Alvin P. Shapiro was born on December 28, 1920 in Nashville, Tennessee, but grew up on Staten Island in New York. Throughout his career, he contributed significantly to the practice of internal medicine with his extensive research on hypertension and psychosomatic medical issues. Shapiro earned his medical degree from the Long Island College of Medicine in 1944, and spent his residency at the Goldwater Memorial Hospital in New York where he specialized in internal medicine. He then served as a captain in the U.S. Army Medical Corps and was stationed at the Army Air Base in Adak, Alaska.
After military service, Shapiro was employed as an instructor and researcher in the Department of Internal Medicine at the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, and later at the Southwestern Medical School in Dallas, Texas. He joined the staff of the University of Pittsburgh’s Medical School in 1956, and was an active researcher and author until his death in 1998. At the University of Pittsburgh, he was the director of the psychosomatic program and chief of the clinical pharmacology/hypertension section from 1960-1971. He was the associate dean for academic affairs at the University’s medical school from 1971-1975, vice chairman of the department of medicine from 1975-1979, chief of Presbyterian University Hospital from 1977-1979, and chairman of the credentials committee from 1980-1986. From 1986-1993 he was the director of the internal medicine training program at Shadyside Hospital.
Shapiro's research focused on hypertension, clinical pharmacology, and psychosomatic response, with a particular focus on the links between hypertension and stress, as well as renal function and hypertension related to systemic scleroderma. He headed the study section of the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program at UPMC, which, in the late 1970s, produced the first large-scale study in which men and women of diverse racial backgrounds were given a simple outpatient therapy for the treatment of hypertension. The initial paper that resulted from this study is considered a landmark in the field by the
Journal of the American Medical Association.
The Alvin P. Shapiro Papers document the pursuit of medical research into the causes and treatment of hypertension. Shapiro was an active physician and medical researcher from his time in the U.S. Army in the late 1940s through his tenure at the University of Pittsburgh's medical school, which ended upon his death in the late 1990s. His papers include research data as well as published and unpublished abstracts, discussions, and manuscript materials, through which changes in theories and research processes can be seen. The development of hypertension research is notably evident when examining draft revisions of articles and peer-review comments from submissions to scholarly medical journals. Shapiro’s work focused predominantly on how stress and other psychosomatic factors can affect blood pressure and also examinations of renal function and hypertension related to systemic scleroderma. The evolution, efficacy, and side effects of treatments for hypertension, including pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatments, are also prominent themes in this collection.
His role as a medical educator also shaped Shapiro's research interests. This collection includes scholarly works that examine and critique medical education in the United States in the 1970s. There are also many pieces, generally written for local Pittsburgh medical community newsletters, in which Shapiro reflects on his personal experiences as a doctor, researcher, educator, and patient. Shapiro’s time as a military physician during World War II is also represented.
Conspicuously missing from the Shapiro Papers are published manuscript materials from his early career - from the 1950s through 1970. It is unclear why these documents are not a part of this collection. There are, however, unpublished materials, and materials related to published abstracts and discussions from this time period.
The Shapiro papers have been arranged into the following series. Extensive scope notes on each series are available in the container list.
Series I. Unpublished Abstracts and Manuscripts
Series II. Publications from Committees, Groups and Panels
Series III. Published Abstracts and Discussions
Series IV. Published Manuscripts
Series V. Book Drafts and Materials
Series VI. Personal Papers
Series VII. Photographs
Several files in this collection have been restricted because they contain the names and medical information of human study subjects. Restricted folders are identified in the contents list and are contained in Boxes 1-6. For questions about access conditions, contact the University Archivist.
No copyright restrictions.
Gift of Ruth Shapiro in May 1999.
This collection was processed by Katrina Milbrodt in October 2010.
Alvin P. Shapiro Papers, 1942-1998, UA.90.F64, University Archives, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh
Series I. Unpublished Abstracts and Manuscripts, 1954-1992
Scope and Content Notes
This section contains abstracts and manuscript draft materials that were submitted for publication in scholarly medical journals, or for inclusion in medical conferences, but were not accepted. Frequently included are letters from journal editors and peer reviewers that explain why certain submissions were rejected, or offer suggestions for revisions. When taken together with Shapiro's published materials, this section helps to provide a more complete perspective on the evolution of hypertension research and publication. Documents are arranged chronologically.
Access Restrictions
Some files in this section include the personal and medical information of human study subjects and access is governed by certain restrictions. In Box 1, Folders 4 and 16 are restricted.
