Duffy, Martin and Leach, Frank, June 3, 1976, tape 1, side 1

Jim Barrett: Okay. This morning, I'm down at, uh, United Steelworkers Hall in Homestead, and I'm talking to Mr. Martin Duffy. And, uh, we're gonna get some of the basic information out of the way first before actually getting into the interview. Uh, can you tell me how old you are now, Mr. Duffy?

Martin Duffy: I'm 75, going on 76. Barrett: Okay. Duffy: December the 25th, I was 75. Going on 76 there.

Barrett: Okay. And, uh, where were you born? Duffy: Pittsburgh. Barrett: Okay.

Barrett: Where at in Pittsburgh? What neighborhood?

Duffy: Lawrenceville.

Barrett: Okay. What did your dad do?

Duffy: He was a blacksmith up in broad gauge. That's for the locomotives. Barrett: Yes. Duffy: And the steelworks. Barrett: Okay.

Barrett: And, uh, how about your mom? She just worked in the home?

Duffy: Yeah, that's right. Barrett: Okay.

Barrett: And what's your background, Irish-Catholic? Duffy: What? Barrett: What's-- What's your ethnic background? Your nationality. Duffy: Oh, I'm Irish descent. Barrett: Okay.

Duffy: Irish descent.

Barrett: And how about religion? Duffy: Catholic. Barrett: Okay. Did your family have any kind of interest or involvement in politics in the area?

Duffy: Oh, me?

Barrett: Yeah. Or your dad?

Duffy: No, he. He never had no interest in politics at all.

Barrett: How about, uh. Um. Did he consider himself a Democrat or a Republican? Duffy: [simultaneous talking] Democrat. Barrett: Okay. And has that changed at all in your generation, or do you consider yourself. Duffy: No. Never changed. Barrett: Okay. How long have you lived in Homestead area then?

Duffy: I live up in West Mifflin there now. Barrett: Okay. Duffy: I've been up there 30 years. And Commonwealth Avenue. You have the address there? Barrett: Yes, I

Barrett: do. And, uh, did you live any place in, in Homestead area before you lived there?

Duffy: Uh, West Homestead.

Barrett: Okay.

Duffy: 505-- 545 West Seventh Avenue.

Barrett: Okay. And when did you go into the mill? When did you start working at Homestead?

Duffy: I worked on the ____[??] Machine.

Barrett: Okay. And when did you start there?

Duffy: Well, '34. Barrett: Okay. Duffy: I worked there. Uh-- Oh. In the 30s, about the 30. I worked there a year or so. Then I went on the outside for myself. Barrett: Uh huh. Duffy: Then I went back in again in 1934. I come out in 66.

Barrett: What kind of a business did you have when you were working for yourself?

Duffy: I was contracting for, uh, shingling homes. That's when I used to put shingles on there at that one. Barrett: Okay.

Barrett: Um, what did you do before you went into, uh, ____[??] Machine in '34? What kind of work?

Duffy: Oh, I was with, uh. I was foreman on a state highway on a-- around here. Barrett: Uh huh. Duffy: And, uh, well, we worked there. We worked different places there. You know, we put that new road through Homeville up here. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: From Homestead Park clean into, uh, Raleigh Lane there and Commonwealth Avenue through Whitaker there and right down to the junction down there. I put that road in there. Pinchot Road at that time.

Barrett: How long did you work on that job? How long?

Duffy: Oh, about three years.

Barrett: And did-- you what did you do before that?

Duffy: I was-- I was on a police force. West Mifflin.

Barrett: Uh huh. How long did that last one? Duffy: Oh, about five years. Barrett: Okay.

Duffy: I got the job on the highway. Then I quit that job up there because I was the only policeman up there at that time.

Barrett: Mhm.

Duffy: It was rough.

Barrett: Yeah, I can imagine. Yeah. Being by yourself. My dad's a policeman in Chicago, but that's a different, uh, that's a different situation. Um, so then you were a policeman probably in the 1920s, maybe the late 20s-- Duffy: Yeah. Barrett: --or something like that. And what, what did you do before that? I'm trying to get an idea of what-- What kind of work you actually started with, say, when you were a kid.

Duffy: Well, when I was a kid there, I, I got a a job at Kilgore Pistol Factory. I worked there.

