Guide to the Henry Clay Frick Business Records, 1862-1987 AIS.2002.06
Arrangement
Repository
ULS Archives & Special Collections
Title
Henry Clay Frick Business Records
Creator
Helen Clay Frick Foundation
Creator
Frick, Henry Clay
Collection Number
AIS.2002.06
Extent
250 Linear Feet
Date
1862-1987
Abstract
The Henry Clay Frick Business Records contain material reflecting the business and financial activities of Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919) with particular relevance to Pittsburgh and the western Pennsylvania region. These materials highlight Frick's ascent into prominence during a period of American industrial growth. The resources range from Frick's initial forays into business, including his first coal firm, H.C. Frick & Company, to his negotiations that facilitated the mega merger that formed United States Steel Corporation in 1899. Some of Frick's most prominent associates were many of the steel and financial titans of the Gilded Age, including Andrew Carnegie, Charles Schwab, Andrew Mellon, Henry Oliver, H.H. Rogers, Henry Phipps, and J.P. Morgan. Frick especially kept in frequent correspondence with Andrew Carnegie among many others as noted in the collection material. The bulk of the collection dates from 1881 to 1914, when Frick was most active in the coal and steel industry in Pittsburgh. Digital reproductions of this collection are available online.
Language
English
.
Author
Alesha Shumar and Matthew Yount.
Sponsor
Funding for this project was made available by Helen Clay Frick Foundation.
Publisher
ULS Archives & Special Collections
Address
University of Pittsburgh Library System Archives & Special Collections Website: library.pitt.edu/archives-special-collections Contact Us: www.library.pitt.edu/ask-archivist URL: http://library.pitt.edu/archives-special-collections
Existence and Location of Copies
Digital reproductions of the correspondence between Frick and Carnegie are digitized and online. This includes correspondence held by the The Frick Collection and Frick Art Reference Library in New York City. Several scrapbooks containing newsclippings created by the Carnegie Steel Company documenting the Homestead Steel Strike are digitized as are scrapbooks created by the H.C. Frick Coke Company to document the coal and coke industry in southwest Pennsylvania.
Biography
Industrialist and art patron, Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919), was born in West Overton, Pennsylvania, a rural village settled by Mennonites about 40 miles southeast of Pittsburgh, Pa. His grandfather, Abraham Overholt, owner of the Overholt farm and distillery, was a respected figure in his small village. Frick's future economic gains would be tied in-part to the location of his family's homestead. The Overholt farm was situated in the middle of the Pittsburgh Coal seam in the coal rich Connellsville region of Fayette County, Pa. At the age of 21, Frick realized the potential of the local bituminous coal and borrowed money to form a partnership, Frick & Company, a coal and coke-producing firm. The newly-formed business used beehive ovens and blast furnaces to turn coal into coke, a fuel product that was in great demand by the growing steel industry in Pittsburgh. This was a highly successful venture and Frick soon controlled eighty percent of the coke output of Pennsylvania. During a financial panic in 1873, Frick seized the opportunity to buy out competitors, ally himself with the powerful Andrew Carnegie, and ensured a steady business by supplying his many steel companies. By 1879 at the age of thirty, Frick had made himself a millionaire.
Eventually, Carnegie brought Frick into Carnegie Brothers & Company, making him chairman. This created a reciprocal partnership: Carnegie supplied Frick with regular business and Frick provided a consistent supply of coke for Carnegie's mills. As Chairman, Frick quickly reorganized all of Carnegie's industrial firms and created the world's largest coke and steel company under the name Carnegie Steel Company. Although business was booming, tension began to grow between the two industrialists and came to a breaking point with the labor strike at the Homestead Works, part of Carnegie Steel Company. Although it was always Carnegie's intention to eliminate the unions in his mills, despite his union friendly persona, it was Henry Clay Frick who took the first action against the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers union. Although Carnegie fully supported Frick's decision and manner in which to break the strike, he quickly distanced himself from the now infamous and violent altercation that occurred at the Homestead mill in 1892. Frick was criticized for causing the death and carnage that arose from the strike which directly lead to an assassination attempt on his life by Alexander Berkman and Berkman's companion, Emma Goldman. Frick survived the attack, making a full-recovery, but as the years went-on, he continued to have countless disputes with Carnegie which eventually resulted in Frick's resignation in 1899. Despite his resignation, Frick remained an active board member and continued to make decisions for the Carnegie Steel Company even assisting in the planning that eventually led to the formation of the United States Steel Corporation in late 1899.
In the early 1900s, Frick expanded his interests and built a large coke and steel plant in Clairton, Pa., called St. Clair Steel Company, while simultaneously investing in mining firms in West Virginia, Colorado, Wyoming, and in central Peru. Frick also made several major real estate investments in downtown Pittsburgh, financing building projects which included the Frick Building, Frick Annex, William Penn Hotel, and Union Arcade. During these pursuits, the Frick family experienced major personal tragedy with the death of his second daughter, Martha, and youngest son, Henry Clay, Jr., within a year of each other in late 1892. By 1905, Frick's business and social interests had shifted from Pittsburgh to New York City. Frick moved his family including wife Adelaide and two other children, Childs and Helen Clay, to New York, where they spent the first ten years living in a Vanderbilt mansion on Fifth Avenue. Frick constructed his New York City mansion between 1913 and 1914, located at Seventieth Street and Fifth Avenue where he lived until his death in 1919. Frick left a fortune of nearly $50,000,000 with more than eighty percent of the amount being donated to charitable organizations.
In Frick's later life, he made many charitable contributions to both New York City and Pittsburgh. Frick and his daughter, Helen Clay, were avid patrons of the arts and over the years amassed a famed collection of early-Renaissance and eighteenth-century French paintings and furniture, as well as some nineteenth and twentieth century English pieces. The main portion of the Frick art collection is housed at The Frick Collection in his former New York mansion, converted into a museum since 1935. However, a small portion of his art collection is on display at the Frick Art & Historical Center at Clayton, Frick's Pittsburgh estate, also turned into a museum in late 1990.
Frick was a strong believer in the arts and education, so much so that he commissioned a fund to supplement educational opportunities for public school teachers in Pittsburgh. The fund was made permanent in 1916, and known as the Henry Clay Frick Educational Commission. In addition Frick would also provide many individual grants for special training to prospective teachers. The special grants were combined with the commission and eventually became known as the Henry Clay Frick Training School for Teachers.
After her father's death, Helen continued his stated civic mission of "encouraging and developing the study of the fine arts and of advancing the general knowledge of kindred subjects," and developed the University of Pittsburgh's Henry Clay Frick Fine Arts Department in 1928. Later in 1965, she funded the Frick Fine Arts Building to house the department of fine arts and Frick Fine Arts Library, as well as the University of Pittsburgh teaching collection. Prior to that in November 1921, with aid from the Mellon family and the Frick Trust, the University of Pittsburgh acquired a 14 acre plot of land known as "Frick Acres" in the Oakland district of Pittsburgh for the site of the Cathedral of Learning, the tallest educational building erected in the United States. Helen's other charitable contributions included the creation of a vacation home for young female textile workers at Eagle Rock, Frick's vacation home in Pride's Crossing, Massachusetts; Frick Park in Pittsburgh; and transformation of Henry's childhood home into a museum known as West Overton Village, a pre-American Civil War historic Mennonite village.
In 2001, the Helen Clay Frick Foundation Archives was entrusted to the Frick Art Reference Library in New York City and the University of Pittsburgh's Archive Service Center. The Helen Clay Frick Foundation divided the collection and placed the personal papers and photographs of the Frick family on deposit at The Frick Collection in New York City and deposited Henry Clay's business records at the University of Pittsburgh. The archives were originally established in an effort to preserve, organize, and make accessible the records of Henry Clay Frick, his businesses, and family.
Arrangement
The collection is arranged into the following 29 series:
Series I. Abraham Overholt & Company, 1881-1888
Series II. Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd., 1867-1894
Series III. Carnegie Company, 1900-1901
Series IV. Carnegie Steel Company, Ltd., 1892-1900
Series V. Carnegie, Phipps, & Company, Ltd., 1887 to 1893
Series VI. Cerro de Pasco Companies, 1901-1925
Series VII. Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company, 1901-1904
Series VIII. Clairton Street Railway Company, 1905-1916
Series IX. Correspondence, 1883-1919
Series X. Ephemeral Material, 1878-1947
Series XI. Faraday Coal & Coke Company, 1862-1934
Series XII. Frick Building, 1897-1983
Series XIII. Henry Clay Frick Coke Companies, 1871-1900
Series XIV. Highland Building, 1909-1922
Series XV. Hump Removal, 1899-1914
Series XVI. Jellico Coal Lands, 1903-1943
Series XVII. Josiah Vankirk Thompson, 1914-1920
Series XVIII. Shaw Coal Company, 1890-1925
Series XIX. St. Clair Improvements Company, 1901-1915
Series XX. St. Paul Coal Company, 1914-1926
Series XXI. Union Arcade Building/Union Trust Building, 1906-1948
Series XXII. Union Trust Company, 1895-1921
Series XXIII. Union, Joliet, and Illinois Steel Companies, 1884-1902
Series XXIV. United States Steel Corporation, 1899-1919
Series XXV. Westmoreland- Fayette Historical Society, 1906-1987
Series XXVI. William Penn Hotel, 1890-1925
Series XXVII. Pittsburgh Atlases and Plat Maps
Series XXVIII. Maps and Architectural Drawings
Series XXIX. Printed Materials
Access Restrictions
None other than a portion of the material in Series XII. Frick Building, Subseries 6. Frick Building Employee Material is restricted for 75 years from date of creation. Until this restriction is removed, researchers wishing to access these records must sign a confidentiality agreement with the Archives Service Center.
Acquisition Informantion
Deposited by the Helen Clay Frick Foundation in 2002. Subsequently gifted to the University of Pittsburgh in July 2015.
Custodial History
The majority of the original manuscript collection was housed in compact shelving on the second floor of the carriage house at Clayton, the Frick family's Pittsburgh estate, while some of the Frick family letters and Helen's personal papers could be found Frick's New York City estate.
When Helen Clay Frick died in 1984, she bequeathed the family archives to her namesake foundation; however, she did not specifically identify where the archival material should be permanently housed. In 2001, an agreement was reached whereby Henry Clay Frick's business records would be housed in the University of Pittsburgh's Archives Service Center; the remainder, including family letters and Helen Clay Frick's papers, would go to the Archives of The Frick Collection and Frick Art Reference Library (FARL) in New York City.
The University of Pittsburgh was the recipient of a major grant from the Helen Clay Frick Foundation to work on processing the collection. (The Frick Foundation made a similar award to FARL to work on that portion of the collection held there.) This grant funded archival work has made it possible for this significant collection to be available to researchers. In addition to complete processing and the full description of the collection made by a team of archivists, the Archives Service Center enabled the encoding of the extensive and detailed finding aid to be viewed online.
The collection is held in the Archives Service Center, within the University of Pittsburgh Library System. Unless noted, the collection is unrestricted and available for research use in the Archives Service Center Reading Room.
Preferred Citation
Henry Clay Frick Business Records, 1862-1987, AIS.2002.06, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Processing Information
This collection was processed by Project Archivists Matthew Yount (2004-2007) and Alesha Shumar (2009-2010), with assistance from Julie Aher (2004-2006) and Zach Brodt (2010). As part of an internship program in 2006, abstracts to portions of the Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie correspondence were created by Anna Dabrishus, David Thielet, and Todd Thomas, undergraduate students at the University of Pittsburgh majoring in History.
Copyright
Permission for publication is given on behalf of the University of Pittsburgh as the custodian of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained.
Related Material
Frick Family Papers, The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives, New York City, New York
Associated Brotherhood of Iron and Steel Heaters, Roughers and Rollers of the United States Records, 1872-1875, AIS.1973.11, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Bernard Gorczyca Papers, 1940-2006, AIS.2006.16, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Brashear Association, Pittsburgh, Pa. Records, 1891-1978, AIS.1979.17, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Civic Club of Allegheny County Records, 1896-1974, AIS1970.02, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Correspondence of Charles M. Schwab, 1891, AIS.1994.02, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Eugene Henry Jobson, 1925-1941, AIS.1990.06, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
James Bonar Papers, 1912-1980, AIS.1965.13, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
John Gates Photograph Collection, ca. 1910, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Ken Kobus Photograph Collection, AIS.2006.18, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Kingsley Association Records, 1894-1980, AIS.1970.05, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Oliver Iron and Steel Company Records, 1863-1930, AIS.1964.06, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2002 AIS.1971.05, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Pittsburgh Railways Company Records, 1872-1974, AIS.1974.29, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Ralph D. Webb, Jr. Records, relating to the Carnegie Steel Company, 1936-1938, AIS.1997.09, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Ralph E. Griswold, GWSM, Inc. Collection, 1912-1988, AIS.2001.10, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Steffi Domike Papers, 1946-1994, AIS.1997.20, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Union Arcade Building Photographs, 1915-1916, AIS.2005.09, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
United Steelworkers of America Local 1397 (Homestead, PA) Records, 1937-1972, AIS.1993.17, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
William H. Coleman Papers, 1906-1942, AIS.1964.18, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
William J. Gaughan Collection, 1887-1988, AIS.1994.03, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
William Martin Papers, 1866-1933, AIS.2005.06, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
William P. Feeney Papers, AIS.2000.11, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
William Penn Hotel, 1914-1916, AIS.2008.01, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System
Scope and Content Notes
The Henry Clay Frick Business Records contains material reflecting the business and financial activities of Henry Clay Frick (1849–1919) with particular relevance to Pittsburgh and the western Pennsylvania region. These materials highlight Frick's ascent into prominence during a period of American industrial growth in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The resources range from Frick's first businesses, including his first coal firm, H.C. Frick & Company, to correspondence between Frick and Andrew Carnegie, which also includes Frick's negotiations that facilitated the mega merger that formed United States Steel Corporation in 1899. The material also addresses aspects of business specific to the late ninetieth century coke industry, including bituminous coal mining, beehive ovens, and railroad transportation.
The Henry Clay Frick Business Records contain 29 series that date from 1881 to 1987; the majority of the materials date from 1881 to 1914, when Frick was most active in the coal and steel industry in Pittsburgh. The majority of the material is categorized into four types of records: administrative material, financial records, legal material, and ephemeral items. The administrative material are generally made up of correspondence, letterpress copybooks, memoranda, invoices, company charters, meeting minutes, by-laws, deeds, contracts, certificates, pamphlets, proposals, specifications, labor costs, property assessments, building construction records, architectural drawings, blue prints, newspaper clipping scrapbooks, atlases, and plat maps. The financial records consist of receipts, reports, statements, stock accounts, taxes, bills, lease matters, rent and building costs, cashbooks, sales journals, accounts payable receipts, mortgages, estate/property values, as well as profit and loss statements. There is a small amount of legal material which has records of court cases, case notes, court rulings, and attorney services. The ephemera items include keys, stone samples, printing plates, and post cards. Further description is available at the series and subseries level.
Previous Citation
Henry Clay Frick Business Records, 1862-1987, AIS.2002.06, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh
Helen Clay Frick Foundation Archives, 1892-1987, AIS.2002.06, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh
Bibliography
Boehmig, Stuart P. Downtown Pittsburgh. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2007.
Brody, John. Steelworkers in America: The nonunion era. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press, 1960.
Brophy, John. A Miner's Life. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964.
Burgoyne, Arthur G. Homestead Strike of 1892. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979.
Carnegie, Andrew. The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie; and, The gospel of wealth. New York: Signet Classics, 2006.
Clayton, Lawrence A. Peru and the United States: The condor and the eagle. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999.
Collin, John F.S. Stringtown on the Pike: Tales and History of East Liberty. Ann Arbor: Edward Brothers, 1966.
DiCiccio, Carmen. Coal and Coke in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1996.
Fisher, Douglas A. Steel Serves the Nation, 1901-1951: A fifty year story of United States Steel. New York: United States Steel Corporation, 1951.
Hamersly, Lewis Randolph. Who's who in Pennsylvania; containing authentic biographies of Pennsylvanians who are leaders and representatives in various departments of worthy human achievement. New York, L.R. Hamersly company, 1904.
Hessen, Robert. Steel Titan: the Life of Charles M. Schwab. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Hillstrom, Kevin and Laurie Collier Hillstrom. Industrial revolution in America. Vol. 1, Iron and steel. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005.
Ingham, John N. Biographical dictionary of American business leaders. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1983.
Ingham, John N. Making Iron and Steel: Independent Mills in Pittsburgh, 1820-1920. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1991.
Kidney, Walter. Landmark Architecture: Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh History and Landmark Foundation, 1997.
Killikelly, Sarah Hutchins. The History of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA: B.C. & Gordon Montgomery, 1906.
Lichtenstein, Nelson, et al. Who Built America?: From 1877 to Present, Vol. 2. New York: Worth, 2000.
Long, Priscilla. Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry. New York: Paragon House, 1989.
Morris, Charles R. The Tycoons: how Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan invented the American supereconomy. New York: H. Holt and Co., 2005.
Nasaw, David. Andrew Carnegie. New York: Penguin Press, 2006.
Roush, G.A. (ed). The Mineral Industry: Its statistics, technology and trade during 1915. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1916.
Sanger, Martha Frick Symington. Henry Clay Frick: An intimate Portrait. New York: Abbeville Press, 1998.
Schreiner, Jr. Samuel A. Henry Clay Frick: The Gospel of Greed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.
Thurston, George Henry. Allegheny County's Hundred Years. Pittsburgh, PA: A.A. Anderson & Son, Book and job printers, 1888.
Trachtenberg, Alexander. The History of Legislation for the Protection of Coal Miners in Pennsylvania, 1824–1915. New York: International Publishers, 1942.
Warren, Kenneth. Big Steel: The first century of the United State Steel Corporation, 1901-2001. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
Warren, Kenneth. Triumphant Capitalism. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996.
Warren, Kenneth. The American Steel Industry, 1850-1970: a geographical interpretation. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973.
Whitelaw, Nancy. Homestead Steel Strike of 1892. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds, 2006.
Subjects
Corporate Names
William Penn Hotel (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Highland Building (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Frick Building (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Union Trust Building (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Union Arcade Building (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Allegheny County Courthouse and Jail (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Carnegie Steel Company. Lucy Furnaces
D.H. Burnham & Company
Homestead Steel Works. Carrie Furnaces
Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd. Duquesne Steel Works
Federal Steel Company
United States Steel Corporation. Edgar Thomson Works
Keystone Bridge Company
Abraham Overholt & Company
Carnegie Steel Company. Lorimer Coke Works
Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd. Monastery Coke Works
Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company
Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad Company
Pinkerton's National Detective Agency
Pittsburgh & Western Railway Company
Carnegie, Phipps & Co.
H. C. Frick Coal Company
Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company
H. C. Frick Coke Company
Clairton Street Railway Company
H. C. Frick Coal and Coke Company
Faraday Coal & Coke Company
Shaw Coal Company
United States Steel Corporation
Union Iron & Steel Company
Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd. Youghiogheny Coke Works
Carnegie Steel Company. Sciota Ore Mines
Carnegie Steel Company. Union Iron Mills
H. C. Frick Coke Company. Beech Fork Works
Union Club (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Homestead Steel Works
Personal Names
Frick, Adelaide Childs
Frick, Martha
Overholt, Abraham
Overholt, Christian
Overholt, Jacob
Overholt, Henry
Overholt, Karl F.
Overholt, J. S. R.
Carnegie, Andrew
Carnegie, Thomas M.
Childs, Otis H.
Frick, Helen Clay
Frick, Henry Clay
Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont)
Schwab, Charles M.
Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William)
Mellon, Thomas
Tintsman, Abraham
Phipps, Henry
Abbott, William L. (William Latham)
Gary, Elbert H. (Elbert Henry)
Rogers, Henry Huttleston
Oliver, Henry William
Berkman, Alexander
Burham, D. H. (Daniel Hudson)
Osterling, F. J.