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| Box | Folder | | Unpublished Abstracts, 1960-1992 | 1 | 1-2 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Low Sodium on Body Fluid Distribution in Hypertension, 1954 | 3 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Low Sodium on Body Fluid Distribution in Hypertension [RESTRICTED], 1954 | 4 |
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| Folder | | The Blood Pressure of Unanesthetized Cats, 1954 | 5 |
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| Folder | | Drug Therapy of Hypertension, undated | 6 |
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| Folder | | ACHT in Pepsinogen (Gastroenterology Research Group), 1956-1957 | 7 |
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| Folder | | Effect of ACHT on Urine, Blood and Gastric Pepsinogen in the Rat, 1957 | 8 |
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| Folder | | Pepsinogen Paper, 1956-1957 | 9 |
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| Folder | | Susceptibility of Rats with Renal Hypertension to Experimental Pyelonephritis, 1960 | 10 |
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| Folder | | The Effect of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD-25) on Learning in Rats, undated | 11 |
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| Folder | | Failure of Production Teratogenic by Chlorothiazide in Rats, 1965 | 12 |
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| Folder | | Clyde Mood Scale Measurements on Fraternal and Identical Twins Subjected to Noxious Stimuli, 1968 | 13 |
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| Folder | | Studies of the Role of Antibiotic Persistence in the Therapy of Experimental Pyelonephritis II., 1969 | 14 |
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| Folder | | The Effect of the Release of Mechanical Compression to the Hindbrain by Vascular Structures on the Systemic Blood Pressure and Related Parameters in Normotensive and Hypertensive Man, 1980-1983 | 15 |
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| Folder | | The Effect of the Release of Mechanical Compression to the Hindbrain by Vascular Structures on the Systemic Blood Pressure and Related Parameters in Normotensive and Hypertensive Man [RESTRICTED], 1980-1983 | 16 |
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| Folder | | Angiotensin II-Induced Proteinuria: A Study of the Relative Effects of Elevated Blood Pressure and Altered Glomerular Permeability, 1981-1984 | 17 |
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| Folder | | Biobehavioral Approaches to the Treatment of Hypertension, 1982-1984 | 18 |
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| Folder | | Chapter for Leonard White for "Placebo: Clinical Phenomena and New Insights", 1982-1983 | 19 |
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| Folder | | New Onset of Hypertension Following Cardiac Transplantation: A Preliminary Report and Analysis, 1983 | 20 |
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| Folder | | Chapter for "Handbook of Prevention", 1984 | 21 |
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| Folder | | Quality of Life Issues in Hypertension and Antihypertensive Therapy, 1984-1985 | 22 |
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| Folder | | Microvascular Decompression of the Medulla in Hypertension, 1985-1988 | 23 |
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| Folder | | Reflections on Clinical Education and the Doctor of Tomorrow, 1989-1990 | 24 |
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| Folder | | Neuropsychological Consequences of Hypertension and Its Treatment, 1990-1992 | 25 |
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| Folder | | Relationship of Mild Diastolic Hypertension to Memory Performance, 1991 | 26 |
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Series II. Publications from Committees, Groups, and Panels, 1979-1986
Scope and Content Notes
Shapiro participated in multiple committees, panels, and group research studies related to hypertension. Most of the material in this series focuses on the links between stress and hypertension, stress and illness, and non-pharmacologic treatments for hypertension. Also included are three publications that resulted from the Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Program: a groundbreaking long-term study that was conducted at the University of Pittsburgh's medical school; it was one of the first to broadly compare instances and treatment of hypertension across gender and racial categories. The bulk of material in this series consists of copies of the published articles and transcripts of discussions, however some related correspondence and draft materials are present. Documents are arranged chronologically.
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| Folder | | The Role of Stress in Hypertension, 1977-1979 | 27 |
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| Folder | | Stress and Physical Illness, 1980-9182 | 28 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension Detection and Follow-up Group, 1979-1984 | 29 |
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| Folder | | The 1984 Report of the Joint National Committee on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure, 1984 | 30 |
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| Folder | | Nonpharmacological Approaches to the Control of High Blood Pressure, 1984-1986 | 31 |
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| Folder | | Report on Fully Automated Blood Pressure Monitoring , 1986 | 32 |
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Series III. Published Abstracts and Discussions, 1950-1997
Scope and Content Notes
This series includes published abstracts, discussions, and presentations, as well as relating research study data sheets, notes, graphs, correspondence, and publication submission forms from the whole of Shapiro's professional life. Shapiro was interested in the medical issues surrounding hypertension and its treatment from very early in his career, and the documents in this series most fully illustrate the evolution of hypertension research from the 1950s through the 1990s. Many of the early materials in this series document early research and testing that link stress to increased instances of hypertension and other medical problems, particularly issues related to renal function and pyelonephritis. Later documents focus largely on the efficacy of non-pharmacologic treatments for hypertension and hypertension related to scleroderma. Also included in this section are published book reviews and letters to the editor. Documents are arranged chronologically.
Access Restrictions
Some files in this section include the personal and medical information of human study subjects and access is governed by certain restrictions. In Box 2, Folders 28, 42, and 94 are restricted.
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| Folder | | Partial Curriculum Vitae of Abstracts and Discussions, 1950-1962 | 33 |
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| Folder | | The Effect of Sodium Intake on the Action of ACTH in Uncomplicated Essential Hypertension, 1950 | 34 |
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| Folder | | Physiologic and Pharmacologic Studies in a Case of Pheochromocytoma, 1949 | 35 |
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| Folder | | A Comparative Study of the Effects of Veratrum Viride on Hypertensive and Normotensive Subjects, [1951] | 36 |
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| Folder | | A Comparative Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Several New Hypotensive Agents as Determined by their Action in Experimental Renal Hypertension and in the Human Patient, 1952 | 37 |
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| Folder | | A Critical Evaluation of the Hypotensive Action of Hydralazine and Hexamethonium Salts in Human and Experimental Hypertension, 1953 | 38 |