Barrett: Now, where was that? Was that in Pittsburgh?

Duffy: That used to be down here. We used to be on West Run Road and they moved from West Run Road down to Seventh Avenue West Homestead there. And. That's it.

Barrett: Were you-- Were you a machinist helper then, or something like that? Or what kind of work were you doing?

Duffy: Down in West Run? Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: I was carpenter foreman.

Barrett: How about in this, in this, uh, uh, pistol place where you were working?

Duffy: Well, I used to drill-- drill holes in there for the for the shoe to go in between the trigger and the, uh, that shoot the cap off. Barrett: Yeah.

Barrett: What? When did you work at that job? Early 20s or--

Duffy: Uh, that was. No, that was up before that. I was only about 15 or 16 years of age at that time.

Barrett: Was that maybe during the First World War?

Duffy: Yeah. Yeah, I was-- I was called for service there, but by the time I got examined and everything, the war was over. Just pretty lucky.

Barrett: Yeah, I. I think so. Yeah. Did, did your-- were your mom and dad both born in the United States or did they were they immigrants?

Duffy: Born in Ireland. Barrett: Born in Ireland? Duffy: Both. Both. Barrett: Huh.

Barrett: And when did they come? Do you have any idea?

Duffy: Well, my mother. Mother was here before he was. I think she was. She come here as a young girl with her brothers and, uh. Oh, I don't. I don't know what.

Barrett: But long before they were married then?

Duffy: I'm married, I'm married myself for 55 years. That's quite a way back. Barrett: Yeah. Yeah. Duffy: My. My mother died in, uh, 30, 37, I think I.

Barrett: Was.

Duffy: When Dad died in January in 1923. I think it was when he died.

Barrett: And your family home when you were still living with your mom and dad? You lived in Pittsburgh?

Duffy: No, no, we lived in Homestead here. Barrett: Okay.

Barrett: And where did you live in Homestead? Duffy: Well.

Duffy: 10th Avenue.

Barrett: Okay.

Duffy: I. I don't know that number anymore.

Barrett: But above the tracks. Duffy: Yeah, but.

Duffy: Two blocks up from Eighth Avenue up there.

Barrett: What was that neighborhood like? Do you remember it at all?

Duffy: Oh, was pretty good. All white. Barrett: Yeah. And.

Barrett: But was it mixed? Uh, in terms of nationalities?

Duffy: Yeah. Nationality, yeah.

Barrett: Can you remember people being kind of mixed up socially? I mean, if they did things together, uh, like parties or dances or things like that, say would the kids be mixed up?

Duffy: Oh yeah, almost, almost every Saturday night there when I was about 17 or 18. Almost every Saturday night, there'd be a party someplace there. You know, one of your friends would know where to go or you know where to go there or somebody else. Barrett: Yeah.

Barrett: But you wouldn't if you, for example, wouldn't just be ending up with, say, Irish Catholic kids. You'd be mixed in with all.

Barrett: Yeah. Somebody told me that they even learned a lot of kids that didn't speak other languages learned a few words because some of their friends were Polish or something, you know, just to talk with them. How many--

Duffy: Wait. Let's see if lunch is done. Yeah.

Barrett: How many kids in your family?

Duffy: Let's see. There was. Well, eleven, was one, two, three, three, three sisters and a brother and I. Five. Barrett: Okay.

Barrett: And the-- your brothers and sisters that are still living. Are they in the Homestead area?

Duffy: My sisters are still living.

Barrett: Okay.

Duffy: The oldest ones died. My brother's dead. Brother, older brother. He's dead too.

Barrett: But there's still four-- Four boys alive from the family?

Duffy: There's, uh. Let's see. One, two, two. Two sisters and me now livin'. Still livin'. Barrett: Okay. Duffy: Two sisters and me. One. One of the sisters in bad shape. She had a couple of heart attacks there.

Barrett: And do they live in Homestead area?

Duffy: No. They live in Smithfield or North Braddock at the end of North Braddock. Right up in the Swissvale area. They-- I don't know if they cut it off some way or another up there, and they called it North Braddock or something like that there. They-- they live the biggest part of their life in Swissvale. Barrett: Uh, are they married? Duffy: Yeah.

Barrett: What did their husbands do? What occupations?