Carr, William A.
Gayley, James
Thompson, Josiah Vankirk
Family Names
Overholt family
Geographic Names
Pennsylvania, Western
West Virginia
Kentucky
Virginia
New Jersey
Westmoreland County (Pa.)
Downtown (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
Pocahontas Coal Seam (W. Va.)
Monongahela River Valley (W. Va. and Pa.)
New York (N.Y.)
Cerro de Pasco (Peru)
Monongahela River (W. Va. and Pa.)
Mount Pleasant (Westmoreland County, Pa. : Township)
West Overton (Pa.)
Connellsville (Pa.)
Broad Ford (Pa.)
Clairton (Pa.)
Pittsburgh (Pa.)
Allegheny County (Pa.)
Bucks County (Pa.)
Other Subjects
Manufacturing industries -- Pennsylvania
Whiskey industry -- Pennsylvania
Buildings -- Pennsylvania -- Pittsburgh -- Design and construction
Labor
Coal trade -- Pennsylvania
Coal mines and mining -- Pennsylvania
Coke industry -- Pennsylvania
Architecture
Steel industry and trade -- Pennsylvania
Business and Industry
Railroads -- Pennsylvania
Container List
Historical Background
In the early 1880s, Andrew Carnegie decided to consolidate his steel interests by combining his Pittsburgh based businesses of the Lucy Furnaces, Edgar Thomson Steel Works, Monastery Coke Works, Carnegie & Company's Larimer Coke Works, Sciota Ore Mines, and Union Iron Mills into one company formally organized under the name Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited. The consolidation provided the new company with an interest of approximately $5 million dollars, with Carnegie owning more than half. In the same year, Henry Clay Frick began to supply the newly formed company with coal and coke needed for the production and transport of iron and steel. Frick eventually became the main supplier of coke to Carnegie's mills. With the death of Thomas Carnegie, Andrew's brother and business partner, in 1886, Frick was given the opportunity to manage a portion of the company. Frick, insuring his investment in the business, bought a small portion of the company's shares. With increasing responsibilities in the company, Frick was promoted and named chairman of Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited. In this position Frick moved quickly and assisted in the reorganization of Carnegie's steel businesses. Frick initiated far-reaching improvements and directed the buy out of Carnegie's chief competitor, Duquesne Steel Works. In 1892, Frick persuaded Carnegie to merge Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited and Carnegie, Phipps & Company into one large company: Carnegie Steel Company, Limited. This merger to Carnegie Steel was formally organized on July 1, 1892.
The Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited had investments and contracts in railway production and transport. The company had many business contacts most notably being the Steel Patent Company, Pittsburgh & Western Railway, Rail Makes' Association, and Keystone Bridge Company. The Steel Patent Company of Philadelphia advised steel companies on litigation over steel patents and processes. The Rail Makers' Association was created by a group of companies that were involved in rail production. Businesses like the Carnegie companies, Illinois Steel Company, Bethlehem Iron Company, and many others wanted to secure uniformity of the railways. The Pittsburgh and Western Railway Company was originally organized on September 7, 1877 under the name of the Pittsburgh, New Castle & Lake Erie Railroad. Carnegie Brother & Company, Limited was an investor and supplier to the Pittsburgh and Western Railway. Carnegie and several associates also reorganized the Piper and Schiffler Company to create the Keystone Bridge Company which produced iron materials for building railroad bridges.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains materials of the Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited, including business records, correspondence, agreements, reports, financial statements, estimates, copybooks, and a court case that documents the business deals with railway, steel, and patent companies. The majority of the material consists of incoming correspondences to Frick from such noted businessmen as Robert F. Kennedy, President of Steel Patents Company and Rail Maker's Association secretary; Henry Oliver, Pittsburgh and Western Railway Company President; A.L. Griffin, President of Keystone Bridge Company; Charles M. Schwab, general Superintendent of Edgar Thomson Steel Works and Furnaces; and C.L. Strobel, Chief Engineer of Keystone Bridge Company. Other materials pertaining to specific interests of Carnegie and Frick include dealings with local businesses such as Duquesne Steel Works and Carnegie Natural Gas Company.
The materials date from 1867 to 1894; however, the bulk of the materials are from 1886 to 1891. There are also two letterpress copybooks that contain outgoing letters from the company's Chairman, H.C. Frick, to various businessmen, including Andrew Carnegie. The record books date from January 1889 to January 1892.
Related Material
Additional letterpress copybooks that contain outgoing correspondence from Henry Clay Frick to Andrew Carnegie can also be found in Series IX. Correspondence, 1883-1919, Subseries 1. Andrew Carnegie, 1883-1912. Abstracts and digitized contents are available.
Containers
box 6, folder 1
Containers
box 6, folder 2
Containers
box 6, folder 3
Containers
box 6, folder 4
Containers
box 6, folder 5
Containers
box 6, folder 6
Containers
box 6, folder 7
Containers
box 6, folder 8
Containers
box 6, folder 9
Containers
box 6, folder 10
Containers
box 6, folder 11
Containers
box 6, folder 12
Containers
box 6, folder 13
Containers
box 6, folder 14
Containers
box 6, folder 15
Containers
box 6, folder 16
Containers
box 6, folder 17
Containers
box 6, folder 18
Containers
box 6, folder 19
Containers
box 6, folder 20
Containers
box 6, folder 21
Containers
box 6, folder 22
Containers
box 7, folder 1
Containers
box 7, folder 2
Containers
box 7, folder 3
Containers
box 7, folder 4
Containers
box 7, folder 5
Containers
box 7, folder 6
Containers
box 7, folder 7
Containers
box 7, folder 8
Containers
box 8, volume 1
Scope and Content Notes
The letterpress copybooks comprises copies of outgoing correspondence from H.C. Frick to numerous individuals. Due to the significance of Frick's correspondence with Andrew Carnegie in particular, abstracts were created for these specific letters by History undergraduate students interning at the Archives Service Center. The numbering besides each item below refers to the page number in the copybook where the letter can be found.
The Carnegie Company was formally organized in New Jersey on March 24, 1900. The company owned the stock of the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, a corporation formed to carry on the various steel and iron establishments, plants and properties in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, region. The Carnegie Company controlled the plants and properties which mined and manufactured coal, coke, iron, and steel. The Carnegie Company in total owned and controlled thirteen companies: Edgar Thomson Furnaces, Duquesne Furnaces, Carrie Furnaces, Lucy Furnaces, Edgar Thomas Steel Works, Duquesne Steel Works, Homestead Steel Works, Upper Union Mills, Lower Union Mills, Keystone Bridge Works, Youghiogheny Coke Works, Lorimer Coke Works, and Pittsburgh Bessemer & Lake Erie Railroad. The Carnegie Company was formed by merger of Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, and the H.C. Frick Coke Company. The directors of the Carnegie Company were President Charles Schwab, Vice President Henry Phipps, Secretary Andrew M. Moreland, and William W. Blackburn. The company had an authorized capital of $160,000,000. The properties of this company constituted the largest aggregation of industries under one management in the world at the time.
The newly formed company continued to be competitive and superior by continually expanding and acquiring new resources, but, this expansion was closely watched by Carnegie's rivals. The merger piqued the interest of J.P. Morgan, railroad magnate and chairman of Federal Steel Company who became aware that Carnegie's expansion could ruin his steel interests. In December of 1900, Charles M. Schwab, president of the Carnegie Steel Company, was honored at a dinner that was held at the University Club in New York City. Many prominent businessmen like Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, and Standard Oil President, H.H. Rogers, attended the dinner. After the dinner, Schwab was asked to give a speech on his vision of the steel industry in the twentieth century. Schwab's vision included the U.S. steel industry taking on foreign steelmakers by uniting firms and combining complementary operations while slashing costs across the board.
Morgan was so impressed by what Schwab envisioned that he asked to have a meeting with him. At first Schwab refused, but eventually agreed due to Morgan's persistence. Both men met secretly to discuss buying out Carnegie's shares. While Schwab met with Carnegie and eventually convinced him to sell, the principal architect of the deal was Elbert H. Gary, who became U. S. Steel's first chairman. Gary and Morgan bought Carnegie's steel company for $480,000,000 and combined it with their holdings in the Gary's Federal Steel Company. Carnegie's empire ended on February 25, 1901, when he agreed to sign an agreement to sell his company.
The combination of steel operations owned by Andrew Carnegie with Gary's Federal Steel Company became the nucleus of United States Steel, which also included American Steel & Wire Company, National Tube Company, American Bridge Company, Federal Steel Company, American Tin Plate Company, American Steel Hoop Company, American Sheet Steel Company, and several smaller companies. The United States Steel Corporation was incorporated on February 25, but was officially in business on April 1, 1901.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains the records of the Carnegie Company for the years 1900 to 1901. Records include agreements, certificates, correspondence, memoranda, minutes, notes, financial statements, and monthly sales comparisons. The correspondence mostly contains original letters and copies to and from Henry Clay Frick. There are company statements that are from the office of the secretary and the accounting department.
The remaining material contains record books, labeled as "The Carnegie Company Organization Records." These record books consist of the company charter, by-laws, Oaths and Certificates, and minutes of the first meeting. The other record book deals with company bond matters. The materials in this collection date from 1900 to 1901. Material related to this series can be found in Carnegie Steel Company Series and H.C. Frick Coke Company Series.
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box 9, folder 1
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Historical Background
Andrew Carnegie placed industrialist Henry Clay Frick in charge of Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited beginning in 1881. By 1892, Frick was advising Carnegie to merge Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited and Carnegie, Phipps & Company, Limited into one large company. The restructuring of these companies created Carnegie Steel Company, Limited on June 30, 1892. Frick was named chairman of the newly formed company. This reorganization helped create more efficiency between Carnegie's many companies. The capital of the reorganization was $25 million, with Andrew Carnegie controlling more than half of the company's interests.
The same day that the Carnegie Steel Company came into existence, a labor strike occurred at the Homestead Steel Works in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Labor troubles at Homestead were common during the period; the previous owners sold the works to Carnegie in 1883 specifically because they had grown tired of dealing with the increasing labor problems. Tension arose markedly when Frick attempted to cut the wages of the steel workers. He then began closing down his open hearth and armor-plate mill on the evening of June 28th, locking out 1,100 men. Frick was given full authority over Carnegie's plants since Carnegie had just departed for a lengthy vacation. When no collective bargaining agreement was reached on June 29th, Frick determined to break the union, locked the rest of the employees out of the plant. A tall barbed wire topped fence, ordered by Frick, was erected to completely seal out the workers from the plant. Frick announced he would no longer negotiate with the union; now he would only deal with workers individually. As a result, union leaders were willing to concede on almost every level except on the dissolution of the workers union.
Frick, searching for a resolution to break the strike, turned to the enforcers he had employed previously, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency's private security guard. The Pinkertons, as they were commonly referred, were frequently used by industrialists of the era to protect their mills and break striking workers. At midnight on July 5th, tugboats pulled barges carrying hundreds of Pinkerton detectives armed with rifles up the Monongahela River. The boats were spotted by the strikers and a large crowd gathered to meet them. As the guards tried to land, a battle ensued. The skirmish resulted in the Pinkerton guards' surrender and the death of sixteen men: seven Pinkertons and nine strikers. To restore order, the Pennsylvania National Guard entered Homestead on July 12th to regain control over the mill and town. Nearly two weeks later, there was a failed assassination attempt against Frick by anarchist Alexander Berkman. Frick soon recovered and immediately returned to work. By the end November 1892, the strike matters had dissolved with no real resolution. The union had been broken, workers returned to the mill, and Carnegie's companies continued to dominate the steel industry.
During the company's years of growth, tensions began to rise between Carnegie and Frick. In 1899, Frick and other company associates tried to buy out Carnegie, but were unsuccessful. In 1900, Carnegie and Frick had disagreements on the price of coke. When Frick refused Carnegie's price, Carnegie threatened to evoke the Iron Clad Agreement against him. The Iron Clad Agreement stated that a withdrawing partner would only get the book-value payout of his shares. A partner could also be forced out upon a three-quarters partners' vote. The agreement however did not apply to Carnegie as he owned more than half the stock. Frick still refused and Carnegie persuaded the board to enforce the agreement against him.
Frick decided to take the matter to court. In February of 1900, he filed suit against the Carnegie Steel Company. Instead of settling the feud in court, both men were willing to negotiate. Both parties met at Carnegie's house in New York City and then later in Atlantic City. An agreement was made and a settlement proceeded. Carnegie bought out Frick and went on to combine the H.C. Frick Coke Company and Carnegie Steel Company, Limited to form the Carnegie Company. The Carnegie Steel Company, at its peak, operated a total of eight steel mills in the Pittsburgh region.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains administrative records, correspondence, meeting minutes, financial statements, scrapbooks, and letterpress copybooks pertaining to the operation of Carnegie Steel Company, Limited. The series is further broken down into three subseries: Administrative Records, Iron Clad Agreement, and Scrapbooks. The records span from 1887 to 1901; however the majority of the materials are from 1892 to 1900. Also, due to size, there are additional records in the Maps and Architectural Drawings Series. Records contain maps, drawings, and a reproduction of company properties and equipment. Additional material regarding the Homestead steel strike and work relations could be found in the H.C. Frick and Andrew Carnegie Correspondence Series.
Related Material
Additional letterpress copybooks that contain outgoing correspondence from Henry Clay Frick to Andrew Carnegie can also be found in Series IX. Correspondence, 1883-1919, Subseries 1. Andrew Carnegie, 1883-1912. Abstracts and digitized contents are available.
Scope and Content Notes
The administrative records includes company correspondence and legal material pertaining to Henry Clay Frick vs. the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited, as well as Board of Managers meeting minutes, Proposal to Purchase, and H.C. Frick Letterpress Copybook.
The company correspondence consists of incoming original letters, telegrams, and a letterpress copybooks. Correspondences contain incoming letters from the company's superintendents, sale agents, treasurer, and other businessmen for the years of July 1892 to March 1900. Some of these letters are stamped "answered." The answered letters can be found in the letterpress copybooks in this series and the H.C. Frick Coke Company Series. Materials for the suit mostly consist of court briefs and memoranda. Memoranda highlight the events leading up to the suit include questions asked by Frick's attorney John Johnson, and other legal aspects of similar court cases. The meeting minutes date from 1895 to 1900 and pertain to the company shareholders, operating department, and Board of Managers.
Records pertaining to a "Proposal to Purchase" the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited in 1899 consist of correspondence, telegrams, typescript copies of letters, and memoranda related to the proposed sale of the company. Frick, Henry Phipps, and William H. Moore created a plan to buy out Carnegie and form a new company. They confronted Carnegie with a proposal and a good faith deposit of $1,700,000. When the deadline came to an end, the deal was off and Carnegie pocketed the deposit. Most of the letters in the correspondence are from A.L. Schoonmaker, a steel agent for Carnegie to Frick.
The letterpress copybooks in this series contain the five volumes of Frick's outgoing correspondence from the Company's Board of Manager Chairman. Also included in these record books are some statements and memorandum. The copybooks date from January 12, 1892 to March 12, 1900.
The remaining materials consist of documents pertaining to the company's net earnings, profit and losses, partner's accounts, wages and salaries, and stock of materials. Also included are statements of monthly products and outbound material for all works under Carnegie Steel. The materials in this subseries date from 1892 to 1900.
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Scope and Content Notes
The letterpress copybooks comprises copies of outgoing correspondence from H.C. Frick to numerous individuals. Due to the significance of Frick's correspondence with Andrew Carnegie in particular, abstracts were created for these specific letters by History undergraduate students interning at the Archives Service Center. The numbering besides each item below refers to the page number in the copybook where the letter can be found.
There are no abstracts for the contents of the letterpress copybook dated May 4-June 2, 1899 (Box 13 Volume 2) since the correspondence mostly pertains to matters regarding a buyout option that Frick, Henry Phipps, and William H. Moore created for Carnegie.
In 1887, the death of a prominent associate of the Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd., led to the first Iron Clad Agreement. The crux of the agreement said that when a shareholder dies or leaves the company, the remaining partners can purchase the person's holdings back at book value, instead of the market value. This subseries contains the copies of three iron clad agreements that were created. The second and third agreements were drawn up in 1892 and 1897. Other materials pertaining to the Iron Clad Agreements consist of correspondence, lists, notes, memoranda, and notices dating from 1896 to 1900. The correspondence in this subseries are typescript copies, handwritten, original, and letter copies. Most of the typescript copies are outgoing from Frick. Some of the incoming letters to Frick are from F.T.F. Lovejoy, Secretary of Carnegie Steel Company, Ltd.; A.M. Moreland, Secretary of Carnegie Steel Company, Ltd.; and Millard Hunsiker, a personal friend of Frick. The materials in this subseries date from 1887 to 1900.
This subseries contains newspaper clipping scrapbooks that were maintained by the Carnegie Steel Company and mainly cover news reporting at the time of the Homestead steel strike, riot, aftermath, and other subsequent events. The material highlighted the strikes and riots (Volume 1); assassination attempt (Volume 1 and 2); nonunion, union, and strikers (Volume 3 and 4); Private W.L. Iams Case (Volume 4); poisoning conspiracy (Volume 4 and 5); and Hugh O'Donnell (Volume 2 and 5). Only Volumes 1 and 2 are indexed.
Most of the scrapbooks are day-by-day accounts of specific events related to the company. Clippings are primarily from local and national presses, but there is some international coverage as well. Some of the local periodicals include the Pittsburgh Leader, Pittsburgh Dispatch, and the Pittsburgh Commercial Gazette. Some of the national clippings include the Boston Globe, Boston News,Chicago Globe, Post Dispatch (St. Louis), Oregonian (Portland, Oregon), and the New York Tribune. Examples of the international newspapers include the Manchester Guardian, The Echo (London), and The Times (London). The scrapbooks also include some journal articles from The Illustrated American, Harper's Weekly, and Frank Leslie's Illustrated Weekly.
Volumes 6 through 8 contain articles pertaining to the Frick-Carnegie law suit, plot to free attempted assassin Alexander Berkman, and Frick Building construction. There are also clippings on J. P Morgan, Philander C. Knox, Henry Phipps, and Charles M. Schwab. The majority of articles are from the New York Sun. Volume 9 documents the company's history in an unbound draft proof. The scrapbooks date from July 1892 to December 1900.
In 1883, the Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited purchased Homestead Steel Works from Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company in Homestead, Pennsylvania. Carnegie then bought back the Lucy Furnaces from Wilson, Walker & Company and with the mill at Homestead formed the Carnegie, Phipps, & Company, Limited on January 1, 1886. Carnegie and his partners now owned all the steel production in Homestead. The Carnegie firms in Pittsburgh at this time were organized into two separate companies, each owned by the same group of partners. Carnegie, Phipps & Company, Limited owned Homestead Steel Works while Carnegie Brothers & Company owned the Edgar Thomson steel mill. Carnegie created two separate chairman positions placing William L. Abbott as chairman of the board for Carnegie and Phipps & Company, Limited and Henry Clay Frick as chairman of Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited.
The purchase of the Homestead Steel Works helped eliminate one of Carnegie's biggest rivals, but it also came with a dilemma. Labor problems plagued the mill even when it was owned by the Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company. In 1882, there were labor issues that resulted in a strike that lasted for ten weeks. A few weeks after the settlement, unions were threatening another strike. When Carnegie bought the mill, the labor issues did not improve. In 1889, labor relations suffered and another strike ensued. Although Abbott was a knowledgeable businessman who had worked his way up in Carnegie's various companies, he was inexperienced in dealing with strike matters. Abbott ignored Carnegie's advice to keep the Homestead mill shutdown until the strikers agreed to the company's terms. Carnegie urged Abbott to stand firm, but instead he compromised and settled the strike dispute. A new contract was signed which would expire on July 1, 1892. On July 1, 1892, Carnegie Brothers and Company, Limited bought the Carnegie, Phipps & Company, Limited and both were consolidated into the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains records of the Carnegie, Phipps & Company, Limited. The majority of the material consists of correspondence, memoranda, reports, statements, and summaries that pertain to armor plate production. In 1890, the Homestead Works signed an armor plate contract with the United States government. The correspondence contains letters mostly from the Secretary of Carnegie, Phipps, and Company, Limited, Otis H. Childs to B.F. Tracy, Secretary of the U.S. Navy, as well as Commodore William M. Fogler, Chief of Bureau of Ordnance for the U.S. Navy.