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| Folder | | The Influence of Emotional Variables in the Evaluation of Hypotensive Agents, 1953-1954 | 39 |
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| Folder | | Relationship of Adrenalin and T Wave Inversion in the Anxiety State, 1954 | 40 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Low Sodium Intake on Body Fluid Distribution in Hypertension, 1954 | 41 |
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| Folder | | The Volume of the Fluid Compartments in Human and Experimental Hypertension, 1954 | 42 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Behavioral Disturbance on Blood Pressure of Cats, 1955 | 43 |
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| Folder | | The Pathogenesis of Hematogenous Pyelonephritis in Rats and Its Production by a Simple New Method, 1954 | 44 |
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| Folder | | Experimental Chronic Pyelonephritis in the Rat, 1955 | 45 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Behavioral Disturbances on Blood Pressure and Related Function in the Rat, 1956 | 46 |
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| Folder | | The Relationship of Bacterial Species to the Pathogenesis of Hematogenous Pyelonephritis, 1956 | 47 |
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| Folder | | Factors Influencing Development of Hypertensive Vascular Disease in Rats with Renal Injury, 1956-1957 | 48 |
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| Folder | | Relationships of Hypertension and Renal Impairment to Experimental Chronic Pyelonephritis in Rats, 1958-1960 | 49 |
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| Folder | | Toxicity of Proteus Urease, 1958 | 50 |
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| Folder | | Relationships of Hypertension and Experimental Pyelonephritis in the Rat, 1958 | 51 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension and Pyelonephritis in the Rat, 1959 | 52 |
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| Folder | | Discussion (III The Renal Lesion in Pyelonephritis), 1956-1960 | 53 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Hypotensive Drugs on the Pressor Response to Noxious Stimuli, 1960 | 54 |
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| Folder | | Presented at Montreal, March 1960, 1960 | 55 |
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| Folder | | Comparative Studies of the Blood Pressure Responses to Different Noxious Stimuli, 1960 | 56 |
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| Folder | | Susceptibility of Renal Hypertensive Rats to Pyelonephritis and the Predisposition of Pyelonephritic Rats to Hypertension, 1960 | 57 |
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| Folder | | Use of Catalase Test to Detect Renal Infection in Hypertension, 1961 | 58 |
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| Folder | | Increased Susceptibility to Pyelonephritis During Acute Hypertension by Angiotensin, 1962 | 59 |
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| Folder | | Pressor Response to Noxious Stimuli in Hypertensive Patients: Effect of Reserpine and Chlorothiazide, 1961-1962 | 60 |
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| Folder | | Increased Susceptibility to Pyelonephritis during Acute Hypertension by Vasoconstrictor Agents, 1962 | 61 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Angiotensin II on Renal Hypertensive Rats, 1963 | 62 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Diabetes on Pressor Responses to Noxious Stimuli, 1963 | 63 |
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| Folder | | Pyelonephritis and Hypertension: Experimental and Clinical Studies, 1963 | 64 |
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| Folder | | Social Determinants in the Use of Supportive Drugs, 1962-1963 | 65 |
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| Folder | | Discussion - NKDF - 14th Annual Conference, Angiotensin Systems and Experimental Diseases, Undated | 66 |
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| Folder | | Questions and Answers: Respiratory or Pharyngeal Infections and Pyelonephritis, 1963 | 67 |
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| Folder | | Questions and Answers: Pyelonephritis and Hypertension, 1964 | 68 |
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| Folder | | Comparison of Pathways of Pressor Response to Noxious Stimuli, 1963 | 69 |
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| Folder | | Editorial: Conference on Psychological Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease, 1964 | 70 |
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| Folder | | Catalase Test in the Detection of Urinary Infection in Hypertensive and Normotensive Patients, 1964 | 71 |
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| Folder | | The Occurrence of Malignant Hypertension and Renal Insufficiency in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Diffuse Scleroderma), 1964 | 72 |
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| Folder | | Determinants of Cardiovascular Responsiveness to Ischemic Pain, 1963-1964 | 73 |
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| Folder | | Timberline Conference Discussion, 1964 | 74 |
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| Folder | | Council for High Blood Pressure Research Discussion: Blood Pressure and Toxemia in Pregnancy, 1963 | 75 |
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| Folder | | A Metabolic Change Secondary to Restraint, 1963-1964 | 76 |
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| Folder | | Lipolytic Activity of Rat Adipose Tissue, 1964 | 77 |
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| Folder | | Evaluation of Antibiotics in Acute Pyelonephritis in Rats, 1965 | 78 |
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| Folder | | A Lipolytic Activity of Rat Adipose Tissue, 1965 | 79 |
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| Folder | | The Nature of Renal Involvement in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma), 1965 | 80 |
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| Folder | | Diagnostic and Physiologic Implications of the Angiotensin Infusion Test, 1965 | 81 |
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| Box | Folder | | Adrenergic Correlates to Pressor Responsivity, 1964 | 2 | 1 |
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| Folder | | Hyper-Responsivity to Angiotensin Induced in Rats by Stress, 1965-1966 | 2 |
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| Folder | | Crout Discussion, Undated | 3 |
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| Folder | | Renal Content of Renin-Like Material and Pressor Reactivity of Rats with Chronic Pyelonephritis, 1966 | 4 |
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| Folder | | Amphoteric Oxytetracycline in the Therapy of Experimental Acute Pyelonephritis in the Rat, 1966 | 5 |
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| Folder | | Effect of B-Blockage on Blood Pressure Reactivity and Its Adrenergic Correlates in Mild Hypertensives, 1966-1967 | 6 |
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| Folder | | An Analysis of the Variability of Blood Pressure, Pulse Rate, and Catecholamine Responsiveness to Noxious Stimuli in Identical and Fraternal Twins, 1966-1967 | 7 |
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| Folder | | B-Glucuronidase Excretion in Renal Homotransplant, 1967 | 8 |
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| Folder | | Renal Penetration of Insoluble and Soluble Tetracycline in Experimental Pyelonephritis, 1968 | 9 |
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| Folder | | Hemodynamic and Humoral Factors in Renal Electrolyte Cycles, Undated | 10 |
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| Folder | | Psychophysiologic Considerations in Blood Pressure Responses, 1967 | 11 |