Duffy: Well, one-- one runs a garage. Two of them, two of my sisters. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: Why. They're both pensioned off or they're both pensioned off here now. One was a foreman over Carrie Furnace over there, and the other one was worked, in the lab at Edgar Thompson, Bobby Kelly, he worked in the lab, and Edgar Thompson there. And Mickey McConville. That's a-- my sister is just younger than me. He was a boss over at Carrie Furnace over there in the boiler house.

Barrett: So both of them were connected with steel mills. Duffy: Yeah.

Duffy: Oh, yeah.

Barrett: How about your brothers? What did they do?

Duffy: They. He was working for the Union Railroad, car inspector.

Barrett: Oh, yeah. In this area?

Duffy: Yeah, right in Homestead here. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: Steelworks cars that went with shipments on there, you know, going out on a line out there. They had inspect the cars there before they went out on the road there. Barrett: Yeah.

Barrett: How about your other brothers? Didn't you say there-- were there just five kids altogether?

Duffy: Five? Barrett: Okay.

Barrett: Then did most of your friends and relatives stay in this area? You know, in the Pittsburgh Homestead area? Duffy: Yeah. Barrett: Yeah.

Duffy: And uncles and aunts and everything else. Living Monessen there. Monessen there and Pittsburgh there. And when they they died there, they-- the family took off. They took off to California there. I think there was three or 3 or 4 of them went to California there. Never hear from them no more. Barrett: Yeah.

Barrett: What did people do, uh, in Homestead when they weren't working? Let's say when you were young in the 20s. You know, what kind of recreational activities do you remember?

Duffy: Oh, they had ball teams, football teams.

Barrett: Who sponsored them?

Duffy: Well, I played on a team in 1921, 50, about 55 years ago. And it was named Dr. Hartley's. He was a new doctor who pulled into town up there. And we named it after him. We had some good games there and we had ball teams there. Whitaker. Whitaker, Whitaker and Homeville and Homestead there and West Homestead. They're all out there.

Barrett: Each town had an--

Duffy: And up there and, uh, right around City Farm Lane up there. They had a store room up there and there was college and they had a serious-- had a barrels of whiskey up there in racks there, you know, come in there and get a fifth of liquor. You could get a taste of it before you even bought the the liquor there. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: Bought a case of beer. You got a bottle of wine with it, huh? Only a buck. Barrett: I'm sorry that's changed. I wouldn't mind still having it that way.

Barrett: Okay.

Duffy: In another. Another time. Up here in the steel workshop there. They had a store up there. They bought a store up there on Eighth Avenue and City Farm Lane. And you had to take shares out on upstairs. And there was supposed to be for the steelworkers, you know, and take share, $5 a share. I think it was there. My dad had 2 or 3 shares there. I think it was $15 worth of the shares he had three shares he had. And that bank went bankrupt there. And all in a year or so there two years, something like that there went bankrupt. And the way they got paid off there for the shares they had there, there was burlap sacks laying all over that storeroom because I went down with my dad there to pick it up and they had three, three sacks, half filled up with canned stuff there, you know.

Duffy: With no labels on them. You didn't know what you was opening up. That's honest to God truth. You didn't know what you was opening. You don't know if you wanted a can of peas or something. You had to open a whole bunch of them up there before you got the can of the peas.

Barrett: Who was that that tried to open the store? Was it the steelworkers themselves or the mill?

Duffy: Yeah, it was the steelworkers. Barrett: Huh. Duffy: Something like the one they run down in J&L down there. Frank Leach: You're talking about that store room that was up on City Farm Lane, Eighth Avenue? Duffy: Yeah, definitely. Leach: That was run by the company. That was a company store.

Barrett: And then did you, uh, you know, why did the company do that? Why did they want to run their own store?