Childs also created weekly armor reports for Henry Clay Frick, the company's chairman. Most of the reports deal with the shipment of armor, but there are a few reports that pertain to the Bethlehem Iron Company. Childs reported back to Frick on Bethlehem's equipment and armor production. In 1892, both Bethlehem Iron Company and Homestead Steel Works had contracts with the government to produce armor belts for naval ships.
Also included in this series are statements, shipments, product orders, and monthly reports of work completed at the armor plate department. Folders one, five, six, and seven contain materials that were created when the company was Carnegie, Phipps, and Company, Limited., but also extend into the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited. The materials in this series date from 1887 to 1893. Additional files relating to Carnegie, Phipps, & Company, Limited, may be found in Carnegie Steel Company, Limited Series.
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Historical Background
During Henry Clay Frick's career, he become oncreasingly interested in mining non-ferrous metals such as copper and silver. Frick soon became interested in a copper mine in Cerro de Pasco, Peru. The region of Cerro de Pasco was known for its rich deposits in minerals, most notably silver. When the silver was exhausted in the region in the late nineteenth century, copper was the next largest mineral mined. The Cerro de Pasco Corporation was comprised of three separate companies including an investment firm, mining company and railway development company, all bearing the Cerro de Pasco name. The Cerro de Pasco Corporation began with the investment firm supported by a wealthy New York syndicate compromised of J.P. Morgan, Hamilton Mcknown, H.M. Twombly, Alfred McCune, and Frick. Unlike other business ventures, Frick kept his involvement in the corporation to a minimum.
In 1887, the New York syndicate started to evaluate the copper reserves in Cerro de Pasco. By 1900 mining engineer and syndicate partner, William Van Slooten became impressed with the potential prospects of the area. He persuaded fellow mine engineers James B.A. Haggin and James McFarlane, along with mine promoter Alfred W. McCunne, to go to Cerro de Pasco and evaluate the mining prospects of the area. Confident in the area's potential, Haggins went into a Cerro de Pasco partnership with McCunne. They developed and promoted the idea of the "Peruvian Mining Project" to entice American investors. A preliminary agreement made for the individuals wishing to participate in a "Peruvian Mining Project" was to form a "Mining Development Company." The purpose of this company was to "purchase, development, and equip various mining claims and properties in the Cerro de Pasco region. The company had the rights to locations, coal ledges and deposits, water and tunnel access, land and water transportation and railway lines."
The Cerro de Pasco Corporations were formally organized in 1901 by Haggin who was backed by the wealthy New York syndicate. The Cerro de Pasco Corporation started production in 1902 for the mining of copper. In the same year, the Cerro de Pasco Mining Company bought the majority of the mining concessions in the area, while also buying railroad rights, to form the Cerro de Pasco Railway Company. This corporation became the largest U.S. investor in Peru in the twentieth century. The Investment firm of the Cerro de Pasco Corporation dissolved in late 1915 and the Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation was formed by absorbing the mining and railroad companies. A number of the original investors were a part of the new corporation.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains incoming and outgoing correspondence, reports, legal agreements, and financial materials of the Cerro de Pasco Corporations. This series contains four subseries: Correspondence, Reports, Financial Material, and Administrative Records. The correspondence, written mostly to Frick, relates to the business activities of all of the Cerro de Pasco companies. The correspondences of the investment firm, mining company and railroad development company have not been separated. A small number of outgoing letters from Frick can be found among the correspondence and some of these letters state that a copy can be found in a letterpress book. Correspondence also includes coded telegrams sent from Peru to Frick. Included with the telegrams is a key to assist in deciphering what is written in the telegrams.
The Reports Subseries describes Cerro de Pasco and its surrounding areas in terms of natural resources, labor, transportation, and area projected productivity. These reports were sent from Peru between 1902 and 1904 during the initial phases of business in the region. Reports concerning financial matters have been placed with the Financial Materials subseries that consists of Treasurer's reports, which note the establishment of the mining and railway companies in South American, as well as financial statements and agreements. The administrative records date from 1902 to 1919 and document the business aspects of the Cerro de Pasco Corporations. The majority of materials are agreements; however, additional information on annual meetings and newspaper clippings can be also be found. The documents in this series date from 1901 to 1925.
Scope and Content Notes
The Correspondence Subseries contains the incoming and outgoing letters documenting the business activities of the Cerro de Pasco Corporations. Many of the letters from the years 1902 to 1904 describe in detail the mining prospects, railway progress, employees, and travel to and from Cerro de Pasco. Many letters address business announcements of annual meetings or payments on stock. Other correspondence refers to environmental or political problems, such as the bubonic plague, yellow fever of 1904, the 1904 earthquake, and an outbreak of a regional war in 1915. Although much of the correspondence is written to Frick from the president of the companies J.B. Haggin, Frick was copied on a number of other letters concerning the individual companies. There is also correspondence concerning the death and settlement procedures of Frick's estate relative to the Cerro de Pasco investment dating from 1920. At Frick's death in 1919, his total investment in Cerro de Pasco was worth approximately $4,570,000 dollars. The materials in this subseries date from 1901 to 1925.
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Scope and Content Notes
Reports in this subseries regard the condition of Cerro de Pasco future business prospects in mining and railway production. The reports discuss issues of transportation, natural resources, labor, and food for the region. These reports give an American view of the Cerro de Pasco region in the early twentieth century. The reports in this subseries date from 1902 to 1905.
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Scope and Content Notes
Material in this subseries documents the financial concerns of the Cerro de Pasco companies. Included are Cerro de Pasco Investment Company Treasurer's reports, stock information, and financial statements for both the Cerro de Pasco and Morococha Mining Companies. The early Treasurer's reports include information on the railway and mining companies and provide expenses for the building of mines, coke plants, and smelters. Morococha Mining Company financial statements are also found with these materials. The Cerro de Pasco Copper Corporation took over Morococha Mining Company prior to 1915. Receipts for payments on capital stock are also located in this subseries. The materials in this subseries date from November 1903 to June 1917.
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Scope and Content Notes
Material in this subseries relates to the business and administrative aspects of the Cerro de Pasco companies. The majority of the materials are agreements, however, additional information on annual meetings, and newspaper clippings concerning the Cerro de Pasco companies can also be found. The materials in this subseries date from 1902 to 1919.
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Historical Background
Henry Clay Frick's interest in Clairton, Pa., began when he prospected and chose the land in the late 1890s for its convenience to various water and railroad transportation networks and the potential profitability as a site for extensive industries. Frick purchased 700 acres in Clairton, from the original owners James P. Wylie, Samuel P. Lange and other small plot owners. The land was located along the bank of the Monongahela River near the extensive Clairton Steel Company plant. Frick conveyed the land to the St. Clair Improvement Company on June 14, 1901. By July 26th of that year, plans for a large manufacturing plant, rental lots, and houses were submitted to the public for purchase.
The Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company purchased the land from the St. Clair Improvement Company to build their facilities. The company incorporated on August 5, 1901 with a purposed mission of "mining clays, sand and stone; manufacturing the same into building materials and other articles of commerce… and selling said clays, sand and stone in crude or manufactured form." The first major stockholders in the company were Reuben Miller, Jr. and Charles E. Clapp. However, within a year new stockholders would join the company, including William H. Smith, a business associate of Henry Clay Frick, and A.G. Wilson, a key player in the sale of the Clairton Street Railway Company. The St. Clair Improvement Company also owned a large portion of shares after that first year.
By 1904 the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company experienced financial hardships. A letter to the stockholders explained that, "the affairs of the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company have reached a climax. The banks have refused to renew notes…." It also goes on to provide reasons for the company's failure since the business was not located on the main railway line and the town was not building at a rate that the company could produce brick. In July of that year, the company when into foreclosure and was turned over to D.W. Dunlevy. By October, Dunlevy had sold the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company property at auction.
Scope and Content Notes
The series is divided into four subseries: Correspondence, Financial Material, Administrative Records, and Bound Volumes. The Correspondence Subseries contains mostly incoming correspondence of the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company, along with a few outgoing letters. Much of the subject matter concerns business activities, including ordering and shipping of materials. The Financial Material subseries deals with the financial concerns of the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company and includes balance sheets, weekly reports, receipts and bills, and order forms. Materials in the Administrative Records subseries consist of information on meetings, federal taxes, contracts, and agreements for the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company. The Bound Volumes subseries documents the financial activities of the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company and include a ledger, journal, letterpress copybook, meeting minutes, and bank books. The delivery book provides information on where bricks were sent, number of bricks sent, and the purchase price. The materials in this series date from 1901 to 1904.
Note: Letters to Reuben Miller can be found in the H.C. Frick Coke Company letterpress copybooks. He was president of Crescent Steel Company and Bank of Pittsburgh. However, the records of the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company reveal that there is also a Reuben Miller, Sr. and it cannot be determined which Reuben Miller Frick associated with at the H.C. Frick Coke Company.
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains the majority of incoming correspondence of the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company, although some outgoing letters can be found. Much of the subject matter concerns business activities, including ordering and shipping of materials. Companies that corresponded with Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company include the Standard Dry Kiln Company, C & A Potts &Company, and Crucible Steel Company of America. Also, each December correspondence exists from the Department of the Interior correspondence requesting clay production from the company for that year. For the year 1904, the majority of the correspondence concerns late payments and potential action brought by companies if Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company did not remit payment. Any undated correspondence is placed in Folder 14. The materials in this subseries date from July 1901 to December 1904.
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Scope and Content Notes
The materials in this subseries concern the financial dealings of the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company. Materials include balance sheets, weekly reports, receipts, bills, voucher records, delivery statements, accounts payable vouchers, and order forms. The weekly reports are intermittent and handwritten. This subseries also includes delivery statements of brick orders placed from local towns and neighborhoods, including Homestead, Clairton, and Elizabeth. The delivery statements only encompass a six-month period in 1904. Information on voucher records includes voucher number, date, purpose, amount, and for what office or department received the voucher. The voucher records correspond with the actual accounts payable vouchers that can be found in this subseries. Beginning with Voucher #119, vouchers contain weekly payroll information, which includes a list of employees, hours worked during the week, and pay rate. The vouchers also include bills from various companies doing business with Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company. Although vouchers are arranged numerically, the numbers begin over again. The voucher renumbering had to do with the sale of the company to D.W. Dunlevy in 1904.
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Scope and Content Notes
Material in this subseries consists of meetings minutes, taxes statements, contracts and agreements between the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company and other local companies. Reports of Loans and Capital Stock include gross earning totals for each year. The materials in this subseries date from 1902 to 1904.
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Scope and Content Notes
The bound volumes document to the financial activities of the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company and include a ledger, journal, letterpress copybook, meeting minutes, and bank books. The delivery book provides information on where bricks were sent, order amount, and price. The volumes date from 1901 to 1904.
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box 43, volume 1
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Historical Background
Henry Clay Frick founded the Clairton Street Railway Company in May 1904. The Clairton Street Railway line ran on present-day St. Clair Street to the Clairton Works, located approximately 20 miles south of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania on the west bank of the Monongahela River. The works were built in 1901 by St. Clair Steel Company, a division of Crucible Steel Company, as a steel manufacturing plant. The company was then purchased by United States Steel in 1904. The street car company was formed in response to the United States Steel buyout and plans for an expansion of the Clairton Works. The railway company provided transportation to and from the plant and surrounding community.
The headquarters for the company was located in the Frick Building in downtown Pittsburgh, although the railway operated "from the Clairton Street Railway Station of the Pennsylvania Railroad to the town at the top of the hill." Records indicate that Frick was the major stockholder, owning over ninety percent of the company. However, other investors joined the company in 1905, including many of Frick's close business associates, William H. Smith, D.B. Kinch, William A. Carr, F.W. McElroy, and Frick's nephew, Karl F. Overholt.
In November 1909, the street car company was experiencing financial hardships and sold a portion of the railway's road to W.B. Grubbs, a representative of the Steubenville & East Liverpool Railway Company, for $35,000, which was below market value. With the company in danger of going bankrupt, Frick reached agreements in 1912 to divide and sell the company and assets between the West Penn Railways and the Pittsburgh Railways Companies.
Scope and Content Notes
This series consists of three subseries that include Correspondence, Financial Material, and Administrative Records. The material includes correspondence, a letterpress copybook, receipts, statements, reports, maps and pamphlets relating to the running of the Clairton Street Railway Company. There are also materials about Pennsylvania Railway Associations and oversized maps which are located in the Maps and Architectural Drawings Series. The material in this series documents the general business activities of the Clairton Street Railway Company and dates from 1905 to 1916.
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries consists of incoming correspondence relating to business activities of the Clairton Street Railway Company, including purchase of equipment from St. Louis Car Company and Westinghouse Electric & Manufacturing Company. Additional letters from the Pennsylvania State Railroad Commission provided policies and recommendations for the railway company. This subseries also contains folders with duplicates of outgoing letters found in the letterpress copybook. The letterpress copybook contains the outgoing correspondence, memorandum, accident reports and general account statements for the years 1906 to 1912. Many of the letters match-up with incoming correspondence found in this subseries. Additional outgoing letters regarding the Clairton Street Railway Company can be found in the letterpress copybook of the St. Clair Improvement Company dated September 1, 1905-December 5, 1906. Many of the letters in this copybook are fading and are difficult to read. The correspondence in this subseries date from 1906 to 1913.
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Scope and Content Notes
The Financial Materials Subseries is comprised of receipts, general account statements, company balance information, and monthly profit and loss reports. The profit and loss statements for April/May 1911 and 1912 are hand written and document the financial hardships that the company experienced. Additional financial materials include equipment receipts, ledger balances, and yearly earnings from 1910 to 1912. The materials in this subseries date from May 1905 to August 1912.
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Scope and Content Notes
The records in this subseries reflect the administrative functions of the Clairton Street Railway Company. The materials include municipal records, circulars, bills, inventories, schedules, correspondence, contracts, resolutions, agreements and newspaper clippings. The municipal records contain proceedings of the Council of the City of Pittsburgh, including presentations, reports of committees, and information on ordinances passed concerning railway systems in Pittsburgh. A memorandum from Karl F. Overholt of the Carnegie Steel Company to E.M. Biles, President of the Council of Clairton, documents the agreement to provide power to the company's railway cars. In the note, Overholt summarizes statements made by Biles, including his feelings about one of the company's motormen, car schedules, and sanitation on the cars. This agreement goes along with other materials relating to a resolution passed by the Council of Clairton in 1912. The Schedules were produced by Pittsburgh Railways Company and include "Points of Interest," "Views of the City," and "Interesting Sightseeing Trips" that can be reached by the railway in 1916. Brief descriptions are provided which include some attractions that no longer exist and others that continue to thrive today, including Allegheny Observatory, Phipps Conservatory, and the Pittsburgh view from Mt. Washington. The material in this subseries dates from 1905 to 1916.
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Scope and Content Notes
Henry Clay Frick, due to his many business ventures, corresponded frequently with his partners and associates. The majority of these letters are between Frick and his business partner, Andrew Carnegie, as well as company business managers, Charles M. Schwab and James Gayley. The remaining correspondence involves various Carnegie employees and acquaintances of Frick regarding business matters, industry, and travel.
Intense, stern, and driven are characteristics that describe Henry Clay Frick; a man that vigorously pursued all of the goals set for him. While in his industrial pursuits, a stormy partnership with Andrew Carnegie would develop and bring Frick both wealth and power at the cost of permanently scarring his reputation and the loss of control rights to his own company. This tense and tumultuous relationship between industrialists and business partners would forever transform the fabric of American industrial society.
During the 1870s, Frick built an industrial empire by manufacturing coke, an essential coal-based fuel for blast furnaces in the production of steel. In 1881, Frick was well known for his superior coke which was in high demand. Carnegie, seeing an opportunity, partnered with Frick, devised a plan to get the large quantity of coke needed for his burgeoning steel business; while Frick received a large contract and finances needed to expand. However, the partnership caused Frick to begin to lose control of his company. Carnegie, as he did with many smaller businesses he had interest in, quickly bought up all available company stock. This made Carnegie the majority shareholder and had the ability to exact a measure of influence over that company.
Although Frick may have lost his majority share in his coke company, he was not going to lose control over his workers. In an era when labor forcefully asserted its interests, Frick earned a reputation as a rigid businessman, who never compromised with his workers or their wages. Frick was notorious for his ruthless style of forcefully breaking strikes at any cost. As Frick was amassing this hard-nosed anti-labor reputation, Carnegie was carefully cultivating his image as a pro-labor industrialist, which invited conflict and tension between the partners. In 1889 Carnegie acknowledged Frick's management potential and made him chairman of Carnegie Steel Company. Although Carnegie recognized Frick as a talented executive, at times he would also use him as a scapegoat for their unfavorable but shared labor decisions.
Carnegie happily let Frick take the fall for the events between the strikers and Pinkerton Private Guards at the Homestead Steel Mill in 1892. Frick was determined to rid the company of its most troublesome union, the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers. A bloody battle broke-out which would brand Frick as a cold-hearted, ruthless mercenary and "America's most hated man." Although Carnegie had supported and directed Frick's actions during the Homestead mill lockout, he tried to pass the blame squarely on Frick. This is when their strained relationship turned bitter.
Carnegie privately sniped at his partner, which infuriated Frick and began their infamous infighting. On December 5, 1899, Frick resigned from the board of Carnegie Steel Company. However, Carnegie wanted Frick to stay and threatened to force Frick to sell his stock at far below market value. After a brief court battle, the men settled. Frick walked away with a large, but undisclosed sum of money leaving the Carnegie Steel Company behind him.
Though the two men never met again, Frick seemed to enjoy taunting Carnegie at every turn. Frick spoke publicly about Carnegie's mismanagement of the company, detailing poor business ventures. However the taunting was not only verbal but set in stone, as Carnegie built Pittsburgh's first skyscraper, Frick built a bigger one. The Frick Building dwarfed the Carnegie Steel Building casting it in shadows. Carnegie lived in an impressive estate in New York City; Frick, who lived only twenty blocks away, vowed that his estate would make his former partner's look like a shack.
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains letters between Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie, the format of which mainly consists of original letters, carbon copies, typed and written telegrams, handwritten notes, typescript copies, and letter excerpts. The majority of the materials are incoming letters from Carnegie, but there are some letters from Frick. Letters in this subseries are arranged in chronological order and date from March 8, 1888 to July 17, 1912. Created by undergraduate students majoring in History who performed internships at the Archives Service Center, abstracts exist for each letter, which are included in the finding aid.
Many of the incoming letters are stamped "answered" by the President Office of the H.C. Frick Coke Company, the Chairman's Office of the Carnegie Brothers & Company, and by the Chairman's Office of the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited. The researcher should note that many of Frick's answers to the letters are not found in the collection housed at the University of Pittsburgh's Archives Service Center. Responses to these letters may be found in the general letterpress copybooks housed at the Archives of The Frick Collection within the Henry Clay Frick Papers in New York City. To enable joint access, both sets of correspondence have been digitized and are presented within this finding aid.
Many of the letters written by Carnegie are addressed "Chairman" and "Partner" to represent Frick as the intended recipient. Other names included are "Boys" and "Gentlemen" for letters directed to committees or directors. There are some letters addressed to "Pard." Other letters are addressed to and from "Dod." "Dod" was a nickname for George Lauder, a cousin of Carnegie that had influence in the company. These letters remain in this subseries due to their content and subject matter.