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| Folder | | Postural Effects on Renal Electrolyte Cycles, Undated | 12 |
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| Folder | | Double Blind Comparison of Ethacrynic Acid and Hydrochlorothiazide in Hypertension, Undated | 13 |
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| Folder | | In Consultation, 1969 | 14 |
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| Folder | | Questions and Answers: Management of Benign Essential Hypertension, 1969-1970 | 15 |
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| Folder | | Peripheral Renin Activity in Renal Parenchymal Disease with Hypertension, 1969 | 16 |
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| Folder | | Effect of High Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure of Rats with Experimental Pyelonephritis, 1969 | 17 |
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| Folder | | Mechanism of Nocturia in Primary Aldosteronism, 1969 | 18 |
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| Folder | | Indigotinuria: An Animal Model for the Blue-Diaper Syndrome?, 1969 | 19 |
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| Folder | | Hypoglycemia - Or Postural Hypertension?, 1970 | 20 |
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| Folder | | Perceptual Differences Between Hypertensive and Normotensive Persons, 1970 | 21 |
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| Folder | | Allopurinol use for Hyperuricemia in Hypertension, 1970 | 22 |
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| Folder | | Plasma Renin Variability with Hypertension and Severe Renal Insufficiency, 1970 | 23 |
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| Folder | | Development of Bacteriuria in a Hypertensive Population: A Seven Year Follow-up Study, 1970 | 24 |
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| Folder | | Plasma Renin Variability with Hypertension and Severe Renal Insufficiency, 1970-1971 | 25 |
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| Folder | | 2nd Annual Conference on Automated Indirect Blood Pressure - Panel Discussion, 1971 | 26 |
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| Folder | | Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) in Renal Failure with Hypertension, 1971 | 27 |
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| Folder | | Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) in Renal Failure with Hypertension [RESTRICTED], 1971 | 28 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension Control in the Community, 1971 | 29 |
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| Folder | | Council for High Blood Pressure Research: Discussion, 1970 | 30 |
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| Folder | | Discussion, Undated | 31 |
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| Folder | | Study of a Third Year Surgical Clerkship: An Evaluation in Progress, 1972 | 32 |
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| Folder | | Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Response to Verbal Instruction and Relaxation in Hypertensives, 1972 | 33 |
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| Folder | | Conference of the Council for High Blood Pressure Research: Discussion, 1972 | 34 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Verbal Instruction and Relaxation on Blood Pressure Response and Recognition in Hypertensives, 1972 | 35 |
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| Folder | | Blood Pressure Regulation in Chronic Renal Failure of Polycystic Kidney Disease, Undated | 36 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor: Value of renal Differential Function Studies in Segmental Renal Ischemia, 1973 | 37 |
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| Folder | | Effects of Diving on Peripheral Venous Renin Activity in the Harbor Seal, 1972 | 38 |
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| Folder | | Discussion: Diuretic Drugs in the Treatment of Hypertension, Undated | 39 |
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| Folder | | Minoxidil and the Management of Severe Hypertension - A Relationship to Renal Function, 1974 | 40 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor: Hypertension and Unilateral Shrunken Kidney, 1974 | 41 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor: Hypertension and Unilateral Shrunken Kidney [RESTRICTED], 1974 | 42 |
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| Folder | | Influence of Sodium Intake on Blood Pressure and the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Chronic Renal Failure of Polycystic Kidney Disease, 1973 | 43 |
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| Folder | | Book Review: Systemic Arterial Hypertension, 1975 | 44 |
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| Folder | | Anglo-American Conference on Continuing Medical Education: Proceedings, April 8-10, 1974 | 45 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1975 | 46 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1975 | 47 |
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| Folder | | Management of End-Stage Renal Failure Secondary to Progressive Systemic Sclerosis, 1976 | 48 |
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| Folder | | End Stage Renal Failure Secondary to Scleroderma: Outcome of Treatment, 1976 | 49 |
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| Folder | | Renin in Scleroderma with Malignant Hypertension, 1977 | 50 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1977 | 51 |
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| Folder | | Plasma Renin Activity (PRA) in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (Scleroderma) with Malignant Hypertension, 1977 | 52 |
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| Folder | | Beta-Adrenergic Blockade: A New Era in Cardiovascular Medicine: Symposium Discussion, 1978 | 53 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1978 | 54 |
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| Folder | | Questions and Answers: Unresponsive Hypertension in Middle-Aged Man, 1978 | 55 |
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| Folder | | Mild Hypertension Meeting: Discussion, 1977 | 56 |
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| Folder | | Effects of Chronic Diuretic Therapy on Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) in Elderly Patients with Systolic Hypertension (SH), 1980 | 57 |
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| Folder | | Physician Approach to Controversial Issues in Hypertension, 1980 | 58 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1980 | 59 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1980 | 60 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Consequences of Mild Hypertension, 1980 | 61 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Consequences of Mild Hypertension, 1981 | 62 |
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| Folder | | Factors Predicting the Development of Renal Involvement in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis (PSS), 1981 | 63 |
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| Folder | | Response of Patients with Progressive Systemic Sclerosis to Antihypertensive Therapy, 1981 | 64 |
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| Folder | | Response of CBF to Treatment in Elderly Patients with SH, 1981 | 65 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1981 | 66 |
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| Folder | | Stress and Hypertension: a Clinical Challenge, 1980 | 67 |
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| Folder | | Nonpharmacologic Intervention: Discussion, 1982 | 68 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1982 | 69 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1982 | 70 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1982 | 71 |
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| Folder | | Behavioural techniques not a substitute for the physician and his drugs, says Shapiro, 1983 | 72 |