Duffy: Uh, well, the way, the way I look at it, although they went bankrupt or some damn thing, I don't think it was anybody buying in there. Uh, they-- they done that in, in place of donating to the men that wasn't working. And you, you bought shares. Those that wasn't working. They bought shares either $5 or $7 a share. And when they did go bankrupt or run out of business, then people that was had the shares, they could come down and get their order. Leach: Yeah. Duffy: Take it out in trade. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: And just as he says, that's what it was like. Uh, none of the cans had any papers or anything. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: So they just filled up with stock. But a lot of, a lot of people, they. They got those orders on there. Remember that check numbers? Duffy: You remember that bank that used to be up around Dixon Street there or someplace there? Leach: Uh, one of the, what they call the hunky bank? Duffy: No, not the hunky bank. It was on Eighth Avenue, small bank here, right on the corner there. I think there is some sort of a Donahue's, uh. Donahue's bar loan company or some damn thing in there now. Leach: Oh, I can't remember. Duffy: Yeah, they had one up there. Leach: The only, the only one I can remember was on Eighth and Dixon Street, and that was a foreign bank. Leach: And then they moved on to Amity Street on Eighth Avenue. Right. Right there. Where Dr. O'Malley's in there now. They moved in there. Then they moved from there. They moved down there. They got that big place there on Eighth Avenue. Down Street. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: Yeah, sure. That's the same same company. Yeah. Barrett: The foreign. Duffy: They was incorporated in that building. They fixed that building up where Doc-- the doctor is now. Leach: Doc O'Malley. Duffy: Then that was their first federal savings and loan.

Barrett: Who set up this foreign bank that you mentioned? Who was that?

Duffy: There was a group of foreign people like Steve Popovich was one, I think he is. Leach: Yeah. He's still living and he still got stock in it. He's one of the officers. He's one. Duffy: He probably has 51% of it. Barrett: Yeah.

Barrett: Well, what did he do? Did the people that set up the bank, were they steelworkers or--

Duffy: Some of them was. He was. He's an undertaker. Prokopovich. Yeah. And some of the foreign people. Leach: Well, you you know yourself, the-- the-- the foreign-- foreign people, they like to save their money, then. Yeah. Yeah. They had a place there to save it.

Barrett: Well, when you were either of you, when you-- When you were kids, can you remember what relations were like between, say, a kid that was born in the United States and spoke English and everything, and a kid that was born with--

Duffy: And we played with colored?

Leach: Oh heck yeah.

Barrett: Everything was pretty mixed then.

Duffy: No discrimination at all.

Leach: As well as I do. Our-- our classes even in high school was 10% Black. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: And they all got a good education.

Barrett: Were these families of of men that were working in the mill? Leach: Yeah, that's right. Barrett: When would you-- would you have been in school then?

Leach: In the 20s? Barrett: Okay.

Duffy: I even remember that back when they built that Homestead post office up there, I was going to Saint Mary's School up there. Barrett: Uh huh. Duffy: And we used to come down there at lunch time. I was only a first or second grade. We used to come down, down on the-- after lunch, carried our lunch at school, come down there and the men would be working there, you know, had it all barricaded off their post office up there.

Barrett: What were the kind of places where people got together? I mean, was it mostly church stuff or were there fraternal organizations?

Duffy: They used to have picnics on a Sunday during the summertime up here where I'm living out there now. That place used to be a picnic grounds up there. It was on a terrace like that there. And sometimes there'd be a dozen picnics up there, beer, picnics there and everything going on up there.

Barrett: At one time, you mean?

Duffy: Yeah. There would be a dozen, dozens of picnics.

Barrett: Who were those groups? Just. Just groups of friends, I mean. Or were there organizations--

Duffy: From Rankin, Braddock and Swissvale there and Homestead there and Homeville there and different places there, you know? Whittaker. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: They used to have their times on a Sunday up there. Good times, too.

Frank Leach: There wasn't too many organizations around at that particular time. Just a group originated the affairs that they was having and invited a number of friends to whatever occasion it was.

Barrett: I want to ask you both about work and some other things, but maybe I better get this basic information down on you, Mr. Leach, first. Um, first, let me make sure I got your name right. I've got Frank Leach. L E A C H.

Leach: L E A C H.

Barrett: Right. Okay. Leach: Leach. Barrett: Okay. And your home is 1628 West Street Homestead. Leach: That's right. Barrett: Okay.

Leach: It's four doors down from the hospital.

Barrett: Okay. How old are you right now, Mr. Leach?

Leach: 70 years old. Barrett: Okay.

Leach: My last birthday. Barrett: Okay. And where were you born? Leach: Homestead.

Barrett: Okay. Leach: April 14th, 1906.