Much of the content in these letters is rarely personal and mainly deals with business details and administrative updates. The folder labeled as "miscellaneous" consists of letters and other documents signed by Carnegie that cannot be directly linked to a specific subject.
This subseries includes two outgoing letterpress copybooks from Frick to Carnegie, dating between September 17, 1894 to February 15, 1895, and May 1899 to June 1899, respectively. Abstracts for the first volume are included in the finding aid. The second volume mostly pertains to matters regarding a buyout option that Frick, Henry Phipps, and William H. Moore created for Carnegie; there are no abstracts provided.
In addition to four folders of Incoming Correspondence from Carnegie to Frick, 19 volumes of letterpress copybooks exist as part of the Henry Clay Frick Papers as mentioned above. In order to be comprehensive, this material is included in this finding aid and was digitized to aid access. (The Archives Service Center maintains photocopies of the correspondence.)
Related Material
Additional letterpress copybooks that contain outgoing correspondence from Henry Clay Frick to Andrew Carnegie can also be found in Series II. Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited, 1867-1894 and Series IV. Carnegie Steel Company, 1892-1900. Abstracts and digitized contents are available.
The letterpress copybooks contain copies of outgoing correspondence from Henry Clay Frick. It should be noted that Letterpress Copybook No. 2 is housed at the Archives Service Center while the General Letterpress Books, Volumes 1-19, belong to the Henry Clay Frick Papers at the Archives of The Frick Collection in New York City. Both sets are digitized and presented together online in the finding aid. The number by each item refers to the page in the letterpress copybook where the letter can be found. The Archives Service Center has photocopies.
A letterpress copybook was made directly from the originals using a transfer process. A letter freshly written in special copying ink was placed on a dampened page while the rest of the pages were protected by oilcloths. The copybook was then closed and the mechanical press screwed down tightly. The pressure and moisture caused an impression of the letter to be retained on the underside of the tissue sheet. This impression could then be read through the top of the thin tissue paper.
The numbering beside each item below refers to the page number in the copybook where the letter can be found.
Related Material
Additional letterpress copybooks that contain outgoing correspondence from Henry Clay Frick to Andrew Carnegie can also be found in Series II. Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited, 1867-1894 and Series IV. Carnegie Steel Company, 1892-1900. Abstracts and digitized contents are available.
This second volume mostly pertains to matters regarding a buyout option that Frick, Henry Phipps, and William H. Moore created for Carnegie; there are no abstracts provided. (More records pertaining to this topic can be found in the Carnegie Steel Company, Limited Series.)
Scope and Content Notes
The remaining correspondence in this subseries contains digitized images of the original letters by Frick and Carnegie held within the Henry Clay Frick Papers at the Archives of The Frick Collection in New York City. The material includes 19 volumes of letterpress copybooks. The Archives Service Center has photocopies (see Box 710).
Although this correspondence relates to business matters regarding the two men, they are included in the letterpress copybooks containing personal correspondence of Frick and, therefore, are not part of the collection housed at the Archives Service Center. The numbering beside each item below refers to the page number in the copybook where the letter can be found.
Note that the copybooks contain general correspondence between Frick and several individuals, but only the correspondence between Frick and Carnegie specifically was digitized and presented online in the finding aid.
Related Material
Additional letterpress copybooks that contain outgoing correspondence from Henry Clay Frick to Andrew Carnegie can also be found in Series II. Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited, 1867-1894 and Series IV. Carnegie Steel Company, 1892-1900. Abstracts and digitized contents are available.
The correspondence in this section contains digitized images of original letters sent by Carnegie to Frick that is held within the Henry Clay Frick Papers at the Archives of The Frick Collection in New York City. The Archives Service Center has photocopies (see Box 710).
Charles M. Schwab started out as a laborer in Carnegie's companies, then worked his way up the ranks, holding management positions in Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited; Carnegie Steel Company, Limited; Carnegie Company; and eventually became the president of United States Steel Corporation and Bethlehem Steel. Correspondence between Frick and Schwab relates to day-to-day business, including some matters regarding labor issues. In a letter dated January 7, 1894, Schwab wrote Frick, "My own idea is that if the men hold any meetings or attempt to form any organization, we should be prepared to … unhesitatingly discharge any men connected with this movement."
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Scope and Content Notes
James Gayley held management positions for Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited and was the first superintendent at Edgar Thomson Steel Works. Later he became the Vice President for the United States Steel Corporation until his retirement in 1908. Gayley's improvements to the blast furnace increased and stabilized the quality of pig iron produced and are still used today. The letters from Gayley are mainly to Frick discussing the daily business affairs concerning mill fuel consumption, equipment, furnaces, and rail production.
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box 50, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
This subseries includes correspondence with various Carnegie employees such as George "Dod" Lauder, cousin of Andrew Carnegie; William A. Abbott, Chairman and President of Carnegie, Phipps, & Company, Limited; Daniel Ashworth, Consulting Engineer for Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd. and Carnegie, Phipps, and Company, Limited; Henry Phipps, Jr., business partner; J. W. Vandervolt, a friend of Carnegie; and John G. A. Leishman, Treasurer and Vice Chairman for Carnegie Brothers & Company, Limited.
Other correspondence in this series pertains to patent issues, armor plate production, and travel concerns. The letters regarding travel were written by George Lauder. After the horrific flood at Johnstown on June 4, 1889, Lauder wrote Carnegie, "The newspaper accounts of Johnstown are not over drawn, everyone who has been up says that no description can be given to equal the reality." This letter was originally dated May 4th, but according to the content it was incorrectly dated.
There are also folders that consist of materials pertaining to James Howard Bridge, the author of The Inside History of the Carnegie Steel Company: A Romance of Millions. Bridge once worked with Andrew Carnegie and Henry Clay Frick. Many of the letters are from Bridge to Frick, but there are also some addressed to Mr. Francis W. McElroy. Some of the correspondence pertains to his publication, the Stanley Committee, and the option to buyout Carnegie in 1899.
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box 50, folder 8
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Scope and Content Notes
This series contains ephemeral records that did not directly correspond to other series within the Henry Clay Frick Business Records. This series is divided into four subseries: Record Books, Civic Material, Railroad Records, and Engraving Plates. The materials in this series include correspondence, memorandum, notes, copybooks, administrative reports, bound ledgers, and engraving plates. The material dates from 1878 to 1947.
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains record books, notebooks, receipt books, and a check register. Much of the material has very little writing in them and are not labeled. The stock and bond book provides a list of business contacts and numbers of total value shares. Information in the rent ledger provides very little information and contains only a small list of supplies. The materials in this subseries date from 1878 to 1942.
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box 53, folder 1
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box 55, volume 1
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box 56, volume 1
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Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains material related to civic and political functions in Pittsburgh. The material includes a senate resolution, improvement bills, estimates, statements, residential specifications, maps, and a court case. The Schenley court case involved the moving of a historic monument for the development a plot of land which Mary Schenley owned. The material dates from 1899 to 1919.
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Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains railroad records mainly containing Pennsylvania Railroad shipments, correspondence, agreements, and court cases. Also included in this subseries is a letterpress copybook labeled the Pennsylvania Railroad, "Warehouse Project." The project pertains to the 1905 warehouses and freight station which distributed goods at the "Point" in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. However, it was torn down in the early 1950s to make way for Point State Park. This copybook contains outgoing copies mostly from Frick to Alexander J. Cassatt, the President of the Pennsylvania Railroad. However, there are some letters addressed to Frank F. Nicola, a Pittsburgh real estate developer. The remaining letters pertain to Andrew Mellon, Francis F. Lovejoy, Philander C. Knox, Mr. D.T. Watson, and a few others. The material dates from 1902 to 1913.
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box 58, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
This series includes printing and steel engraving plates. The printing plates include three miscellaneous engraving plates and three steel engraving plates which contain portraits of Frick. The larger steel plate is a bust of Frick and was engraved by E.G. Williams & Brothers. The two smaller ones are of Frick seated in a chair. One of the small steel engravings was done by Timothy Cole in 1929. The portrait of Frick seated in a chair has been reproduced in books, including Martha Frick Symington Sanger's Henry Clay Frick: An Intimate Portrait. Most of the plates are undated and only one has a corresponding date of 1929.
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box 59, item 1
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Historical Background
The Faraday Coal & Coke Company was created under West Virginia law on June 11, 1901 with a company mission of "mining, manufacturing, transporting, and selling of coal, coke, and all the products thereof." The company's main coal lands were located in the adjacent counties of McDowell County, West Virginia and Tazewell County, Virginia; however, the company also owned land in Kentucky. Over the years the majority of the land was acquired from original owners in small tracts that varied in size, eventually totaling over 25,000 acres. The purchased lands were located on or near the "Pocahontas Coal Seam" which runs along the boarder of Virginia and West Virginia.
Having interest in coal, Henry Clay Frick began to acquire Faraday Coal & Coke Company stock which soon exceeded all other stockholders. Frick then began to loan money to the Faraday Company to purchase additional property. By 1910, the company accumulated over $100,000 indebtedness to Frick. To payoff some of the debt the company handed over much of its Jellico coal property landholdings in Kentucky to Frick.
Faraday Coal & Coke Company stayed in business until November 3, 1924 when the Board of the Directors acknowledged the company's indebtedness to Frick's estates shortly after Frick passed away in 1919. The stockholders voted to dissolve and discontinue the company. The property was sold and the money helped pay company debts and liabilities. Also, a portion of the money derived from property sales was divided amongst the Trustees of Princeton University, President and Fellows of Harvard College, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Even some Pittsburgh institutions like Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, The Kingsley Association, Mercy Hospital, Homestead Hospital, and Connellsville State Hospital benefitted from the sale. The materials in this series date from 1862 to 1934. For more information about Jellico Coal Lands please refer to Series XVI.
Scope and Content Notes
This series is arranged into four subseries: Administrative Records, Correspondence, Financial Material, and Legal Material that pertain to Faraday Coal & Coke Company. The majority of materials consist of meeting minutes, maps, newspaper clippings, and a proposed plan for more coal works. The company's daily business activities are documented in the meeting minutes in the Stockholders and Board of Directors, as well as in the correspondence. Faraday cashbooks, journals, and ledgers provide some financial information on business matters including legal expenses, salaries, deposits, reimbursements, stock certificates, and transfers. Other materials include royalties, interest statements, deeds, and maps. The maps of Faraday coal lands are located in the Maps and Architectural Drawings Series. Materials are arranged chronologically and date from 1862 to 1934, but the majority of the records are from 1901 to 1924 when the company was in operation.
Scope and Content Notes
Material in this subseries contains meeting minutes, reports, resignation letters, by-laws, certificate of incorporation, charters, memoranda, list of stockholders, and newspaper clippings. There are also blueprints, maps, photographs, record books, and a scrapbook. The first three boxes contain materials in relation to the proposed mining works called Beech Fork. In 1912, a mining engineer by the name Howard N. Eavenson created and submitted a report on mining works to the committee comprised of Karl F. Overholt, F.W. McElroy, and William Watson Smith. The report created by Eavenson is not found, but copies of the committee and supplemental report are included in this subseries. The committee created a report from Eavenson's findings and presented it to the company's board of directors. The committee report and exhibit are labeled as "A," "B," "D," and "G." Due to size, exhibits "C," "D," "E," and "F" are in individual folders. The exhibits "A," "B," and "C" are located in the supplemental report material in Folder 02.
The minutes from the Board of Directors and Stockholders meetings are also included in this subseries. The original handwritten minutes are in the Faraday Coal & Coke Co. Minute Book. In addition to the minutes, there are documents from the meetings such as meeting notices, ballots, list of stockholders, drafts of minutes, charters, power of attorney, by-laws, and annual reports. The president of the company, A. Cummins, used these exhibits to give reports to the Board of Directors during the meeting of November 6, 1901.
Maps of Faraday property providing the locations of the Pocahontas Coal Seam, railroad tracks from companies like Virginia Railway and Norfolk & Western Railway as well as neighboring coal companies are also included. Additional maps can be found in the Maps and Architectural Drawings Series. These maps pertain to surveys, leases, and coal lands of the company. The Newspaper clippings contained in this subseries include articles from both newspapers and journals. However the majority of the clippings are from Virginia, West Virginia, and Pittsburgh newspapers. The journal articles are mostly from the Coal Trade Journal and they relate to coal and coke matters. The memoranda pertain to taxes, contracts, leases, settlements, agreements, deeds, and other general business matters. Material that pertains to the Eastern & Northwestern Railway Company are mostly books of transit notes, level locations, and treasurer bank records. There is also a company scrapbook for each of the years from 1913 to 1918. The materials in this subseries date from 1894 to 1926.
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Scope and Content Notes
The letters in this subseries document the many business concerns and activities of the Faraday Coal & Coke Company. The correspondence consist mainly of incoming letters and telegrams, however, many are copies. Material such as newspaper clippings, notes, maps, and statements that came with the correspondence have been kept together. There are also nine letterpress copybooks included in this subseries that pertain to Faraday's business activities. Volumes I and II are mostly outgoing correspondence from William A. Carr to various businesses and associates. Volumes III, IV, and the letterpress copybook dated December 30, 1914-October 1, 1919 are outgoing letters from Karl F. Overholt. The three smaller copybooks beginning with September 30, 1901 and ending with September 1, 1912 are mostly outgoing handwritten letters from A. Cummins, president of Faraday Coal & Coke Company. The remaining copybook is labeled as "Miscellaneous Letters and Statements," and consists of letters dated from January 10, 1913 to February 23, 1917. The letters are mostly outgoing from K.F. Overholt. Names frequently mentioned in the letters are A. Cummins, President of Faraday; A.G. Russell, Chief Engineer and Faraday agent; William A. Carr, Secretary of Faraday; Karl F. Overholt, Secretary, Treasurer, and the first President of Faraday; H.C. Frick, stockholder; and Tye & Siler Firm, Attorneys for H.C. Frick Estate. The materials in this subseries date from 1901 to 1917.
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Scope and Content Notes
Materials in this subseries consist of financial records of the Faraday Coal & Coke Company which includes account payable receipts, cancelled checks, general ledger balances, receipts, tax matters, statements, leases, and fees. Also included are checkbooks, cashbooks, ledgers, journals, and ledger pages. The loose ledger pages were placed in a separate box due their size. Account payable receipts pertain to the company's expenses like salaries, supplies, coal land purchases, taxes, and stock matters. There are receipts for surveying, commissions, legal fees, improvements, and other business activities. There are also receipts that pertain to coal lands, legal fees, rentals, taxes, and expenses, as well as services rendered such as improvements, surveying, and explorations. The receipts are mostly arranged by the original file number.
Cancelled checks are from the Bank of Clinch Valley, Tazewell, Virginia and the Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh. Throughout the checks are some account statements and bank booklets that were originally included with the checks. The majority of the Union Trust checks correspond to the account payable receipts. There are also summaries of general ledger balances from the Faraday Coal & Coke Company. These balances are made up of copies and handwritten ledger pages, noting capital stock, H. C. Frick stock, taxes, legal expenses, improvements, land sales, land purchases, land rents, and equipment. Some balances also consist of general expenses, capital stock, royalties, coal lands, interests, deposits, and surveys.
Other materials in this subseries include annual net incomes, business profession tax, income tax, taxable property returns, special excise tax, tax assessments, capital stock, loans, bonus reports, and other tax matters that include tax schedules, property taxation, and tax waivers. Most of the tax material is arranged chronologically. There are also financial materials in regard to farm rents, timber, tracts of land, assets, liabilities, and liquidation. Once the company was liquidated, it assets were distributed accordingly by the Estate of Henry Clay Frick. Some of the receivers were the Kingsley Association, Pittsburgh Newsboys Home, Princeton University, Miss Helen C. Frick, Harvard College, and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Also many hospitals like Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Homestead Hospital, Braddock General Hospital, Westmoreland Hospital, Connellsville State Hospital, Western Pennsylvania Hospital, and the Lying Hospital of the City of New York received payments. Information regarding this liquidation is found in boxes fifty and fifty-one. The material in this subseries dates from 1901 to 1924.
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Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains legal records and material from the Faraday Coal & Coke Company which includes abstract land titles, deeds, agreements, briefs, and petitions. There are also court cases, permits, leases, notes and land transfers. The majority of the material consists of abstract titles and land deeds. Folders labeled as "list of abstract titles" provides the abstract number, name of tract, and the acreage. The abstracts contain information on the tract title, amount of acres, change of title, land assessments, and occasionally drawings. The remaining materials relate to Karl F. Overholt's title book and the certified copies of other various title papers.
The deed material documents deeds of trust, deed proofs, and conveyance deed that are from the Faraday Company and its partnerships with United States Steel Corporation, Union Trust Building, and the Pocahontas Coal & Coke Company. There is also some material dealing with court cases such as Samuel J. Ritchie and Ira P. Sperry vs. D.G. Sayers; Kentucky vs. Faraday Coal & Coke; Kentucky vs. the Louisville Property Company; and J.E. Harman vs. Cummins et al. The court case materials consist mainly of court briefs and correspondence. The remaining material consists of various briefs, land matters, and petitions. The material in this subseries dates from 1906 to 1911.
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Historical Background
On March 26, 1901, the excavation work began for the Frick Building in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The building is located on Grant Street across from the Allegheny County Courthouse. Daniel Hudson Burnham, known for his architectural influence at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, was chosen by Henry Clay Frick as chief architect for the building project. Burham is well known for his many Pittsburgh buildings, such as the Union Trust Building completed in 1898 and the Union Station in 1903.
The twenty-story Neo-Classical style building was completed on March 15, 1902 and the Pittsburgh skyline would never be the same. The Frick Building towered over the thirteen-story Carnegie Steel Building built a few years earlier. The Frick Building's main entrance (Grant Street) on the first floor was flanked by two bronze lions that were sculpted by Alexander Phimister Proctor, a well known artist. Across from the main entrance is a stained glass window that represents the Fortune and her Wheel, created by John LaFarge. The first floor also hosted many amenities such as telegraph stations, a news stand, telephone booths, and a cigar stand. The remaining interior entrance hall was decorated with marble floors, mahogany wood furniture, and bronze accented fixtures.
The Frick Building had a then unheard total of ten elevators that moved passengers throughout the building. The tenth floor housed the barbershop, a haberdashery, women's parlor, and lavatories, while the twentieth floor had lavish ceilings and a wrap-around balcony. The top floor of the building originally housed Frick's personal office and a social club for the wealthiest industrialists known as the Union Club. With its exclusive membership, the Union Club was a well furnished set of apartment-style rooms decorated with rich woods combined with expansive marble floors. The club offered many amenities, including a members only elevator that ran directly from the lobby to the twentieth floor, a private telephone service, and additional rooms that consisted of a library, billiard room, and a terrace floor.
Below the sidewalk, the building has three additional lower levels. The first basement floor housed the Armored Safe Deposit Company. The company was incorporated on February 6, 1902 with a mission of "forming, exercising and enjoying the rights of a safe deposit company." In 1903, the company was renamed the Union Safe Deposit Company. The Union Safe Deposit Company had two large vaults that were described by the Pittsburgh Gazette as "the largest, strongest, and handsomest armor plate vault in the world." The vaults were built by Bethlehem Steel Company and consisted of two enormous seventeen-ton doors at each end. The safe could hold 10,000 safe deposit boxes of various sizes. Beside the main safe, there were additional spaces called "coupon rooms" for patrons to further examine their valuables in private. In addition to the coupon rooms, there were committee rooms where board of trustees and other meetings could be held. The Union Safe Deposit Company did business in the Frick Building until 1911 when H.C. Frick leased the company's space to the Union Savings Bank of Pittsburgh. On the other side of the first basement floor was the Union Restaurant and Café run by the Union Restaurant Company. The restaurant opened on October 10, 1902, providing a rustic atmosphere and supplied first class service and cuisine. The bar was noted as being "well-stocked" with both local and imported spirits. The restaurant was open from 1902 to 1914 when it relocated to the Bakewell Building in Pittsburgh.