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| Folder | | BP Variability: No Change with Age, Type, Severity or Treatment of Hypertension, 1982 | 73 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1983 | 74 |
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| Folder | | New Hypertension Following Cardiac Transplantation, 1983 | 75 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1983 | 76 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1983 | 77 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1983-1984 | 78 |
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| Folder | | Essential Hypertension - Pathogenetic Suggestions from Repeated Hemodynamic Investigations in Young Men With Blood Pressure Elevation, 1984 | 79 |
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| Folder | | In Memoriam: Gerald P. Rodnan, 1984 | 80 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1984 | 81 |
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| Folder | | Relaxation, Pharmacotherapy and Their Interaction in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension, 1984 | 82 |
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| Folder | | Biobehavioral Approaches to Hypertension: Relaxation Therapy, Pharmacotherapy, and Their Interaction, 1984 | 83 |
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| Folder | | Reversing the Effects of Elevated Blood Pressure on the Central Nervous System by Antihypertensive Treatment, 1984 | 84 |
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| Folder | | The Response of Cyclosporine Toxicity to Azathioprine and Reduced Cyclosporine Dose, 1985 | 85 |
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| Folder | | Similarities and Differences in Test-Taking Behaviors by Hypertensive and Normotensive Subjects, 1985 | 86 |
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| Folder | | Minoxidil in Once-a-Day Triple Therapy for Mild, Moderate and Severe Hypertension, 1985 | 87 |
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| Folder | | Nocturnal Blood Pressure Decrease, Cardiac Transplantation and Diabetes with Autonomic Neuropathy, 1985 | 88 |
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| Folder | | The Contrasting Effects of Cyclosporin-A and Azathioprine on Arterial Blood Pressure and Renal Function Following Cardiac Transplantation, 1985 | 89 |
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| Folder | | Blood Pressure Monitoring and Pill Placebo: Experiences with Two Different Methods of Inducing Nonspecific Treatments Effects for Mild Hypertensives, 1986 | 90 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1986 | 91 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension, Creatine, and Plasma Renin Activity in Heart Transplant Recipients, 1986 | 92 |
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| Folder | | Renal Artery Stenosis in Blacks, 1986 | 93 |
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| Folder | | Renal Artery Stenosis in Blacks [RESTRICTED], 1986 | 94 |
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| Folder | | Cholesterol Emboli: Relation to Cardiac Catheterization and a Review of Its Clinical Presentations, 1988 | 95 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1988 | 96 |
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| Folder | | Can Self-Help Methods Cure Disease? Treating Illness with Behavioral Medicine, 1988 | 97 |
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| Folder | | Relation of Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Treatment Outcomes, 1989 | 98 |
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| Folder | | Ambulatory Blood Pressure: Value in Patient Care, 1990 | 99 |
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| Folder | | AIDS Victims Helped, 1990 | 100 |
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| Folder | | Point/Counterpoint: Are diuretics appropriate as first-line therapy for hypertensives with a family history of diabetes?, 1990 | 101 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Therapies for Hypertension: Current Status, 1990 | 102 |
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| Folder | | Neuropsychological Performance of Hypertensive and Normotensive Males, 1991 | 103 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1991 | 104 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Therapies for Hypertension: Current Status, 1991 | 105 |
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| Folder | | Age and Hypertension Independently Slow Cognitive Transformation, 1992 | 106 |
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| Folder | | Temperature Biofeedback-assisted Relaxation: A Treatment for White Coat Hypertension?, 1991 | 107 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1992 | 108 |
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| Folder | | Stress Management with Hypertension: Regression to the Mean and Setting Specific Effects, 1992 | 109 |
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| Folder | | Neurobehavioral Effects of Antihypertensive Medications in Hypertensive Men, 1992 | 110 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1993 | 111 |
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| Folder | | Antihypertensive Drugs Show Age-Dependent Effects on Short Term Vigilance, But Not Working Memory, 1994 | 112 |
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| Folder | | Neuropsychological Performance of Untreated, Male Hypertensives: Effects of Age, Education, and Alcohol Consumption, 1994 | 113 |
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| Folder | | Letter to the Editor, 1995 | 114 |
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| Folder | | Neuropsychological Sequelae of Antihypertensive Medications, 1996 | 115 |
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| Folder | | Neuropsychological Performance Effects of Antihypertensive Medications, 1996 | 116 |
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| Folder | | Clinical Trials in the 90s and Beyond, 1996 | 117 |
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| Folder | | A "Biased View": Current Drugs in the Treatment of Mild Hypertension, 1997 | 118 |
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| Folder | | Ruminations from Two Curmudgeons, 1997 | 119 |
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| Folder | | Book Review, 1997 | 120 |
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Series IV. Published Manuscripts, 1961-1998
(Bulk, 1971-1998)
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains published manuscripts and relating draft materials, research data sheets, graphs, notes, correspondence, publication submission forms, peer-review documents, and publication proof materials from the latter majority of Shapiro's professional career. During this time, Shapiro's research continued to examine the relationship between stress and hypertension, hypertension and renal function related to systemic scleroderma, as well as pharmacologic and behavioral treatments to control hypertension. Throughout this period, Shapiro was also becoming more involved with the administration of the University of Pittsburgh's medical school, Presbyterian University Hospital, and Shadyside Hospital, where he served, at various times, as dean for academic affairs, chairman of the credentials committee, and director of the internal medicine training program respectively. His service in these capacities is reflected in several publications that critique medical training at universities and hospitals. Documents are arranged chronologically.
Access Restrictions
Some files in this section include the personal and medical information of human study subjects and access is governed by certain restrictions. In Box 2, Folders 125 and 127 are restricted. In Box 3, Folders 5, 7, 20, and 26 are restricted. In Box 4, Folders 21 and 23 are restricted. In Box 5, Folders 4 and 12 are restricted. In Box 6, Folders 16, 22, and 28 are restricted.