Barrett: So you've lived your whole life here?

Leach: Yeah, that's right. Barrett: Okay.

Barrett: And, uh, what about your mom and dad? Where were they born?

Leach: Uh, my mother was born in Orbisonia. That's up around Mount Union. Black Lodge. Barrett: Yes. Leach: That area up there. My father was born up in Germantown. Carrick.

Barrett: Okay. So both of them were born in the United States?

Leach: Oh yes, definitely. Barrett: Yeah.

Barrett: And no language was spoken in your home other than English.

Leach: That's. That's right. Barrett: Okay.

Barrett: What did your dad do?

Leach: My dad is passed away. He was a manager for-- in around 1900. He was a manager for, for this big saloon keeper up on the corner of Hazel or City Farm Lane. Uh, Coney Stars. He was a millionaire hotel keeper, and my dad was managing his affairs up there. Barrett: Yeah.

Barrett: And so that wasn't a working man's saloon. That was like a big hotel or something.

Leach: It was a working, working man's saloon. And at that particular time, where. OH4, you know, where OH4 is now, that wasn't there was a big ball field there. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: And they had big, big affairs come in there. And as well as the men working in the mills would come out and get their lunch and dinners and so forth at this particular place.

Barrett: So that might have been the closest saloon to the at least to that part of the mill?

Leach: Yes. And they concentrated most of their business on the affairs that was being held at this big ball ballpark there. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: They had some pretty big affairs and some pretty good teams from all over the country come there.

Barrett: And did your dad do that all his life?

Leach: No, he-- when Coney Stars went out of business, he left I believe he left up here and went down to Florida. Uh, my dad went out of that business and.

Barrett: But you stayed here then when you.

Leach: Yeah, we stayed. Stayed here. In fact, he. He went with the Homestead Steelworks. He went into the hard axle works. It was an axle maker when he retired in 19-- 1930.

Duffy: He had that down there. And West Street there, didn't they?

Leach: Yes. That's from the river up to to Sixth Avenue. A long ways, though, horizontal. And he was an axle maker when he retired there.

Barrett: How long did he work in in that job, do you remember?

Leach: Uh, well, he was. I'd say 30 some years. Yeah. 30 some years.

Barrett: So when you were a kid, he was--

Leach: Well, I wasn't born till 1906. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: But I wasn't very old when, when he retired in 1930 or 31. Something like that.

Barrett: How about, uh, the, um, politics and religious background of your family? What--

Leach: Well, my dad, he was one of the first school directors in West Homestead when it was originated. And he came to came to Homestead a year before Homestead was incorporated. And that would be, uh, 1879. And he was one of the first volunteer firemen.

Barrett: Yeah, I've seen some pictures of them. Yeah.

Leach: He was, uh, first school board in West Homestead.

Barrett: Was the area mostly Republican then?

Leach: Uh, good. Good part of it. I'd say 90% of it was Republican at that particular time. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: But outside of those politics, he was never in anything. And. And I myself was in politics. Very shortly I, I dropped out of it before it practically got started. I refused a couple of jobs. One was for council and one was for school director and I turned them down in-- in the 30s. But, uh, I definitely wasn't going to be a yes man. I want to do that. I had a, had a turn, a job down.

Barrett: Politics changed at some point in Homestead from Republican to Democrat. Do either of you remember much?

Leach: Yes. It had changed that the trend when Roosevelt in 1932, every-- everybody started to change their party from Republican to Democrat. And the politicians was doing it mostly.

Barrett: Yeah.

Leach: To in order to get a landslide.

Barrett: You mean Republicans jumping on to the Democrat?

Leach: They-- the 90% went the other way. Barrett: Yeah. Yeah. Leach: In a period of four years, I'd say in between 32 and 36. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: They jumped from Republican and then you got almost 90% Democrats. Barrett: Yeah.

Barrett: Uh, well, if the politicians were changing just for political reasons, you know, to make sure that they got elected, what-- what about the people that were voting? Why did people start voting Democratic? How did they feel about Roosevelt and things like that?

Leach: Well, they thought Roosevelt was doing a wonderful thing, and that's the reason he went in so many times.

Duffy: He spoke on a lot of good things there. He spoke on good things and the people went for him, you know? Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: Roosevelt. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: Went for him there.