The construction for an addition known as the Frick Building Annex began on April 1, 1905 and was ready for tenants in February 1906. The white enamel brick Annex stood nineteen stories above the sidewalk. There are two main entrances: one on Diamond Street (Forbes Ave.) and the other on Cherry Alley (Cherry Way). The tenth floored housed a barber shop and each floor had its own bathrooms. The Annex was connected by bridge to the Frick Building and the Carnegie Building. Just like the Frick Building, the Frick Annex was also used for rental space. The building is currently called the Allegheny Building.
In 1912, the removal of the "Hump" (also known as Grant's Hill) in downtown Pittsburgh began. The "hump" was a hill in and around the Grant Street area of downtown Pittsburgh. By the end of 1914, a steep hill had been leveled, allowing a more gradual rise from the lower part of downtown. What was the original basement level of the Frick Building now became the entrance level, with the former first floor becoming a grand mezzanine. After the removal of the hump, the Frick Building was twenty-one stories from street level. Several other city buildings also went through major altercations after the removal of the hump, including the County Courthouse.
After Frick's death in December of 1919, the building was put into a trust that was maintained by Mellon Bank. Through the years, the building continued to provide office space for tenants. The Frick Building and Annex were listed as part of the National Register of Historic Places on May 22, 1978. However by 1980, the building costs and repairs began to mount and there was an option to sell the property. Frick's daughter, Helen, strongly disagreed with the sale. In a letter to Mr. Carrell, the President of Mellon National Bank, Helen writes "My father communicated to me his intention that it [the building] be held and it is my desire to carry out his intentions." However, the building was eventually sold in 1981 to the United States Steel Corporation. In 2005, United States Steel sold the building to a New Jersey based company named Rugby Realty Company, Inc.
Scope and Content Notes
Series XII contains records documenting the Frick Building and its many businesses and activities. The materials in this series are divided into four subject areas: Frick Building, Union Restaurant Company, Union Club, and Union Safe Deposit Company. These four subject areas result in a total sixteen subseries. Some records in this series also reference the Frick Building Annex (Allegheny Building), Union Arcade (Union Trust Building), and the Highland Building.
The Frick Building was Henry Clay Frick's main business center and so these records tie together a number of his business ventures and various companies. The records in this series date from 1897 to 1983, although the majority of the material is from 1900 to the mid 1930s. The Union Restaurant Company, Union Club, and Union Safe Deposit Company were all located in the Frick Building. Materials from these businesses are included in the Frick Building Series.
The Union Restaurant Company records consist of correspondence, administrative, and financial documents for the years 1902 to 1917. The Union Club records contain general information, including reports, newspaper clippings, statements, and correspondence pertaining to club activities, for the years 1900 to 1912, majority being from 1903. The Union Safe Deposit Company records include correspondence in conjunction with administrative and financial material for the years 1897 to 1928. Construction statements, rent material, hump removal, building sale, printing plates, and record books can be found within the Frick Building Subseries. However, the majority of the records include financial material, employee lists, and correspondence which date from 1899 to 1983, but most of the Frick Building records are from 1900 to 1940.
Scope and Content Notes
The records in this subseries pertain to the Frick Building and Annex and include agreements, surveys, indexes, reports, and court cases. There are also newspaper clippings, directories, memorandum, and correspondence although some correspondence in this subseries reference the Carnegie Building as well. A tenant from the Frick Building wrote a letter on June 16, 1902, "We beg leave to call your attention to the smoke from the Carnegie Building which comes into our offices when the wind is blowing this way; sometimes it is almost unbearable." Indeed the smoke was awful to the tenants, but also to the workmen finishing the building. An outgoing letter dated June 26, 1902 (in copybooks) from D.H. Burnham & Company to William A. Carr states, "It will be impossible for us to proceed with the decoration of the Club Story until the smoke from the Carnegie Building has been stopped. The soot and dirt from this stack will mix with the moist colors and will give us a clouded effect…." The nuisance stopped when the smoke stack was extended. Material pertaining to the extension of the smoke stack includes correspondence, an agreement, and a blueprint.
The majority of the reports are comprised of elevator examination and inspection matters. Elevators were generally inspected by the Employers' Liability Assurance Corporation, Limited and date from to 1913 to 1928. Other records in this subseries relate to connecting of the Frick Building to the Annex. These materials include an ordinance for bridges connecting the Frick Building to the Frick Building Annex. Additional correspondence, ordinances, and bridge construction agreements between Frick and Lucy Carnegie (Thomas Carnegie's wife) relating to a connection from the Carnegie Building to the Frick Building Annex. The materials in this subseries date from 1901 to 1928.
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Scope and Content Notes
The construction reports pertain to both the Frick Building and Annex and include meeting minutes, contracts, surveys, ordinances, bills, estimates, schedules, photographs, drawings, bids, reports, index cards and specifications. Also included in this subseries are daily reports which provided progress on the work, number of workmen, finished work, and any special attention needed by the contractors. The photographs are three pictures of the safes being tested before, during, and after a fire. The drawings in this subseries consist of original draftsman's sketches of Frick's office furniture such as desks, chairs, book cases, and stools. The index cards document finished and unfinished contract matters. These cards could have possibly been used as an earlier filing system, noting various locations where files exist such as folders, safes, vouchers, and cupboards.
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Scope and Content Notes
The financial materials include vouchers, statements, bills, receipts, taxes, assessments, copybooks, check books, check registers, cancelled checks, and bank deposit books pertaining to the Frick Building, Frick Building Annex, Highland Building, and Union Arcade. The vouchers include receipts, bills, and statements mostly dealing with building construction. These voucher records correspond with the statement on distribution of labor and material. The vouchers included many businesses such as Allegheny Company Light Company, Globe Glue Company, and the Pittsburgh Plate Glass Company. There are also "expense vouchers" which date from 1948 to 1950, and pertain to matters regarding pension, taxes, payroll, compensation, deductions, and other services. These records are arranged chronologically.
Also included are outgoing invoices for the years 1921 to 1923, 1927 to 1949, and 1954 to 1957. Invoices include billed tenants such as the American Bridge Company; Carnegie-Illinois Steel Corporation; Equitable Life Assurance Society of U.S.; H.C. Frick Coke Company; and the Young Republicans of Allegheny County. The bills document repairs, installations, furnishings, energy charges, cleaning services, and monthly charge statements. Bills are arranged chronologically by month. There are statements labeled as "Frick Buildings" which contain earnings, expenses, account payables, account receivables, that provides expenses for repairs, operating labor, running, and payroll regarding the Frick Building, Annex, and the Union Arcade. These statements are comprised of an alphabetical listing of tenants for the years 1947, 1948, and 1949. There are also outgoing paid invoices for the Frick Building Annex for the years 1925 to 1949.
The incoming invoices are for the years 1941 to 1948 and 1954 to 1956 for the Frick Building and Annex. Invoices pertain to supplies, furnishings, and installations. Included are originals and copies of general ledger statements and letterpress copybooks. The incoming invoices are arranged by building which includes the Frick Building, Annex, Highland Building, and Union Arcade. The invoices date from 1902 to 1960. Where available the invoices are arranged by year or subject.
The copybooks consist of records for payroll, liabilities, expenses, profit and loss, sale comparisons, supplies, and general expenses. The bill statement books provide bills for repairs, supplies, rent, furnishings, and labor. There are also statements and bills regarding the purchasing of steel for the construction of the Frick Building and Annex. Checkbook and cancelled check registers are also included in this series. Checkbook registers pertain to petty cash, F.W. McElroy, Frick Building, and Annex. The McElroy check registers mostly pertains to Clayton (Frick's Family estate in Pittsburgh) expenses, while other expenses include groceries, telephone service, repairs, animal feed, salaries, and electric bills. There is even a check stub for Miss Frick's birthday cake, which cost $2.48 in 1906. The other checkbooks consist of Frick Building miscellaneous expenses and date from December 2, 1902 to January 14, 1911. These expenses included salaries, repairs, rents, equipment, and supplies. Frick Building check stubs pertain to general day to day business matters and are for the Frick Building and Annex expenses. Moreover, the Annex stubs correspond with the Annex accounts payable concerning construction. Checks that are labeled as "Cancelled Checks and Statements" consist of documents that pertain to the rent account for the Frick Building and Annex. Most of the checks are payable to Helen Frick, Frick Building, Frick Building Annex, and the Mellon National Bank and Trust Company, Trustee. These records are for the years 1941 to 1963 and are arranged by year.
Remaining materials include taxes, assessments, bills, receipts, expenses, and appraisals. There are some folders that contain personal property appraisals for the Frick Buildings. Some examples include lamps, chairs, desks, safes, carpets, cabinets, pictures, and etc. These items were possibly appraised due to Frick's death in early December of 1919. Also included are bills for the Estate of H.C. Frick for the years 1925 to 1929 which include bills for rent, services, supplies, expenses, and reimbursements. The financial materials are arranged chronologically within each folder where dates are available.
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box 257, folder 09-10
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box 257, folder 40
Scope and Content Notes
The Rent Issues subseries contains information on rental matters for the Frick Building, Frick Building Annex, Union Arcade, and other miscellaneous properties from 1900 to 1951. The majority of the records are schedules, statements, bills, leases, notices, and receipts that relate to John E. Shaw building renting agency. However, rental records after the 1950s were mostly handled by the assistant renting agent, Mr. V.R. Calpas. A large part of the material consists in this subseries is comprised of "Rent and Services" documents including rent schedules for both the Frick Building and Annex as well as statements and bills pertaining to other various properties. These schedules provide monthly and annual rental cost for each floor and room. There are also leases for the Frick Building, but only for the years of 1908 to the 1920s and again for 1950s. The folders labeled "composition of balance account" includes tenant accounts, and is arranged chronologically. The remaining material pertains to delinquent rent, rent increases, receipts, balances, and land lord sale. The land lord sale is when the land lord sells off the tenant office furnishings to cover the delinquent rent. These materials include correspondence, statements, item lists, and bill of sale. The materials in subseries date from 1900 to 1951.
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box 260, folder 08-10
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box 267, folder 6
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box 267, folder 7
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box 268
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box 269
Scope and Content Notes
The Frick Building correspondence are comprised of original letters, carbon copies, handwritten notes, letter excerpts, and letterpress copybooks for the years 1900 to 1931, with the majority of the letters being from 1901 to 1919. These correspondence generally pertain to Frick's various businesses, rental space, and other operations of the Frick Building. The letters are arranged into groups of correspondence related to John A. Shaw, F.W. McElroy, William A. Carr, Frank Momeyer, Francis Thomas Fletcher Lovejoy, D.H. Burnham & Company, and Carbon Copies.
John A. Shaw was the main renting agent for both the Frick Building and Annex. The letters are from 1902 to 1909 and 1914 to 1918. These letters relate to tenants, rents, and leases. Other topics include furnishings, repairs, complaints, bills, and supplies. There are some tenant letters from the Empire Building, where Shaw was also a renting agent. McElroy's letters usually concern secretarial tasks. The letters are mostly incoming to McElroy, but there are also outgoing copies from McElroy to H.C. Frick, Childs Frick, and others. Letters pertain to daily business affairs like bills, payroll, accounts, expenses, properties, and supplies. Letters marked "D.H. Burnham & Company" contain letters addressed to H.C. Frick, F.T.F. Lovejoy, William A. Carr (Secretary), and B.J. Foley (Building Supervisor), from D.H. Burnham & Company from 1900 to 1904. However, the majority of the letters are for the years of 1901 and 1902, regarding the construction of the building. Many letters are sent from Burnham & Company, and consulting engineer, F.H. Kindl, which describe the building construction, design, specifications, furnishings, inspections, and deliveries. These letters are addressed to Burnham & Company, Carr, Frick, and others.
Frick's office secretary staff included William A. Carr, F.W. McElroy, W.J. Naughton, Charles F. Chubb, D.B. Kinch, and Karl Overholt. Letters from these men consist of daily business activities that include taxes, payroll, agreements, leases, rents, supplies, and repairs. Also mentioned were some of Frick's businesses such as Faraday Coal & Coke Company, St. Paul Coal Company, Shaw Coal Company, and the Cerro De Pasco Companies.
Carr's correspondence describes his duties as secretary, building manager, and occasionally as a representative for Frick. Large portions of letters are from the Hollar Lock Inspection Co., Bethlehem Steel Co., the Herring Hall Marvin Safe Co., and from Mr. D.B. Kinch to Carr. Hollar Lock Inspection Company designed the vault in the Frick Building where as the Herring Hall supplied the safe deposit boxes. It was the Bethlehem Steel Co. which built the large vault for the building. Carr received many letters from Kinch, the superintendent of the Frick Building, Annex, and the Highland Building. There are also letters from Alexander Phimister Proctor, a well known artist who sculpted the two life-like lions that where placed in the building's ground floor entrance.
There are letters to and from Frank Momeyer and Francis Lovejoy. Momeyer was the Frick Building assistant and later superintendent. The letters to Momeyer are from Charles F. Chubb, an associate who also represented Frick. Material regarding Lovejoy shows that he looked after general building and construction matters in Frick's absent. In a letter found in the letterpress copybook labeled as "H.C. Frick New Building," Frick mentions "Mr. F.T.F. Lovejoy … is looking after everything in connection with the Building, I am erecting here [Pittsburgh]…." The Lovejoy correspondence pertains to the building's construction, bidding, furnishing, specifications, contracts, and supplies. There are also some letters addressed to Frick dealing with persons or companies that were trying to sell their building materials and products to Frick.
The remaining material is comprised of Frick Building letterpress copybooks. The copybooks contain mostly outgoing business letters from Carr, describing daily business affairs regarding the Frick Building and later the Annex. There are also letters and statements regarding the Union Restaurant, Union Restaurant Company, Union Club, Union Safe Deposit Company, Clairton Street Railway Company, and the St. Clair Improvement Company. There are also letters detailing building furnishings, repairs, expenses, rent, and accident reports. In addition to the letterpress books, there are also three additional books. The first is labeled as "H.C. Frick New Building" and it consists of outgoing letters from Frick and Francis Thomas Fletcher Lovejoy for the years 1900 to 1908. The majority of the letters are addressed to D.H. Burnham & Company, George A. Fuller Company, and some smaller businesses. The letterpress book labeled "J.C. Potter" mostly contain outgoing letters from Potter to the architect, contractors, sales agents, and manufacturers for the year of 1903. The remaining letterpress book deals with matters regarding the Frick Building, Annex, and the Highland Building. The Highland Building was one of Frick's other building projects located in the East Liberty neighborhood of Pittsburgh. This book contains both letters and accident reports for the years 1911 to 1914. Letters are arranged alphabetically within each group.
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box 274, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
Due to confidentiality issues, material in this subseries is RESTRICTED for 75 years from date of creation. Researchers wishing to access these records must sign a confidentiality agreement with the Archives Service Center.
This subseries pertains to employment records and employees for the Frick Building and other Frick properties. The records consist of reports, transactions, statements, agreements, and evaluations, many of which include information on accident reports, deceased employees, retirement claims, deceased pensioners, and employment index cards. Also included are forms, applications, correspondence, vouchers, and memoranda. The letters are arranged in order by the author of the letter.
The accident reports document the accidents that occurred in the Frick Building, Frick Building Annex, Union Arcade (Union Trust Building), and the Highland Building. The reports consist of employee's records, newspaper clippings, court cases, as well as original and duplicate notices of accidents on the building premises. Reports provide information regarding accident locations, injured persons, and witnesses. While most reports pertain to employee accidents; however there are some that involve non-employees and bystanders. The accident reports are numbered 1 to 1000 and then 1 to 380. It is unclear at this time why the reports began numbering over again. Reports are arranged by original report number order.
Most of the correspondence included with the employee records are from the Fidelity & Casualty Company and the Employer's Liability Assurance Corporation, Ltd. The majority of the letters are addressed to the Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh, but also to H.C. Frick, William A. Carr, and Karl F. Overholt. There are some outgoing copies of letters from Overholt and the Trustees of the Union Trust Company. The reports are for the years 1902 to 1935. Also, additional reports can be found in the Frick Building, Frick Annex, and Highland Building letterpress copybooks.
Records of deceased Frick Building employees are for the years of 1919 to 1934. In addition a small amount of additional records from the Frick Building Annex and the Union Arcade (Union Trust Building) are also included. The information contained within a death record includes proof of death, employee cards, incoming letters, and copies of outgoing letters. Most of the letters are addressed to and from Mr. W.F. Cooley, Jr. Cooley was the person that dealt with the retirees, deceased family members, lawyers, insurance agencies, and the funeral home. Additional letters are from the Equitable Life Assurance Society regarding the life insurance settlements. This insurance company helped provide benefits to Frick employees and their families. Any employee that worked more than six months was entitled to insurance through the Equitable Life Assurance Society. The remaining materials include some notes, obituaries, incoming letters, outgoing letter copies, and payroll records. Additionally copies of census, marriage certificates, baptismal, death certificates, and information regarding social security benefits would also be included in the death record. While the majority of the records are for deceased employee, there are some documenting disability claims. The materials are arranged alphabetically by last name.
Retirement claims consists of statements, correspondence, vouchers, reports, journal pages, notices, employee lists, bills, memoranda, and transactions. The material mostly pertains to hourly and salaried retirement plans. The retirement plan trust fund was established through Mellon Bank Company. Many of the correspondence, statements, and transactions dealt with the Retirement Board and the bank. In one case, Cooley corresponded with Roger A. Wharton, the Vice President of Mellon Bank, regarding money being transferred from the retirement plan accounts for the purpose of paying benefits. These materials are labeled as "transfers from accounts." Some of the other businesses that worked with the retirement board were Moorhead and Knox, Attorneys at Law; Marsh and McLennan, Consulting Actuaries; and William M. Mercer, Inc.
The employee index cards date from 1904 to 1945 and are for persons working for the Frick Building, the Annex, and the Union Arcade Building. Cards are arranged alphabetically and include the employee's name, address, age, married status, and nationality. Also, the cards provide the date of employment, wages, work description, and whether or not the person smoked, chewed tobacco, or drank alcohol. There are also index cards for persons residing in the Frick Building which include persons name, address, date of birth, married status, and union membership number. These index cards are arranged alphabetically and are for the years 1953 to 1982.
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Scope and Content Notes
The "Hump" was a hill in and around the Grant Street area of downtown Pittsburgh. These materials document the work and planning that went into the removal of the "Hump" also known as Grant's Hill which surrounded Frick's properties. With a 20 percent grade, the Hump was hard for horse-drawn wagons and walkers to climb. As early as the 1800s, local residents recognized the hill would have to be removed. In 1912, the removal of the "Hump" in downtown Pittsburgh began. By the end of 1914, the steep hill had been leveled, allowing a more gradual rise from the lower part of downtown. The earth displaced in the removal of the Hump was use to fill in a portion of Saint Pierre's Ravine in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The materials consist of correspondence, agreements, bills, clippings, contracts, proposals, and photographs. However, the majority of the materials are contracts and correspondence. Also included is documentation on the Frick Building and Annex alteration, such as widening of the street and reworking utilities, as well as repairing the building's plaster and ornamental work. The correspondence are arranged alphabetically by business entity. The majority of the correspondence are from three companies: the American Bridge Company, (steel works); D.H. Burnham & Company, (architects); and the Chicago Ornamental Iron Company, (iron and bronze work). The correspondence are mostly original incoming letters addressed to Frick Building superintendent, Mr. D.B. Kinch. However, there are also some outgoing copies and carbon copies from these companies that are included. The documents within each folder are arranged chronologically.
The remaining materials include vouchers, bills, expenses, and photographs. The photographs mostly show the removal of the hump from the Grant Street and Fifth Avenue views. There is one specific photograph of an unknown man standing in the middle of Grant Street. and half of the road is taken away. This picture clearly shows the magnitude of dirt that was removed. Photographs are dated from September 6, 1912 to September 14, 1912; however some are not dated. Other materials in relation to the removal of the "Hump" can be found in Series XV Hump Removal.