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| Folder | | Effect of Thiazides on Carbohydrate Metabolism in Patients with Hypertension, 1961 | 121 |
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| Folder | | Patterns of Pressor Response to Noxious Stimuli in Normal, Hypertensive, and Diabetic Subjects, 1963 | 122 |
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| Folder | | Differences in Perception Between Hypertensive and Normotensive Populations, 1971 | 123 |
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| Folder | | Development of Bacteriuria in a Hypertensive Population: A 7-year Follow-up Study, 1971 | 124 |
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| Folder | | Development of Bacteriuria in a Hypertensive Population: A 7-year Follow-up Study [RESTRICTED], 1971 | 125 |
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| Folder | | Technique of Controlled Drug Assay in Hypertension. V. Comparison of Hydrochlorothiazide with a New Quinethazone Diuretic, Metolazone, 1971 | 126 |
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| Folder | | Technique of Controlled Drug Assay in Hypertension. V. Comparison of Hydrochlorothiazide with a New Quinethazone Diuretic, Metolazone, [Raw Data], [RESTRICTED], 1971 | 127 |
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| Folder | | Studies of Antibiotic Persistence in the Therapy of Experimental Pyelonephritis: Insoluble Tetracyclines in Normal and Pyelonephritic Rats, 1971 | 128 |
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| Folder | | The Role of Psychosocial Factors in the Development of Arteriosclerosis in CBA Mice, 1971 | 129 |
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| Folder | | Comparison of Ethacrynic Acid and Hydrochlorothiazide in Hypertension, 1971 | 130 |
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| Box | Folder | | Malignant Hypertension Following Renal Artery Branch Obstruction, 1972 | 3 | 1 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Approach to the Study of Cardiovascular Disease in Man, 1972 | 2 |
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| Folder | | Essential Hypertension - Why Idiopathic?, 1973 | 3 |
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| Folder | | Effects of Practolol on Pressor Responses to Noxious Stimuli in Hypertensive Patients, 1973 | 4 |
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| Folder | | Effects of Practolol on Pressor Responses to Noxious Stimuli in Hypertensive Patients [RESTRICTED], 1973 | 5 |
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| Folder | | Comparison of Pressor and Adrenergic Responses Derived from Direct and Indirect Methods of Cardiovascular Testing, 1973 | 6 |
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| Folder | | Comparison of Pressor and Adrenergic Responses Derived from Direct and Indirect Methods of Cardiovascular Testing [RESTRICTED], 1973 | 7 |
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| Folder | | Long-term Study of Relationships Between Blood Pressure, Age, and Body Weight in Steel Mill Workers, 1973 | 8 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension: Where do we go from here?, [1973] | 9 |
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| Folder | | Mechanisms of Blood Pressure Elevation in Pyelonephritic Rats After Sodium Loading, 1973 | 10 |
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| Folder | | Perspectives on the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Hypertension, 1974 | 11 |
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| Folder | | The Use of Behavioral Objectives in the Development and Evaluation of a Third-year Surgical Clerkship, 1974 | 12 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Intermittent Electric Shock on Plasma Renin Activity in Rats, 1974 | 13 |
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| Folder | | Blood Pressure and Heart-Rate Response to Verbal Instruction and Relaxation in Hypertension, 1974 | 14 |
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| Folder | | The Impact of Curricular Change on Performance on National Board Examinations, 1974 | 15 |
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| Folder | | In Memoriam: I. Arthur Mirsky, M.D., 1975 | 16 |
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| Folder | | Relationships of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System and Sodium Balance to Blood Pressure Regulation in Chronic Renal Failure of Polycystic Kidney Disease, 1975 | 17 |
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| Folder | | Blood Pressure Regulation in Chronic Renal Failure of Polycystic Kidney Disease, 1974 | 18 |
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| Folder | | Relationships of Perception, Cognition, Suggestion and Operant Conditioning in Essential Hypertension, 1975 | 19 |
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| Folder | | Relationships of Perception, Cognition, Suggestion and Operant Conditioning in Essential Hypertension [RESTRICTED], 1975 | 20 |
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| Folder | | Presidential Address - 1975: Before the Colors Fade, 1975 | 21 |
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| Folder | | Blood Pressure Regulation During Chronic Renal Failure Due to Polycystic Renal Disease, 1974 | 22 |
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| Folder | | Treatment of Severe Hypertension with Minoxidil, 1975 | 23 |
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| Folder | | Guest Editorial: The leaning ivied tower, 1976 | 24 |
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| Folder | | Renal Arterial Stenosis and Hypertension II. Current Criteria for Surgery, 1976 | 25 |
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| Folder | | Renal Arterial Stenosis and Hypertension II. Current Criteria for Surgery [RESTRICTED], 1976 | 26 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Methods in the Treatment of Hypertension: A Review of Their Clinical Status, 1977 | 27 |
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| Folder | | Hypertensive Encephalopathy with Cortical Blindness, 1977 | 28 |
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| Folder | | Effects of Hemodialysis and Saline Loading on Body Fluid Compartments, Plasma Renin Activity and Blood Pressure in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis, 1977 | 29 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension in Radiation Nephritis, 1977 | 30 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Approaches to the Treatment of Hypertension, 1978 | 31 |
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| Folder | | Cardiovascular Diseases: Psychosomatic Aspects, 1976 | 32 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension - Current Management: Parts I and II, 1977 | 33 |
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| Folder | | Non-Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension, 1978 | 34 |
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| Folder | | The Utility Function of Antihypertensive Therapy: Discussion, 1978 | 35 |
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| Folder | | Treatment of Severe Hypertension, 1978 | 36 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral and Environmental Aspects of Hypertension, 1978 | 37 |
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| Folder | | Non-A, Non-B Types: A Parable for Behaviorists, 1979 | 38 |
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| Folder | | Pathophysiology of Stress-Induced Hypertension, 1979 | 39 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Medicine Approaches to Hypertension: An Integrative Analysis of Theory and Research, 1979 | 40 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension: Where we are now, 1980 | 41 |
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| Box | Folder | | Proteinuria and Nephrotic Syndrome Induced by Renin in Patients With Renal Artery Stenosis, 1980 | 4 | 1 |
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| Folder | | Behavior Modification: Can it Control Hypertension, 1980 | 2 |