Barrett: And did people-- I'm sorry.

Leach: [simultaneous talking] They filled up, they figure all the people felt that the programs that Roosevelt created helped them all get work. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: He originated that. What was it, the three C's?

Barrett: Yeah, the Civilian Conservation Corps.

Leach: That's right. Yeah. They originated that. He put so many men back to work. He also.

Duffy: Didn't he put in Social Security through there?

Leach: Yes. The Social Security went in there. He repealed the liquor.

Barrett: Yeah.

Leach: Prohibition, prohibition. And the whole world just seemed to pick up. Barrett: Yeah. Yeah. Leach: They-- they give him the credit for it.

Barrett: Somebody told me he came here at some point.

Leach: And then-- then your politicians, your politicians at that particular time had their group of followers. Barrett: Uh huh. Leach: Like. Like your wards in the borough. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: He knew every person in that ward. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: So nine out of ten of them would get those people to go down and change their registration. So you can vote for me or vote. Vote for my party.

Barrett: Do you-- Do you remember any kind of overlap between, uh, bosses in the mill and political bosses in the community? Duffy: Yeah.

Duffy: Yeah. One time down there everybody was a Catholic, you couldn't get a job in there.

Barrett: In the mill.

Duffy: Same way over at Edgar Thompson, everybody was a Catholic couldn't get a job.

Barrett: But by your time, was that already-- Do you remember when that changed?

Duffy: [simultaneous talking] Oh, it changed, though. When was it? But about the.

Leach: [simultaneous talking] There was friction.

Duffy: [simultaneous talking] Pretty close to 30 or 25 or something. I got there around that time there.

Leach: [simultaneous talking] Yes, that was the same.

Duffy: Because they had they had the family affair in there. You know, fella get to be boss there. And he brought all these uncles and aunts and brothers and sisters and sons and everything else in there. And that was it.

Leach: [simultaneous talking] That's right. It was mostly.

Leach: [simultaneous talking] Scotch and like Welsh. English. Welsh. Which Carnegie guess was. Wasn't he a Scotchman?

Duffy: He was a Scotchman.

Barrett: Yeah. Did promotion into skilled jobs go like that, too?

Leach: Yeah, that's right.

Duffy: The blacksmith shop was all run there by England. Barrett: Yeah. Yeah, that's right. Duffy: Stevens.

Leach: And most of those pushed out of the steelworks branched out into political jobs in the boroughs so that they one could get favours this way or favours that way because they-- They was doing it. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: Yeah, they're doing it today.

Duffy: Yeah. They're still-- still doing it with the schoolteachers there now. Leach: That's right. Duffy: You notice a superintendent of school there. You, you have a friend here and a friend there and stuff like that there. Well, this guy wants his daughter in there. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: They don't. They don't figure on the education or anything. They figure on the friend. Barrett: Yeah.

Leach: For a long time, you would see the mayor of Munhall or the mayor of West Homestead. The mayor of Homestead was all superintendents in the plants.

Barrett: Yeah. Yeah, that's what I was wondering about. That-- that kind of stuff happened.

Leach: They call them Ferguson [??].

Duffy: Yeah. Yeah. Today they.

Barrett: Call them. Well, would these guys. How did they. How did they run their. Their, uh, political machine? Could they tell people in the mills, like, what? To vote, you know? Duffy: Oh, yeah. Yeah.

Duffy: Bosses told them what-- how to vote. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: But that was up to the individual. How to vote there when he went outside. Barrett: Yeah. Duffy: But the boss told them how to vote. Bosses.

Leach: And one-- one. Catered to the boards of of the borough and the boards of the steel company. Got their heads together. All do this for me. All set up for you?

Duffy: All set?

Barrett: Yeah. And there was never any kind of a labor candidate or anything in in Homestead? It was always just Republican? Nobody ever tried to--

Leach: I think at one time they did have a Labor Party, that at one time we had seven parties on our-- on our--

Barrett: Well, that's a lot.

Leach: Communists. Barrett: Yeah. Leach: Labor Party. Offhand, I can't name them, but I'm pretty sure there was seven different parties. Barrett: Yeah.

Barrett: Was there a-- I didn't ask you about your nationality background, Mr. Leach. What-- what's your-- where's your family from originally?