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Scope and Content Notes
These records document the sale of the Frick Building in the early 1980s. In 1980, the building costs and repairs began to mount and there was an option to sell the property. Frick's daughter, Helen, was against the sale of the building her father loved so much. In a letter to Mr. Carrell, the President of Mellon National Bank, Helen writes "My father communicated to me his intention that it [the building] be held and it is my desire to carry out his intentions." Records include leases, reports, agreements, memoranda, and tax assessments. However, the majority of the materials consist of newspaper clippings, correspondence, and property appraisal. Clippings are from local newspapers that covered the sale of the building. Correspondence in this section mostly contains letters to and from Miss Helen Clay Frick, Mellon Bank Trustees, attorneys, and other persons involved in the building sale. The property appraisal materials documents building improvements, bidders, and agreement of sale. The Frick Building was eventually sold in 1981 to the United States Steel Corporation. The records in this subseries date from 1967 to 1982, but the majority are from 1981 and 1982.
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Scope and Content Notes
Included in this suberseries are both printing plates and engravings which illustrate floor plans, portraits of Frick, and images of the Frick Building. The floor plan engravings are for the Frick Building and Frick Annex. The print from these building engravings can be found in the advertisement pamphlets in the Frick Building Rent Issue subseries. None of the plates are dated however some are labeled by the Pitts Photo Engraving Company.
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box 353, folder 1
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box 353, folder 2-3
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box 353, folder 4
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box 354, folder 1-9
Scope and Content Notes
These materials include journals, cash books, ledgers, and indexes for the Frick Building, Annex, and Union Arcade. These volumes contain information about stocks, salaries, rent, running expense, repairs, operating expense, taxes, supplies, services, and other day-to-day financial operations. Additional information regarding financial matters can be found in these record books. The record books are large bound ledgers and date from 1902 to 1957.
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box 355
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box 359, volume 1
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box 359, volume 2
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box 382, volume 1
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box 386, volume 2
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box 387, volume 1
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box 387, volume 2
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box 388, volume 1
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box 388, volume 2
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box 389, volume 1
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box 389, volume 2
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box 389, volume 3
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box 390
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box 392
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box 393, volume 1
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box 393, volume 2
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box 393, volume 3
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box 393, volume 4
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box 394
Scope and Content Notes
The Union Restaurant and Café was located on the first of three basement levels of the Frick Building and was run by the Union Restaurant Company. The restaurant opened October 10, 1902, providing a rustic atmosphere and supplying first class service and cuisine. The restaurant conducted business in the Frick Building until 1914 when it closed and relocated to the Bakewell Building in Pittsburgh. The Union Restaurant Company Correspondence consists of incoming and outgoing letters and handwritten notes from 1902 to 1917. The majority of the letters are sent to Frick from William F. Urbauer, Restaurant Proprietor; William A. Carr, Company President; and F.W. McElroy, Vice President. In 1912, new officers were elected: Karl Overholt as President, William H. Morrison as Vice President, and H.K. Duff, Secretary and Treasurer. These new officers are the persons that make up the majority of the outgoing letters in the remaining correspondence folders. Additional correspondence concerning specific business affairs can be found in other sections of the Union Restaurant Company Subseries. The correspondence are arranged chronologically and date from 1902 to 1917.
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box 395, folder 1
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box 395, folder 11
Scope and Content Notes
The majority of the materials are financial statements and accounts payable. The statements consist of documents that relate to both the Union Restaurant and the Union Restaurant Company. The documents include statements of profit and loss earnings, supplies, summary of balance, and accounts receivable. The Union Restaurant statements are arranged by month and include trial balance, accounts receivable, summary of balance, profit and loss, and comparative statements. Accounts payable material consists of documents that pertain to debts resulting from purchasing supplies or receiving services. The Company's accounts payable document the purchasing of supplies for the restaurant from companies such as the Heinz Company, F.A. Cauchois & Company, Citizen Ice Company, Albert L. Brahm Company, Pittsburgh Brewing Company, Pabst Brewing Company, A. Overholt & Company, and the Ohio & Pittsburgh Milk Company. Accounts payables are arranged numerically in the orignial order.
The Union Restaurant Company administrative and financial materials also contain by-laws, charter, meeting minutes, reports, tax matters, agreements, clippings, waiter tickets, memoranda, and papers regarding annual meetings. In addition there are also statements, accounts payable, receipts, cancelled checks, monthly time books, indexes, journals, cashbooks, and ledgers. Meetings minutes contain both copies of Stockholders and Board of Directors meetings. The minute book consists of the original handwritten meeting minutes of Stockholders and Board of Directors meetings. These minutes contain ballots, resignation letters, balance sheets, lists of Stockholders, and president reports. The William W. Smith reports includes material that relates to Smith's discussing the Union Restaurant Company's charter, lease agreements, certificates, ballots, meeting minutes, and by-laws. Other material includes capital stock reports, news clippings, and licenses. There are also materials that relate to repairs, theft, regulations, bids, waiter tickets, and liquidation matters.
The remaining material consists of record books such as monthly time books, index books, cash books, a ledger, a journal, and a certificate book. These record books include purchase journals, charge journals, general cash, charge checks, transfer books, stock ledgers, accounts receivable, and receipt books that pertain to both the Company and the restaurant. The record books provide information on totals, charges, transfers, and balances for furnishings, storeroom, wine cellar, cigar stock, improvements, expenses, sales, repairs, music, supplies, and sundries. Some of these books also provide account for wages, taxes, and stocks. The general cash book corresponds with the account payables. Also included is a box full of keys for the restaurant's office drawers, tables, catering boxes, closets, and doors. The material in this subseries dates from 1902 to 1915.
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box 434, folder 40
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box 434, folder 42
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box 435, folder 1
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box 436
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box 437
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box 438
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box 439
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box 440
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box 441
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box 442
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box 443
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box 444
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box 445, volume 1
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box 446
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box 445, volume 2
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box 447, volume 1
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box 447, volume 2
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box 448
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box 449
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box 450
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box 451
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box 452
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box 453
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box 454
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box 455, volume 1
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box 455, volume 2
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box 455, volume 3
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box 455, volume 4
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box 455, volume 5
Scope and Content Notes
The Union Club, located on top floor of the Frick Building, was only open to the wealthiest industrialists and Frick's associates. The social club was well furnished set of apartment style rooms decorated in rich wood tones combined with expansive marble floors. The Union Club materials consist of annual reports, newspaper clippings, correspondence, membership material, statements, and memoranda. The annual reports include information on various elite clubs such as the University Club, Chicago Club, Metropolitan Club, and the Calumet Club of New York. There is also material on club membership for the Lunch Club, Lawyers' Club, and Brighton County Club. There are some correspondence, however most are incoming letters to William A. Carr (Chairman of the Membership Committee) from Miss Sidney Colestok, a person interested in employment. The remaining materials consist of memoranda, minutes, statements, forms, and circulars. The materials in this subseries date from 1900 to 1911.
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box 456, folder 1
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box 456, folder 2
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box 456, folder 3
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box 456, folder 4
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box 456, folder 5
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box 456, folder 6
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box 456, folder 17
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box 456, folder 18
Scope and Content Notes
In 1903, the Armor Safe Company was renamed the Union Safe Deposit Company. The Union Safe Deposit Company had two large vaults on the first basement floor of the Frick Building. The vaults were built by Bethlehem Steel Company and consisted of two enormous seventeen-ton doors at each end. The safe could hold 10,000 safe deposit boxes of various sizes. The Union Safe Deposit Company's financial material documents account payables, statements, bills, receipts, monthly reports, and record books. The Record books consist of ledgers, a journal, a transfer book, and an index book. The accounts payable material highlights the debts resulting from purchasing supplies or receiving services. The account payables are arranged numerically in their original order.
Folders labeled as "statements" include general account statements which provide monthly accounts on earnings, expenses, equipment, stocks, profits, and loss. There are other statements in this subseries and they are labeled as "comparative," "rental," and "Union Savings Bank." These comparative statements evaluate other banks like Mellon National Bank, Farmers Deposit National Bank, Dollars Saving Bank, Union Savings Bank, and the Union Trust Company. The majority of the statements compare the Farmers and Mellon National Bank. Folders labeled as "Commissioner of Banking" consist of copies of reports made to the commissioner which also includes some correspondence and statements. The remaining financial material consists of bills, receipts, lists, and monthly reports. The reports provide balances, new leases, cancellations, and number of leases. The Union Safe Deposit Co. materials date from 1903 to 1928.
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box 457, folder 1
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box 457, folder 2
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box 457, folder 3
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box 457, folder 4
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box 457, folder 5
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box 458, folder 1
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box 466, folder 30
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box 467, folder 1
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box 467, folder 29
Scope and Content Notes
The administrative records of the Union Safe Deposit Co. contain by-laws, newspaper clippings, memoranda, contracts, agreements, notices, and meeting minutes. There is also material relating to advertising, annual meetings, and applications. The meeting minutes are copies of minutes from the Board of Directors and Stockholders meetings. Advertising material include correspondence, booklets, postcards, and newspaper clippings for the company. In additional to the Union Safe Deposit Co. advertisements there is promotional material from companies like the Globe National Bank (Chicago), National Park Bank (New York), Lincoln Safe Deposit (New York City), Mercantile Safe Deposit (New York City), and the Union Trust (Pittsburgh).
The annual meeting materials contain drafts of minutes, lists of stockholders, meeting notices, ballots, and list of "boxes" rented. Information regarding the company's name change can be found in the folder labeled as "Armor Safe Deposit Co." Information on the company's liquidation can be in the folder labeled "dissolution matters." The remaining materials include inventories, business cards, calendars, renter cards, and resignation letters. The materials in this subseries date from 1897 to 1913.
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box 468, folder 1
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box 468, folder 10
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box 468, folder 11-15
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box 469, folder 1
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box 469, folder 4
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box 469, folder 5-8
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box 469, folder 9
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box 469, folder 21
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box 470, folder 1-3
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box 470, folder 5
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box 470, folder 6
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box 470, folder 7
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box 470, folder 8
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box 470, folder 09-10
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box 470, folder 11
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box 470, folder 19
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box 470, folder 20
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box 471, folder 1
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box 471, folder 3
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box 471, folder 19
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box 471, folder 21
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box 471, folder 22
Scope and Content Notes
These records mostly consist of incoming letters to the Union Safe Deposit Company from Company President, William H. Morrison and William A. Carr, Company Treasurer and Secretary. Incoming letters are from various businesses such as Sterling Bronze Company, York Safe & Lock Company, Strobridge Lithographing Company, Herring-Hall-Maruin Safe Company, Edward P. Remington Newspaper Advertising, and G.G. O'Brien Bulletin Signs. There are two letterpress copybooks that contain copies of statements, balances, and agreements that are also outgoing letters from Carr. The copybook dates from 1904 to 1914 and contain daily business activities letters of both the Union Safe Deposit Company and Union Restaurant. The correspondence are arranged in chronological order date from 1902 to 1914.
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box 472, folder 1
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box 473, folder 1
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box 474, folder 1
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box 474, folder 6
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box 474, folder 7
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box 475, volume 1
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box 475, volume 2
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box 476
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box 477
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box 478
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box 479
Historical Background
As a child, Henry Clay Frick lived in the rural but coal rich area known as the Connellsville region of southwestern Pennsylvania. This region was widely known for its high grade coal deposits of which even as a youth, Frick knew the potential value to the burgeoning steel industry. At age twenty-two, Frick entered the coke and coal business, buying 123 acres of coal lands with a $10,000 loan secured from a Pittsburgh banker and family friend, Thomas Mellon. Overholt, Frick & Company began on March 10, 1871 with a partnership between Frick, Joseph Rist, Abraham Tintsman, and Frick's cousin J.S.R. Overholt. Overholt, Frick & Company purchased the land near Broad Ford, Pennsylvania to base their coke production firm. The following year, Frick built an additional 50 ovens and planned a 100 oven plant called the Henry Clay Works located on the Youghiogheny River, near Broad Ford. Frick promptly asked Mellon for a second loan to finance his growing business causing Mellon's bank to evaluate his business and produce a mining report which noted: "the lands good, ovens well built; manager on job all day, keeps books evenings... knows his business down to the ground." After receiving the second loan, an expansion and reorganization of the company occurred and the firm shorted its name to Frick & Company in 1873. The company then owned 400 acres of coal lands and 200 beehive ovens to make coke that would support the production of Bessemer steel. Frick's experience in coke production was in large part due to growing up in this region.
In September 1873, the leading U.S. financial house collapsed and a "financial panic" ensued, hitting much of the United States and greatly affecting Frick's business. Due to the financial panic, Tintsman sold all of his shares to Frick, while Overholt sold a portion of his share in the company to another relative, C.S. Overholt. Frick and his company endured the financial crisis that affected many industries in the United States. Frick closely watched his mines, ovens, and funds, so that he was able to not only survive the crisis but profit from it by acquiring more coal lands at cheap prices from bankrupt owners and sold off his private railroad sections for a profit. Again, Frick put all profits into acquiring more coal land and building more ovens; Frick & Company eventually controlled 80 percent of the coke output of the Connellsville region.
On June 17, 1876, Frick bought out his partners and became sole owner of Frick & Company. However, this lasted only a short time; by January 22, 1877 Frick again went into partnership, but this time with family friends, Walton and E. Morewood Ferguson. With the formation of a new partnership, another name change occurred and the company was now known as H.C. Frick & Company. The company operated the Frick Works, Henry Clay Works, and Ferguson Works, as well as leasing the Valley Coke Works, Anchor Works, and Mullen Works. During their years of partnership, the company amassed more than 1,000 ovens, 3,000 acres of coal lands, and employed over a thousand in staff and laborers. Also as a side, Frick organized Morewood Coke Company on behalf of the Ferguson's only owning a small portion of the shares. By 1879, Frick was supplying coke to places spanning from New Jersey to Wisconsin, and it was at this time Frick made his first million dollars by age thirty as he predicted.
The H.C. Frick Coke Company was formed in April 1882 and was the continuation of the earlier Frick companies bearing similar names. It was in this year when Frick and steel industrialist Andrew Carnegie formed a partnership whereby Frick would be the sole supplier of coke to Carnegie's steel mills, giving Carnegie a slight discount over market price. Although he was the sole supplier for Carnegie, Frick continued to supply coke to other steel companies. The company moved its headquarters to Pittsburgh, but maintained their coke ovens and plants in the Connellsville Coke Region. The H.C. Frick Coke Company was comprised of a number of plants, including Adelaide; Leisenring Numbers 1, 2, and 3; Standard; Tip Top; Henry Clay; Calumet; Mammoth; and Sterling Number 1 and 2. Frick also owned stock and bonds in other railroads, gas, and mining companies in the region. Frick allied his company with a number of other businesses in the region, including Union Supply Company, Youghiogheny Northern Railway Company, Youghiogheny Water Company, Mount Pleasant Water Company, and Trotter Water Company.
In the Fall of 1891, the H.C. Frick Coke Company became a pioneer in placing electric lighting in coal mines. This was possibly in response to a terrible mining accident that occurred at Frick's Mammoth mine in Mount Pleasant, Pa. which was less then ten miles from Frick's childhood home. On January 27, 1891 a large explosion caused by gas igniting from an uncovered light, killed all of the men in the mine totaled 116 workers. According to newspaper articles regarding the accident, it was seen as the most horrific and worst mining disaster to date.
Frick was known as a strict businessman and constantly concerned with the bottom line. Frick struggled to maintain competitive production rates at the lowest possible cost. Frick countered raising wages rates by producing his own scrip which he paid his workers to use for highly inflated products in his company stores. Restless workers in the Connellsville Coke Region, and many other industrial areas, felt cheated and labor tensions begin to rise. The H.C. Frick Coke Company was no exception and many strikes occurred at Frick's mines and plants. Frick's company alone faced two major strikes in 1891 and 1894. It is with the events that transpired during these strikes that shaped Frick's early disposition toward the labor movement and treatment of striking workers.
On March 22, 1900 the H.C. Frick Coke Company and the Carnegie Steel Company combined to form the Carnegie Company. At this time Frick received $30 million in securities and bonds, but he was originally threatened to be "barred from holding any managerial position" in the newly formed company. However, Carnegie soon changed his mind and made Frick manager. Carnegie feigned barring Frick as manager in response to the one of many Frick-Carnegie feuds over differing business-making decisions. It was also around this time that Frick began making plans to move out of Pittsburgh to live in New York City full time.
J.P. Morgan, a wealthy financer, purchased the Carnegie Company and Federated Steel to form the U.S. Steel Corporation in 1901. The H.C. Frick Coke Company became a division of the new company and later was completely absorbed by U.S. Steel. Frick became director, and later an advisor to the U.S. Steel Corporation while also pursuing business interests in coal, railroad, and mining companies.
Scope and Content Notes
This series encompasses the first four early business ventures of Henry Clay Frick and the culmination of which became H.C. Frick Coke Company in 1882. It contains the business records of Overholt, Frick & Company (1871-1873), Frick & Company (1873-1876), H.C. Frick & Company (1876-1882), and the H.C. Frick Coke Company (1882- 1900). Within the records the following materials can be found: scrapbooks with newspaper and industry publications clippings, Frick's outgoing letterpress copybooks; incoming correspondence, maps, legal material, financial documents, and ledger volumes. The majority of the materials are journals and ledgers concerning the financial activities of Frick & Company and H.C. Frick & Company.
Throughout this series are materials regarding employees, strikes, and labor unions which can be found in both scrapbooks and correspondence subseries. The records describe the daily business activities that concern productivity, quality, competitors, markets, and profits of these businesses. The material also addresses aspects of business specific to the late ninetieth century coke industry, including bituminous coal mining, water supplies, beehive ovens, railroad transportation crises, and accidents. Information regarding maps can be found in the Maps and Architectural Drawings Series. The material in this series dates from 1871 to 1921.
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains twenty-eight scrapbooks with newspaper and industry publication clippings from a variety of periodicals from the Pittsburgh area including Allegheny, Westmoreland and Fayette Counties. Some of the more common clippings are from the following publications: the Independent (Scottdale, Pa), Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh Post,Pittsburgh Dispatch,Connellsville Courier,Commercial Gazette,Uniontown Democrat, and Mt. Pleasant Journal. Industry publications include American Manufacturer and The Ohio Valley Manufacturer. These clippings were maintained by the company and concern the interests of the H.C. Frick Coke Company and the coke industry as a whole. Clippings document a wide variety of subjects, which include but are not limited to strikes and riots (Volumes 1, 8, 9, and 10), labor (Volume 3), transportation concerns (Volume 6), ethnicity issues (Volume 3), and Frick's philanthropy in the Connellsville Region (Volume 22). The researcher should be aware the topics vary within individual volumes.
Each scrapbook contains a weekly "Report of the Operation and Output of the Coke Ovens of the Connellsville Region." This was published in the Connellsville Courier and provides the name of the works, operator, number of ovens owned, number of ovens in operation that week, and estimated tonnage for the week. This information documents Frick's rise in the coke industry, along with the output of his competitors in the region. These clipping even note the weekly, sometimes daily, ups and downs of the coke industry. The scrapbooks are arranged chronologically and are numbered according to the original volume numbers found on the books. The scrapbooks date from 1884 to 1896.
The correspondence subseries contains letterpress copybooks and incoming letters concerning the H.C. Frick Coke Company. The majority of the correspondence in the letterpress copybooks are letters to H.C. Frick Coke Company and some outgoing business letters written by Frick. However, Frick's longtime secretary, Giles Bosworth, wrote some of these letters. The correspondence details daily business activities, including letters to various coal and coke companies, and company employees. However, major events, such as the 1891 mining accident and strike, are only briefly mentioned in the correspondence. Indexes with individual names and companies can be found in each volume. Also, the letterpress copybooks begin with Volume 3; this is according to the original numbers on each book. Volumes 1 and 2 were not part of the original collection accession and are absent from this series.