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| Folder | | Universities, Medical Schools, and Hospitals - Can They Coexist?, 1981 | 3 |
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| Folder | | Complications of Antihypertensive Therapy, 1981 | 4 |
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| Folder | | Attitudes of Physicians Concerning Controversial Issues in Hypertension, 1981 | 5 |
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| Folder | | Increased Amphetamine Stereotypy and Longer Haloperidol Catalepsy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, Undated | 6 |
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| Folder | | Response of Patients with Renal Involvement by Progressive Systemic Sclerosis to Antihypertensive Therapy, 1981 | 7 |
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| Folder | | Pathophysiological Aspects of Hypertension, 1982 | 8 |
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| Folder | | Stress and Hypertension, 1982 | 9 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Consequences of Mild Hypertension, 1981 | 10 |
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| Folder | | Cerebral Blood Flow Changes with Diuretic Therapy in Elderly Subjects with Systolic Hypertension, 1982 | 11 |
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| Folder | | Physiological, Psychological, and Social Determinants in Hypertension, 1978 | 12 |
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| Folder | | The Non-Pharmacologic Treatment of Hypertension, 1980 | 13-15 |
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| Folder | | Psychological and Social Factors in Hypertension, 1981 | 16 |
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| Folder | | Pseudopseudohypoparathyroidism and Pheochromocytoma: Association or Coincidence?, 1983 | 17 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension and Renal Failure (Scleroderma Renal Crisis) in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis, 1983 | 18-20 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension and Renal Failure (Scleroderma Renal Crisis) in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis [RESTRICTED], 1983 | 21 |
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| Folder | | New Onset of Hypertension Following Cardiac Transplantation: A Preliminary Report and Analysis, 1983 | 22 |
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| Folder | | New Onset of Hypertension Following Cardiac Transplantation: A Preliminary Report and Analysis [RESTRICTED], 1983 | 23 |
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| Folder | | Management of the Elderly Patient with Renovascular Hypertension, 1984 | 24 |
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| Folder | | Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring: Methods to Assess Severity of Hypertension, Variability and Sleep Changes, 1983 | 25 |
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| Folder | | Factors Predicting the Development of Renal Involvement in Progressive Systemic Sclerosis, 1984 | 26 |
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| Folder | | Effect of Antihypertensive Treatment on the Behavioral Consequences of Elevated Blood Pressure, 1984 | 27 |
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| Folder | | The Relaxation Word of the Day: A Simple Technique to Measure Adherence to Relaxation, 1984 | 28 |
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| Folder | | 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase and Hexokinase in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat Kidney, 1984 | 29 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Consequences of Hypertension, 1985 | 30 |
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| Folder | | Temporal Relationships of Treatment with Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitors on the Hypertension and Cardiac Hypertrophy in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats, 1985 | 31 |
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| Box | Folder | | Pathogenesis and Pharmacologic Management of Pseudo-Obstruction of the Bowel in Pheochromocytoma, 1985 | 5 | 1 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension in the Elderly Part VIII: Renal Effects of Antihypertensive Drugs in the Elderly, 1986 | 2 |
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| Folder | | Loss of Nocturnal Decline in Blood Pressure Developing After Cardiac Transplantation, 1986 | 3 |
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| Folder | | Loss of Nocturnal Decline in Blood Pressure Developing After Cardiac Transplantation [RESTRICTED], 1986 | 4 |
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| Folder | | Methodological Considerations in Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring, 1982 | 5 |
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| Folder | | Pharmacologic Agents as Modulators of Stress, 1986 | 6 |
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| Folder | | The Contrasting Effects of Cyclosporin-A and Azathioprine on Arterial Blood Pressure and Renal Function Following Cardiac Transplant, 1986 | 7 |
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| Folder | | Once-a-Day Triple Therapy with Low-Dose Minoxidil for Moderate Hypertension, 1986 | 8 |
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| Folder | | Test-Taking Behaviors by Hypertensive and Normotensive Individuals, 1986 | 9 |
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| Folder | | Cardiac Transplantation 1985: Hope -- Promise -- Reality, 1985-1986 | 10 |
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| Folder | | Relaxation Therapy for Hypertension: Comparison of Effects with Concomitant Placebo, Diuretic, and B-Blocker, 1986 | 11 |
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| Folder | | Relaxation Therapy for Hypertension: Comparison of Effects with Concomitant Placebo, Diuretic, and B-Blocker [RESTRICTED], 1986 | 12 |
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| Folder | | Drug Therapy in Hypertension, 1985 | 13 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Consequences of Hypertension and Their Relationship to Personality, 1987 | 14 |
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| Folder | | Nonpharmacologic Therapy of Hypertension in Blacks, 1987 | 15 |
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| Folder | | The Behavioral Treatment of Hypertension: Long-Term Effects, 1987 | 16 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Consequences of Hypertension and Their Relationship to Personality of Patients with this Disorder, 1987 | 17 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension in Women: Differences and Implications, 1987 | 18 |
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| Folder | | Inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme in the Management of Hypertension, 1988 | 19 |
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| Folder | | Inhibitors of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme in the Management of Hypertension, 1984 | 20 |
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| Folder | | Definition and Classification of Hypertension, Undated | 21 |
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| Folder | | Renal Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis, 1988 | 22 |
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| Folder | | Patient Characteristics and Their Influence on Therapy and Its Outcome in Hypertension of the Elderly, 1987 | 23 |
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| Folder | | Teaching Behavioral Concepts in Cardiovascular Disease with Remarks and Challenges to Medical Education, 1985 | 24 |
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| Folder | | The Statistical Analysis of Treatment Effects in 24-Hour Ambulatory Blood Pressure Recordings, 1988 | 25 |
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| Folder | | Cholesterol Emboli After Cardiac Catheterization: Eight Cases and a Review of the Literature, 1988 | 26 |
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| Folder | | Psychological Factors in Hypertension: An Overview, 1988 | 27 |
