteemed citizen, prominent in the business circles, and is a thoroughly
reliable, energetic, and enterprising business man.
D. Lutz  Son.-Brewers of Lager Beer, Ale
and Porter; Allegheny Brewery, I to II Spring Garden Avenue; Lion Brewry, Corner of Vinial and
Vanilla Streets, Allegheny.-There is no firm in the
Twin Cities which holds a more prominent and important positioli in connedtion with the brewing industry than does that of D. Lutz  Son. This firm
possesses in its two breweries, known as the Allegheny and ion Breweries, the most superior facilities
for the prodution of an excellent quality of lager
beer and other malt liquors. The Allegheny Brewery
was originally established in I853 by Messrs.
Damas Lutz and Xavier Walz, under the style of
Lutz   Walz, by whom the business was condued
Until I879, when Mr. Walz died, and the present firm
was formed by the admission of Mr. Anton Lutz into
partnership with his father. The Allegheny Brewery
is located at numbers I, 3, 5, 7, 9 and II Spring Garden avenue, occupying spacious and commodious
buildings, with all the necessary and modern machinery and appliances adapted to the brewing business, including a Ioo-horse power engine and boiler of large capaciiy. The facilities for refrigeration
and storage are in every respect ample and afford
the best opportunities tor keeping the produt in a
marketable condition.  The other property, the
Lion brewery, was established in I858 by Hechelman  Co., who were succeeded in I874 by the lion
Brewing Companv, by whom the business was sold
to Lutz  Walz in I878, the present firm succeeding