Also included are two letterpress copybooks for the South West Coal & Coke Company and the South West Connellsville Coke Company of which Frick was President. The South West Coal copybook includes outgoing business letters from Frick to Morris Ramsay, Superintendent at Morewood Mines in Mt. Pleasant, Pa., Jay C. Morse, President of Illinois Steel Company; Mr. H.A. Gray, Secretary of Illinois Steel Company; and the son of the late Morris Ramsay; and William Ramsay, General Superintendent at Morewood. The letters pertain to the H.C. Frick Coke Company's business affairs, which include coal, coke, and some letters pertaining to strikes and riots. Later in 1892, the South West Coal & Coke Company was reorganized into the South West Connellsville Coke Company. However, letters from this new company are still located in the South West Coal copybook. The copybook labeled as the South West Connellsville contain letters dated from February 1897 to January 1898. Most of the letters are outgoing from Frick to various persons regarding the company business matters.
The majority of the incoming correspondence are from Thomas Lynch, Superintendent and later President of the H.C. Frick Coke Company. The letters concern the daily business activities of the H.C. Frick Coke Company and small portion of responding letters from Frick can be found in the letterpress copybooks. Major company events are not discussed in these letters between Lynch and Frick. The correspondence is arranged chronologically.
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box 516, volume 3
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box 517, volume 4
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box 517, volume 5
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box 518, volume 6
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box 518, volume 7
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box 518, volume 8
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box 519, volume 2
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box 519, volume 3
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box 520, folder 1
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box 520, folder 2
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box 520, folder 3
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box 520, folder 4
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box 520, folder 5
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box 520, folder 6
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box 520, folder 8
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box 520, folder 11
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box 520, folder 14
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box 520, folder 15
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box 520, folder 16
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box 520, folder 17
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box 520, folder 18
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box 521, folder 1
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box 521, folder 2
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box 521, folder 3
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box 521, folder 4
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box 521, folder 5
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box 521, folder 6
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box 521, folder 7
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box 521, folder 8
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box 521, folder 9
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box 521, folder 10
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box 521, folder 11
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box 521, folder 12
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box 521, folder 13
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box 521, folder 14
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box 521, folder 15
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box 521, folder 16
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box 522, folder 1
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box 522, folder 2
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box 522, folder 3
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box 522, folder 4
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box 522, folder 5
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box 522, folder 6
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box 522, folder 7
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box 522, folder 8
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box 522, folder 9
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box 522, folder 10
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box 522, folder 11
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box 522, folder 12
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box 522, folder 13
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box 522, folder 17
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box 522, folder 18
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box 522, folder 19
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box 522, folder 20
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box 522, folder 21
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box 522, folder 22
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box 522, folder 23
Scope and Content Notes
The administrative records contain financial and legal materials relating to the H.C. Frick coke companies, allied companies, and other businesses. The materials consist of publications, balance sheets, meeting minutes, and financial statements concerning labor and production costs. However, the majority of information for this subseries can be found in the ledgers, journals, and daybooks of Frick & Company and H.C. Frick & Company. The volumes contain information about stocks, profits and losses, expenses, employee names and earnings, bank notes, accounts with coke customers, and daily financial operations.
The daybook and journal from March 20, 1876 to April 27, 1881 are for the Broad Ford and Valley Company stores contains records of daily purchases, listing of customer names, item, quantity purchased, and cost. The inflated price of products in the company stores would later become a point of contention for Frick's striking workers. Also, the journals provide a log of coke output, number of cars, tonnage, cost, payroll, and rent for company houses. On the first pages of the Journal dated December 1, 1879 there is information regarding the company and its coal and coke property. Volumes are arranged in chronological order according by type of book.
This subseries also contains various annual reports for the H.C. Frick Coke Company, South West Connellsville Coke Company, and the McClure Coke Company, which was purchased by Frick in November 1895. These materials date from 1895 to 1898 and include basic information included in annual reports, such as profits and losses. H.C. Frick Coke Company maintained a detailed listing cars, tonnage, and rates for coke shipments to various locations in Pennsylvania, surrounding states, and Canada. In addition, the 1898 annual report provides a listing of coke shipments for 1882 to 1898. Also the South West Connellsville Coke Company's 1895 annual report documents ethnicity of coke miners. In this report there is a detailed list of laborers by nationality according to their work site.
In the early part of the twentieth century, Henry Clay Frick financed many Pittsburgh building projects. One such project was the Highland Building located on South Highland Avenue in the East Liberty neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. As a resident of East End neighborhood of Point Breeze, Frick sensed an opportunity for speculative office development in East Liberty. Frick had purchased the lot for the building in 1890s with plans to build office space outside of Pittsburgh's downtown triangle. The Highland Building was commissioned in 1909 by Frick as a speculative office building with the ground floor open for commercial space. Frick enlisted the help of famed architectural firm D.H. Burnham & Company, who previously designed the Frick Building in downtown Pittsburgh.
Costing $500,000, construction only lasted a year and by 1910 the new East Liberty office skyscraper was open to the public. The Highland Building is a thirteen story steel-framed building with an exterior clad in brushed brick and granite with terra cotta accents. The building represents the classical revival concept of early skyscrapers with a tripartite vertical division noted in the base-shaft-capital treatment common to the Chicago Style Architectural movement of which Burnham was a part. The building's plan is U-shaped and defined by the boundaries of the lot.
The building was built in a period of rapid growth in East Liberty that was experienced in the early twenty century. The building measured 100,000 square feet of office space and was well equipped with elevators, electricity, and gas heating. The building was later sold in 1914 to a coal capitalist and banker from Uniontown, Pennsylvania named Josiah Vankirk Thompson for $600,000. However, due to financial problems, Thompson filed for bankruptcy and a creditor committee took possession of his properties, including the Highland Building. The creditor later sold off the building and his remaining properties.
Unfortunately, the Highland Building lay vacant for nearly two decades beginning in the early 1980s until the Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) acquired the building from the City of Pittsburgh in 2004 when it was awarded a $976,000 Industrial Sites Reuse Program grant from the Pennsylvania Department of Community and Economic Development (DCED) for the environmental remediation. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.The building was then sold to Terminus Real Estate, Inc. of Knoxville, Tennessee for $1,000. As a condition of the sale, Terminus had to invest an estimated $14,000,000 to complete the renovation of the building. Terminus originally planned to convert the building into upscale loft style condominiums; however there was more interest in the building as developmental office space and a shopping center. In 2009 the building is still awaiting renovation and revitalization.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains the construction, mortgage, and business records of the Highland Building located in Pittsburgh, Pa. The records contain bids, contracts, correspondence, statements, receipts, plans, estimates, taxes, and schedules. Materials relating to the building construction consist of daily work reports, drawings, floor plans, and correspondence. The daily reports are from E.C. Leonard, the superintendent of the building's construction. Each report provides the date, weather condition, number of workmen, and the work that was being completed. There is also a newspaper clipping scrapbook and architectural drawings that document building construction, elevation and floor plans. The majority of the correspondence consists of incoming letters to D.B. Kinch, superintendent of Frick Building, from the architects of D.H. Burnham & Company and attorneys of Gordon & Smith. Other correspondence are written to Charles F. Chubb, Frick's representative in Pittsburgh.
Materials that pertain to the building mortgage include building altercations, statements, proof of claims, rent costs and building recapitulation. The letterpress copybook consists of outgoing letter copies from William Carr, a representative of Frick. The copybook states that there was no general contractor and that Kinch dealt with the contractors. The record books that primarily relate to rental matters including information on tenants, rooms occupied, and rent amount. The Superintendent Statement of Labor and Material Bills contain monthly statements for electrical wiring and supplies. The materials in this subseries date from 1909 to 1922, but the majority is from 1909 to 1915.
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Biography/History
The "Hump" consisted of the hilly terrain of what was once known as Grant Hill primarily located in and around the Grant Street area of downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The enormous hill posed a difficult climb for pedestrians, horses, and wagons, in addition to stifling any expansion in the downtown area. The hill was originally named after Major James Grant, who lost 800 soldiers in an attack at Fort Duquesne on September 7, 1758. It was evident even as early as the 1800s that the hump needed to be removed. There were two previous attempts, both unsuccessful, at removing the hump in 1838 and 1849. However, not until the early part of the twentieth century did the hump go through any major grading and removal project.
On April 5, 1912, the Hump Project was formally under way when Mayor William A. Magee and his fellow councilmen removed a ceremonial portion of earth with specially made silver picks and shovels. After the formal ceremony, the real work lay ahead for contractor Booth & Flinn, Limited, who was awarded the task of completing the improvement project by January 1, 1914. The estimated cost for regrading, recurbing, repaving and relaying the sewers and water lines was $690,000. With over one hundred men, many foremen, countless wagons, and one steam shovel the hump began to be whittled away. Grant Street, Fifth Avenue, Diamond Street, Oliver Avenue, and Cherry Way were some of the streets that were lowered and widened. Pipes, telephone wires, water mains, sewers, railway tracks, and even buildings needed to be adjusted by the lowering of the hump. Even famed architect and city planner Fredreck Law Olmsted was consulted on the removal of the Hump through his plan, Pittsburgh: Main thoroughfares and the Down Town District: Improvement to meet the city's present and future needs.
After massive amounts of dirt had been removed, the completion of the third grading was finally completed in late 1913. It must be remembered that all of the blocks affected by the change contained buildings that had to be remodeled at an enormous expense to the owners or removed to make room for larger and more modern structures. The reduction of the hump involved an area of approximately thirty-five acres owned by over 180 holders. The deepest cut measured 16 feet and especially affected the Allegheny County Courthouse and Frick Building. What was the original basement level of the Frick Building now became the entrance level, with the former first floor becoming a grand Mezzanine.
By the end of 1914, the steep hill had been leveled and the repaving and relaying of the sewers and water lines were completed, allowing for a more gradual rise from the lower part of downtown. The earth displaced in the removal of the hump was used to fill in a portion of Saint Pierre's Ravine which is now Schenley Plaza in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The final total of the hump's removal cost $800,000 and another $2.5 million in property damages and renovations.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains records of the hump removal in Pittsburgh. Records date from 1899 to 1914, but the majority is from 1904 to 1914. This series contains correspondence, estimates, agreements, clippings, bills, and waivers. There are a large number of clippings which are mostly from the Pittsburgh Sun, Pittsburgh Dispatch, and the Pittsburgh Post. The correspondence is arranged in chronological order. Letters are mostly between Henry Clay Frick, D.B. Kinch (Superintendent of Frick Building), William A. Magee (Mayor of Pittsburgh), and H.D.W. English (President of Pittsburgh Civic Commission). Folders regarding the widening of alleys, avenues, and streets correspondence are arranged by subject.
Other materials in relation to the hump removal can be found in the Series XII Frick Building Series. Those materials mostly pertain to the alterations on the Frick Building and other Frick properties due to the reduction of the hump. Also, materials regarding maps can be found in Series XXVIII Maps and Architectural Drawings which include maps showing streets, alleys, and buildings that were affected by the removal.
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Historical Background
The Jellico Coal Lands consisted of over 9,000 acres of property near Williamsburg, Whitley County, Kentucky. The land was previously owned by the Faraday Coal & Coke Company, a West Virginia corporation. Henry Clay Frick, having interests in coal and coke, owned the majority share of the Faraday Company. Over the years, Frick occasionally loaned money to Faraday to purchase additional coal lands. By 1910, the company accumulated over $100,000 indebtedness to Frick. To payoff some of the debt, the company handed over to Frick much of its Jellico coal property in Kentucky.
Upon Frick's death in 1919, his estate acquired the full ownership of the property. In the 1920s, the land was deeded to Princeton, Harvard, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, each owning a portion. The new owners began to lease the property to companies that were interested in the land's natural resources like coal, timber, oil, and gas. In the 1930s, property taxes and expenses became a serious burden. On May 26, 1933, the three institutions conveyed the property to nearby Cumberland College. The property was not much of a financial gain for the institutions, but helped the advancement of higher education, a cause to which Frick frequently donated. Acquiring the land allowed the Cumberland students to expand their agricultural studies program.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains records that pertain to the Jellico coal lands and date from 1903 to 1943, but the majority date from 1903 to 1927. The materials are arranged into three subseries: Administrative Records, Legal Material and Correspondence. The Administrative Records subseries mostly consists of reports, statements, and miscellaneous notes. The Legal Material subseries documents information regarding property expenses, leases, taxes, and agreements. There are also reports that describe tracts of coal and timber. In addition, there are reports on different companies like the Jellico Coal Mining Company, Bon Jellico Coal Company, and the Kentucky Lumber Company. The Correspondence comprises the majority of this series and includes original letters, carbon copies, telegrams, and handwritten notes. The letters document the business matters, property assessments, attorney services, taxes, and lease matters.
Scope and Content Notes
These records mostly consist of reports, statements, and miscellaneous dated and undated notes. There are clippings that relate to oil and gas developments in Whitley County, Kentucky. The remaining folders contain statements and maps. The materials date from 1908 to 1936.
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Scope and Content Notes
The legal material consists of agreements, court briefs, deeds, abstract land titles, and tax material in relation to the Jellico Coal Lands. The majority of the material consists of abstract land titles and Whitley County leases. The land titles are a history of a particular property and they provide information on the title of owner, number of acres, survey, land description, and drawings. The titles cover a large time period, from the ninetieth to the early part of the twentieth century. In addition to general material, Abstract Number 54 contains copies from the Board of Directors resolution dated December 15, 1910 and February 23, 1911, as well as copies of the deed for the Faraday Coal & Coke Company. Following the abstracts are leases which pertain to Faraday Coal & Coke Company, H.C. Frick, and the H.C. Frick Estate. The leases are arranged in numerical order.
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Scope and Content Notes
These correspondence pertain to the Jellico coal lands and business activities. The correspondence subseries contains original letters, carbon copies, telegrams, and handwritten notes. There are also copies of agreements, leases, and deeds within some of the letters. These documents were placed in the correspondence subseries because they were originally attached to many of the letters. The correspondence typically consists of letters between A.G. Russell (agent looking after the property for Frick), Tye & Siler (attorneys), and Karl F. Overholt (represented the agent in connection with the property). There are also letters concerning the affairs relating to the property business matters, property assessment, attorney services, taxes, and lease matters. In the 1920s, when the estate deeded the property to Princeton, Harvard, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, A. G. Russell's service was terminated as a property agent. There is some correspondence from him after 1925, but only because his services were needed for special issues regarding pending court cases.
The new owners appointed the Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh as their agent. The Union Trust then hired Charles F. Chubb as the agent for the property. The letters are incoming and outgoing correspondence with the Union Trust Company, C.F. Chubb, K.F. Overholt, and other persons involved in business related activities. There is also correspondence from companies like the Harmount & Woolf Tie Company and the Bon Jellico Coal Company. Both of these companies had interest in the property's natural resources. Correspondence after May 1933 reflects when the land changed owners again. Most of the correspondence consists of letters to and from Chubb and the attorneys for Tye, Siler, and Gillis. The correspondence is arranged chronologically.
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Historical Background
Josiah Vankirk Thompson was the son of a prominent banker from Uniontown, Pennsylvania. Uniontown is located in the Connellsville Coal Region where Thompson grew to know the value and profitability of coal lands to the developing steel market. When his father died, he acquired a large inheritance and the family banking business. Thompson continued his father's banking business while expanding his interests into land speculation by purchasing large tracts of Pennsylvania and West Virginia coal lands. Thompson made his fortune by purchasing risky land investments that presented the possibility of large profits with an even larger possibility of a net loss. His business seemed to be going well until some of the risky investments fell through, debts compounded, and Thompson was forced to file bankruptcy in 1916.
During the bankruptcy, both secured and unsecured creditors filed their claims against Thompson. A creditors committee of bankers and businessmen was established to take possession of Thompson's properties, which included his ownership of the First National Bank in Uniontown, the Highland Building in Pittsburgh, and his mansion at Oak Hill as well as his expansive coal lands. His entire estate was estimated to be worth over $50,000,000 at the time of bankruptcy in 1916.
The properties were later auctioned off to pay Thompson's creditors. The estate and coal lands were quickly divided amongst buyers like the H.C. Frick Coal Company, the Northern Pacific Rail Road, and the Piedmont Coal Company. In 1916, the H.C. Frick Coal Company bought 12,000 acres of coal land for nearly $7,000,000. A few years later in 1919, the Piedmont Coal Company bought the entire Thompson Estate for nearly $18,000,000. Included in this deal were Thompson's three mansions, the Highland Building in Pittsburgh, and over fifty thousand acres of coal land.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains records that pertain to the business deals and bankruptcy of J.V. Thompson. Materials included in this series are statements, assessments, correspondence, mortgages, briefs, and court suits. There are also maps for this series, but due to size, they are located in the Series XXVIII Maps and Architectural Drawings. Materials are arranged in three subseries: Coal Properties, Legal Material and Scrapbooks. The Coal Properties subseries relates to the purchasing of Thompson's coal properties. The Legal Material consists of court cases held to secure Thompson's outstanding debts. The Scrapbooks contain newspaper clippings that document Thompson's bankruptcy, claims, estate value, and property sale. The material in this series dates from 1914 to 1920.
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains material that pertains to purchasing Thompson's coal properties by Frick. Materials in this subseries consist of mortgages, statements, proceedings, bonds, tax transcripts, assessments, clippings, petitions, and maps. The materials are arranged by county relative to where the coal lands were located. Thompson's coal lands were made up of properties mostly from Greene County, Pennsylvania and Monongalia County, West Virginia. The material in this subseries dates from 1914 to 1918.
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box 562, folder 1
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box 562, folder 9
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box 562, folder 10
Scope and Content Notes
Material in this subseries consists of court cases that were held against Thompson by his secured and unsecured creditors, which included Frick. The court case items contain correspondence, court proceedings, statements, transcripts, briefs, and newspaper clippings. The people that filed suit against Thompson were Waitman H. Conoway, David H. Cortney, Jacob S. Hayden, and Fuller Hogsett. In the case of Courtney v. Thompson, many folders contain correspondence between Frick, Karl F. Overholt (president of St. Paul Coal Co.), and the attorneys that represented their clients. Materials in each file folder are arranged in chronological order. The material in this subseries dates from 1915 to 1920.
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box 563, folder 1
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box 564, folder 1
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box 564, folder 8
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains two scrapbooks that document the bankruptcy of J.V. Thompson. The books contain newspaper clippings on property sales, creditor claims, coal land sales, and estate estimates. The clippings are from newspapers from Pittsburgh, Greene County, and Fayette County. Newspaper clippings include articles from the following publications: the Pittsburgh Dispatch,Pittsburgh Sun,Democratic Messenger (Waynesburg, Pa.), Pittsburgh Post,Pittsburgh Press, the Gazette Times, and the Pittsburgh Chronicle Telegraph. Most of the articles are sited and date from February 21, 1916 to June 25, 1919; however there is no corresponding index of subject topics. Additionally, there is information relating to the Thompson matters in another scrapbook labeled as "Coal Clippings." The materials in that scrapbook date from January 20, 1915 to February 9, 1916. The book has an index and the clippings are clearly sited. The Thompson material is on pages one through twenty-five and then on pages 120 to 143. The material in this subseries dates from January 1915 to June 1919.
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box 565
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box 566
Historical Background
The Shaw Coal Company originated on July 2, 1900 as one of Henry Clay Frick's many coal companies he helped to establish. Shaw Coal Company's purpose was to mine, prepare, and sell coal located in the southwestern Pennsylvania counties of Allegheny and Washington. The company is believed to be named after George E. Shaw, who was on the board of the Midway & Oakdale Railway, and purchased the company's property which was located on the same railroad line. Shaw was also one of the first five men that held two shares each in the coal company. However, after only two years, Frick took possession of the majority of the shares and the original five stockholders were replaced with Frick's close business associates.