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| Box | Folder | | Drug-Induced Illnesses as a Cause for Admission to a Community Hospital, 1989 | 6 | 1 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension Following Orthotopic Cardiac Transplantation, 1989 | 2 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Consequences of Hypertension: Effects of Age and Type of Antihypertensive Agent, 1989 | 3 |
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| Folder | | Absence of Behavioral Differences in Young Normotensive Adults as a Function of Parental History of Hypertension, 1990 | 4 |
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| Folder | | Outcome of Renal Crisis in Systemic Sclerosis: Relation to Availability of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors, 1990 | 5 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension, Creatine, and Plasma Renin Activity in Heart Transplant Recipients, 1990 | 6 |
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| Folder | | Relaxation Therapy for Hypertension: Design Effects and Treatment Effects, 1991 | 7 |
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| Folder | | Who Really Determines Your Patients' Prescriptions, 1991 | 8 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease, 1991 | 9 |
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| Folder | | Behavioral Sequelae of Antihypertensive Therapy: A Review, 1991 | 10 |
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| Folder | | The Confusing Syndromes of Cardiovascular Autonomic Imbalance: Cardiovascular Dysautonomias, 1988-1989 | 11 |
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| Folder | | Neurobehavioral Effects of Antihypertensive Medications, 1991 | 12 |
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| Folder | | Renal Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis, 1992 | 13 |
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| Folder | | Relaxation Therapy for Hypertension: Setting-Specific Effects, 1992 | 14 |
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| Folder | | Clinical Use of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Recording: Value in Patient Care, 1992 | 15 |
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| Folder | | Clinical Use of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Recording: Value in Patient Care [RESTRICTED], 1992 | 16 |
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| Folder | | Illness and Death in American Presidents, 1992 | 17 |
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| Folder | | Renal Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis, 1994 | 18 |
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| Folder | | Editorials for the Bulletin of the Allegheny County Medical Society, 1993-1996 | 19 |
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| Folder | | Is the Effect of Stress Management on Blood Pressure Just Regression to the Mean?, 1994 | 20 |
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| Folder | | A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Prophylactic Nifedipine on Renal Function in Patients Administered Contrast Media, 1994 | 21 |
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| Folder | | A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial to Evaluate the Effect of Prophylactic Nifedipine on Renal Function in Patients Administered Contrast Media [RESTRICTED], 1994 | 22 |
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| Folder | | Cardiac Transplantation: A Quarter Century of Progress, 1994 | 23 |
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| Folder | | Reversible Nephrotic Syndrome Due to High Renin State in Renovascular Hypertension, 1995 | 24 |
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| Folder | | Blood Pressure and Behavioral Effects of Antihypertensive Medications: A Preliminary Report, 1995 | 25 |
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| Folder | | Clinical Use of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring, 1995 | 26-27 |
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| Folder | | Clinical Use of Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring [RESTRICTED], 1995 | 28 |
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| Folder | | Systolic Hypertension in Critical Aortic Stenosis and the Effect of Valve Replacement, 1996 | 29 |
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| Folder | | Hypertension and Neuropsychological Performance in Men: Interactive Effects of Age, 1996 | 30 |
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| Folder | | Management of Hypertension with Particular Attention to the Renin-Angiotensin System, 1995 | 31 |
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| Folder | | Renal Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis, 1997 | 32 |
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| Folder | | Cerebral Blood Flow in Hypertensive Patients: An Initial Report of Reduced and Compensatory Blood Flow Responses During Performance of Two Cognitive Tasks, 1998 | 33 |
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| Folder | | Psychological Factors in Hypertension: An Overview, 1998 | 34 |
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Series V. Book Drafts and Materials, 1991-1996
Scope and Content Notes
This series includes draft materials from the book,
Perspectives in Behavioral Medicine: Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease, co-edited by Shapiro and Andrew Baum, and draft materials from Shapiro's monograph,
Hypertension and Stress: A Unified Concept. Both books, published in the 1990s, represent the culmination of hypertension research from Shapiro's professional career. Documents are arranged chronologically.
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Behavioral Aspects of Cardiovascular Disease, 1991 | 7 | 1 |
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Hypertension and Stress: A Unified Concept, 1992-1996 | 2-6 |
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Series VI. Personal Papers, 1942-1998
Scope and Content Notes
This series is divided into two subseries: Military Records and Correspondence. Scope and Content Notes are included with each subseries.
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Subseries 1. Military Records, 1942-1953
This subseries includes records, certificates, and orders from Shapiro's time in the United States Army. Shapiro was drafted into the U.S. Army Enlisted Reserve Corps in May 1943 while he was still a medical student. He completed medical school in September 1944, entered a medical internship until July 1945, and finished his residency in April 1946. He was then sent to Fort Sam Houston, TX for military medical training, and afterward served in the hospital at the Army Air Base in Adak, Alaska until October 1947. In 1950, Shapiro received notification that he was to be inducted into Selective Services because his previous service had been terminated earlier than usual. It was ultimately determined that he was not required to serve additional time in the military - this series includes correspondence regarding this matter. These documents are arranged chronologically.
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Subseries 2. Correspondence, 1953-1981
(Bulk, 1974-1979)
This subseries includes personal and professional correspondence from Shapiro's time as associate dean for Academic Affairs (1971-1975) and then vice chairman of the Department of Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh's medical school (1975-1979). Much of the correspondence is with colleagues in the medical profession regarding publications and conferences. There is also correspondence related to academic affairs at the medical school, and significant correspondence with University of Pittsburgh campus parking authorities about the difficulties of parking on campus.
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Series VII. Photographs, 1948-1991
The photographs in this series include group photographs of University of Pittsburgh's Medical School faculty, pictures of Shapiro teaching and in his office, and several professional portraits of Shapiro.
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