Frick's initial role in the company was as the purveyor of land from which the coal would be drawn. It was John F. Atcheson who actually purchased the surface and coal lands, known as the "Pittsburgh Vein," from local residents but then turned over the deeds to Frick. According to accounts payable receipts, both Frick and Atcheson financially benefited from this company practice. It is revealed that their stock dividend payments well exceeded those of any other stockholders. In 1910, the company's capital stock was sold to the Pittsburgh Coal Company, but Frick and his associates remained stockholders and members of the board. For unknown reasons, the company dissolved on November 19, 1925.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains the administrative, financial, and legal documents of the Shaw Coal Company. Some of the materials include meeting minutes, accounts payable receipts, correspondence, and mortgages. This series is further broken down into five subseries: Administrative Records, Financial Material, Legal Material, Correspondence, and Record Books.
The administrative records are documented through the by-laws and meeting minutes which provide a list of board members and stockholders of the Shaw Coal Company. The receipts and mortgages in the Financial Material subseries document the origins of the company and some daily activities. The Shaw Coal Company ledger and journal in the record book subseries provide some financial information as to the daily business activities, including accounts payable, profit/loss, and Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh. What is lacking in this series are materials relating to the actual mining of coal, such as how much coal was mined, where the coal was sold, its selling price, and the number of employees. There are some maps of Shaw mines in Series XXVIII Maps and Architectural Drawings. The majority of the materials in the Shaw Coal Company Series are from 1900 to 1925, the dates in which the company was in operation.
Scope and Content Notes
The administrative records of the Shaw Coal Company include the minutes for Annual, Board of Directors, and Stockholders meetings for 1901 to 1924. In each of these meetings, the election of judges, officers, and directors is the primary activity. In this case, judges were elected for the purpose of monitoring the election of officers at the meetings. The researcher should note that the Annual Meetings did not begin until 1905. A volume located at the end of this subseries contains the handwritten minutes for each meeting. Material in this subseries dates from 1900 to 1925.
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box 567, folder 1
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box 567, folder 31
Scope and Content Notes
Included in the Financial Material Subseries are tax returns for the years 1909 to 1926. These records primarily consist of the tax returns with little or no additional information regarding the company's financial matters. Tax returns are arranged in chronological order. Additional materials contained within this subseries include annual net income for manufacturing corporations, federal capital stock, accounts payable receipts, and corresponding outgoing checks. The accounts payable and outgoing check receipts were used in routine daily business activities, such as employee salaries, purchase of materials, and dividend payments. Receipt #92 stands out because it provides a complete list of employees, position, days worked, hours, daily salary, and total for April 1901. Receipts are arranged numerically following the Shaw Coal Company's original numbering system.
Cancelled checks from the Shaw Coal Company are also found within this subseries. The majority of the checks correspond to an accounts payable receipt. However, the checks are intermittent for the period between 1918 and 1925. Additional financial materials can be found in the Subseries 5. Record Books which contains bound volumes of stock certificates, financial ledgers, and journals. Material in this subseries dates from 1900 to 1926.
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box 568, folder 1
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box 572, folder 1
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box 572, folder 6
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box 573, folder 1
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box 574, folder 1
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box 575, folder 1
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box 575, folder 8
Scope and Content Notes
Material in this subseries includes the mortgages for coal and surface land purchased for the Shaw Coal Company. Blueprints are included for a number of the mortgage files. The first mortgage was known to have belonged to John Kelso, who owned sixty acres of coal land, but there is no material in this series that corresponds to this mortgage. There are also documents that pertain to the purchase of Shaw Coal Company property by the Pittsburgh Coal Company for $1,500,000. Material in this subseries dates from 1894 to 1916.
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box 575, folder 9
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box 577, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
The letters in this subseries directly relate to the business activities of the Shaw Coal Company. Included are the letters documenting the deeding of property to Shaw Coal Company from landowners in Allegheny and Washington counties. These letters are written by John F. Atcheson, board member and stockholder in the company, and signed by the property sellers. Additional letters include topics such as quality of Shaw coal, administrative concerns, and the resignations of the original members of the Shaw Coal Company in 1902. The majority of the correspondence is incoming.
The letterpress copybook contains the outgoing correspondence from 1901 to 1918 and relates to the daily business activities of the company. An index provides an alphabetical listing of individuals and businesses that corresponded with the Shaw Coal Company. The copybook includes financial statements that can also be found elsewhere in this subseries.
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box 577, folder 3
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box 577, folder 4
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box 577, folder 5
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains bound volumes relating to the Shaw Coal Company's administrative and financial activities. Included are a minute book, stock certificates, and ledgers. The voucher index directly corresponds to the accounts payable receipts that can be found in the Administrative and Financial Subseries. The Bills Payable volume includes a listing of the mortgages and the mortgage rate. Also included is the statement that each mortgage was "paid in full" and "satisfied." The Transfer Book directly relates to the stock held by each person in the Shaw Coal Company. The Ledger from 1901-1925 is a financial record book containing the following headings: Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh, accounts payable, capital, interest and discount, and profit and loss. This volume allows for further examination of the financial aspects of the company. The volumes date from 1900 to 1925
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box 578, folder 1
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box 578, folder 6
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box 579
Historical Background
The St. Clair Improvement Company began in April 1901 with a capital of $100,000. On June 14th of the same year, the company purchased a tract of 700 acres from owner Henry Clay Frick which was adjacent to the large manufacturing site located between the Monongahela River and the Pennsylvania Railroad. The St. Clair Improvement Company was formed with the mission to sell small tracts of land in order to develop businesses and homes in the area around the newly constructed steel manufacturing plant.
Frick purchased the land in the 1890s from James P. Wylie, Samuel P. Lange and other original owners. Frick recognized the conveniences of the location for the ability to operate extensive industries, coupled with the proximity to the Monongahela River and railroad tracks. In 1900 Frick utilized a portion of the land for blast furnaces from his newly formed independent steel firm, St. Clair Steel Company. Frick developed St. Clair Steel Company in part to challenge Andrew Carnegie. After they resolved their differences, Frick sold the plant to the Crucible Steel Company. As a division of Crucible Steel Company, the St. Clair Steel Company's name was changed to the Clairton Steel Company. Frick then conveyed the remainder of the land to be developed by the St. Clair Improvement Company. Frick owned 1,990 shares, leaving the remaining four stockholders owning no more than five shares each. As usual Frick permeated his business with other stockholders who were trusted business associates, including Karl F. Overholt (Frick's nephew), William Carr, F.W. McElroy and William H. Morrison.
The town of Clairton grew largely due to the steel manufacturing plant and the improvement company that provided the groundwork plans and marketing for the town. However, prior to Clairton receiving its official name, the undeveloped area was known as "Blair." A letter to A.G. Mitchell, Superintendent of the Monongahela Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad (P.R.R.), explains a decision between the Improvement Company and the St. Clair Steel Company to name the town Clairton. The company was also responsible for naming the streets of the town, including Mitchell Avenue after the P.R.R. Superintendent, as well as Waddell and Shaw Avenues after other Frick associates, S.H. Waddell (one time President of the Improvement Company) and George E. Shaw (a founding member of the Shaw Coal Company). On July 26, 1901 the lot plans developed by the improvement company were submitted to the public for purchase.
Company advertisements explain that Clairton "shall be the ideal home of the man of moderate means…[and] for everybody who wants a home away from the smoke and dirt of [Pittsburgh]." Advertisements also noted positive attributes of Clairton, including pure water, natural gas, sewers, and paved streets. The town properties were sold in speculative lots for the purpose of building homes and businesses, while others were donated to congregations in order for them to build churches. The company also owned and leased two hotel type establishments named Tatnall House and Clairton Inn. The real draw for Clairton was obtaining a job at the mill, although by 1904 the Clairton Works was under the management of United States Steel Corporation, the successor of the Carnegie Steel Company. However the change in management did not stifle the growth of the town.
The St. Clair Improvement Company was eventually sold and turned over to Josiah Vankirk Thompson on March 31, 1914. Clairton was also home to Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company and the Clairton Street Car Company, two other businesses influenced by Frick. For additional material on those companies, see Series VII Clairton Brick & Company and Series VIII Clairton Street Railway Company. In 2009, Clairton is still home to the U.S. Steel Clairton Works, formerly the St. Clair Steel Company, and is the largest coke producing facility in the United States. However, like many communities in the Mon Valley, decline in industry has seen a parallel decline in population.
Scope and Content Notes
This series consists of correspondence, financial, and administrative materials of the St. Clair Improvement Company. This series is further divided into five subseries: Correspondence, Financial Material, Administrative Records, Bound Volumes, and Printing Plates. The material in this series documents the planning, resources, and direction of a small number of men that went into the development of the mill town of Clairton. Although much of the information focuses on the business aspects of the company, there is also information regarding the development of the community, such as the building of churches, schools, and parks.(documented in the correspondence subseries) There are also oversized maps from this series located in Series XXVIII Maps and Architectural Drawings. The material in this series dates from 1901 to 1915.
Scope and Content Notes
The letters in this subseries are primarily incoming and date from 1901 to 1915, although the majority of the letters are from 1901 to 1902 and 1911 to 1915. The reason for the large gap between letters is not known. Many of the letters from the public between 1901 and 1902 ask for maps, plans, and prices of lots. A newspaper advertisement was the motivating factor for much of the correspondence. The advisement told readers to write the Improvement Company to inquire about prices and lot information.
Correspondence between 1910 and 1914 is comprised mainly of parties interested in remaining l ots or the number of lots sold. The majority of the later letters are from W. H. Smith to Karl F. Overholt, President of the Improvement Company beginning in 1911; however, there are a small number of letters from Overholt and Smith to H.C. Frick. The materials in this subseries are arranged in chronological order. In addition, letterpress copybooks found at the end of this subseries contain the outgoing letters of the company. Please refer to the Subseries 5 Bound Volumes, to see the outgoing correspondence found in the letterpress copybooks.
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box 580, folder 1
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box 581, folder 15
Scope and Content Notes
Material in this subseries consists of the financial records of the St. Clair Improvement Company. Included are summary of general ledger statements, balance sheets, and mortgages. Monthly summary of general ledger statements include assets, accounts receivable, liabilities, profit and loss, earnings, expenses, balances due on mortgages, and balances due on unsettled sales. The financial material documents the development of financial support, customer interest and mortgage prices relative to the developing mill town of Clairton. The majority of this subseries comprises general ledger balances from 1905 to 1914 with the rest of the financial material being intermittent records.
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Scope and Content Notes
The material in this subseries reflects the administrative functions of the St. Clair Improvement Company, including the information on lot prices, taxes, mortgages, rents, and advertising. The advertising materials best illustrate the development and construction of Clairton. It is interesting to see how the Improvement Company tried to sell the town of Clairton to potential homebuyers prior to it being built. There is some miscellaneous material comprised of handwritten notes, calculations concerning sales of lots, rental lists, company properties, and taxes. Material in this subseries is arranged in alphabetical order.
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Container Summary
(Blank)
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Scope and Content Notes
The bound volumes include petty cash books, deed registers, a general ledger, letterpress copybooks, and financial books of the St. Clair Improvement Company. The petty cash, deed registers, and general ledger are small record books that note company and personal names, dates and daily business transitions relative to the St. Clair Improvement Company. The letterpress copybooks contain the outgoing letters from the President's office dealing with daily business activities and some financial matters. They also contain some letters that deal with the Clairton Street Railway and the Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company. For additional material on those companies, see the copybooks and indexes can be found in Series VII Clairton Brick & ompany and Series VIII Clairton Street Railway Company.
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box 587, folder 1
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box 587, folder 3
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box 587, folder 4
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box 587, folder 5
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box 587, folder 6
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box 588, volume 1
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box 588, volume 2
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box 589
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box 590, volume 1
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box 590, volume 2
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box 591, volume 1
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box 591, volume 2
Scope and Content Notes
There are twelve plates included in this subseries. Eight plates from July 1906 depict views of the town of Clairton, company houses, the steel manufacturing plant and public community space which were used in creating a promotional booklet for the improvement company. The four remaining plates are unidentified boarder, scroll, and spacer plates which are not dated.
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box 592, folder 1
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box 593, folder 1
Historical Background
The St. Paul Coal Company was chartered on March 4, 1914 to mine, manufacture, and sell coal and coke. According to the records, St. Paul Coal Company became the parent company of the Shaw Coal Company, Union Land Company, and the Faraday Coal & Coke Company through purchases and conveyances. Not much is known about the company's name, but the company consisted of approximately 10,000 acres of coal lands in the southern part of Greene County, Pennsylvania. The company's president was Karl F. Overholt (Frick's Cousin) and the main office was located in the Frick Building in downtown Pittsburgh. Frick was not a director in the company, but he held ninety percent of the company stocks.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains the records of the St. Paul Coal Company which consist of statements, maps, taxes, newspaper clippings, and a scrapbook. The general balance statements documents assets, liabilities, and expenses. The folder labeled as "Company Statement" provides the company's purpose, officers, directors, and stockholders. The statement also provides the company charter and the date of the annual meeting.
The scrapbook clippings pertain to taxes, assessments, railroads, railways, roads, coal lands, and other legal matters in and around the company's property. Most of the clippings are in newspapers from Allegheny, Greene, and Fayette Counties. Clippings include the Pittsburgh Dispatch,Pittsburgh Sun,Democratic Messenger (Waynesburg, Pa.), Pittsburgh Post,Connellsville Courier,Pittsburgh Leader,Evening Genius (Uniontown, Pa.), and the Pittsburgh Gazette. There are a few clippings from the Saward Journal. The clippings were originally found in the scrapbook, but for preservation reasons, were placed in separate folders. The material in this series spans from 1914 to 1926; however, the majority of the material dates from 1914 to 1918.
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box 594, folder 1
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box 594, folder 2
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box 594, folder 3
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box 594, folder 4
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box 594, folder 5
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box 594, folder 6
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box 594, folder 7
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box 594, folder 8
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box 594, folder 9
Historical Background
In the early part of the twentieth century, Henry Clay Frick had acquired extensive real estate experience by commissioning many major building projects in the Pittsburgh area. By 1906 Frick had completed the Frick Building, Frick Building Annex, Highland Building, and William Penn Hotel. However, the Union Arcade would be his most extravagant building project to date. The architect selected for this assignment was Frederick J. Osterling, a Pittsburgh native. Osterling was well known for designing other Pittsburgh buildings like the Colonial Trust Company Building, Arrott Building, and the Times Building as well as completing a partial remodeling of Frick's Clayton estate located in the East End neighborhood of Pittsburgh.
The chosen site for this building project was a lot at 501 Grant Street in downtown Pittsburgh where the former Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Paul once stood. Frick bought the property from Pittsburgh's Catholic Diocese in 1901; however the construction of the Arcade did not begin until 1915. Finished in 1917, it was believed to be the largest arcade in the world, with eleven stories and the first four floors open for retail. The Union Arcade featured 240 shops and galleries with the remaining floors made up of offices for rent. The exterior was designed in fifteen-century Flemish Gothic architecture with artistic terra cotta accents. The interior was also impressively furnished with large skylight court areas, terra cotta galleries, and a stained glass rotunda.
Frick owned the building until his death in 1919, when the rights to the property were transferred to his estate. In April 1921, the Arcade was sold to the Union Trust Company, and was renamed the Union Trust Building. Consequently, the upper levels of the arcade were converted into office space, leaving a small retail area on the first floor. The Union Trust Company eventually merged with the Mellon National Bank and formed the Mellon National Bank & Trust Company in 1946. At that time Mellon National Bank & Trust Company was one of the building's largest tenants. Years later in 1987, the DeBartolo family acquired the building for $8 million, performed a complete renovation, and leased it back to Mellon Bank for 20 years. The new building was named Two Mellon Center prompted by the reorganization of Mellon Banks office buildings, following the opening of the 56-floor One Mellon Bank Center, across Grant Street from the former Union Trust Building. The name change did not benefit the company and actually cause a great many complaints, so many that the name was changed again to the Union Trust Building/ Two Mellon Center. In October 2008, the DeBartolos granted a deed in lieu of foreclosure to the current owner, Mika Realty Group. In 2009, this Los Angeles-based realty company continues to use the building for retail and rental space under the name of the Union Trust Building/ Two Mellon Center.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains the records of the planning, construction, and rental space of the Union Arcade. The materials consist of correspondence, bills, statements, contracts, proposals, meeting minutes, specifications, invoices, and rent matters. This series is further divided into five subseries: Correspondence, Financial Material, Rent Material, Construction Records, Legal Material and Invoices. The majority of the material focuses on the building construction including architectural drawings. However due to size, the drawings and maps can be found in Series XXVIII. These drawings mostly contain construction sketches, elevations, and floor plans for the Arcade. The records date from 1906 to 1940, however the majority of the materials are from the main construction years of 1915 to 1917.
Scope and Content Notes
The majority of the correspondence consist of communications from Henry C. Frick, John P. Findley, and Charles F. Chubb to various building personnel including D.B. Kinch (Frick's representatives); F.J. Osterling (architect); George A. Fuller Company (contractor); The McGinness Company (sub-contractors); Fort Pitt Hardware Company; and George H. Soffel Company. Additionally, Frick corresponded with many superintendents of the buildings that were assigned to various positions like William K. Beltz (superintendent of construction); R.C. Blumenstein (assistant superintendent of construction), and L.F.W. Hildner (structural steel engineer). Frick's personal secretary, Alice Braddel, was involved in business matters and can be found in the correspondence concerning the Union Arcade. The majority of correspondence are copies of letters, with only a small number of original letters included in this subseries. This subseries also contains two letterpress copybooks which consist of C.F. Chubb's outgoing correspondence. Some of the letters in the copybooks are copies of Frick's outgoing correspondence. The outgoing letters from the letterpress copybooks respond to many incoming correspondence dating from January 29 to May 17, 1915. The correspondence are arranged in chronological order and date from January 29, 1915 to May 25, 1917.
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box 595, folder 1
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box 595, folder 2
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box 595, folder 3
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box 595, folder 4
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box 595, folder 5
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box 596, folder 1
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box 597, folder 1
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box 598, folder 1
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box 599, folder 1
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box 601, folder 1
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box 601, folder 12
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box 601, folder 13
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box 601, folder 14
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box 601, folder 15
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box 602, folder 1
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box 602, folder 2
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains bills, monthly statements, balances, fees, payroll, and receipts. The prices of supplies, rentals, payroll and other general expenses can be found in the cashbook and ledger. Also included are Checkbooks labeled as "Operating Account" and "Special Account #2." In operating account checkbook, most of the checks have been removed, but there are a few remaining labeled "Union Savings Bank." In Special Account #2, checks in this book consist of "Martha Checks" with the majority of the checks also being removed, with only voided checks remaining. These checks have a picture of Frick's daughter, Martha, on the front cover. The financial material in this subseries dates from 1915 to 1919.
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box 602, folder 3
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box 602, folder 4
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box 602, folder 5
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box 602, folder 6
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box 603, folder 1
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box 603, folder 2
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box 603, folder 3
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box 603, folder 4
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box 603, folder 5
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box 603, folder 6
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box 603, folder 7
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box 603, folder 9
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box 603, folder 13
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box 603, folder 14
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box 603, folder 15
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box 603, folder 16
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box 603, folder 17
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box 604, folder 1
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box 604, folder 2
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box 604, folder 3
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box 604, folder 4
Scope and Content Notes
The records of this subseries pertain to rent matters and promotional material for the Union Arcade. The records include rent correspondence between F.H. Heywood (renting agent) and C.F. Chubb (Frick's main representative). The remaining material consists of leases and reports that pertain to other tenants like the Pennsylvania Rail Road, Koppers Company, and the Pittsburgh Steel Company. Additional tenants included the Duquesne Light Company, United Coal Company, and the Alumni Association for Washington & Jefferson College. The promotional material is comprised of multiple building brochures that list rent prices and spaces for the Union Arcade, Henry W. Oliver Building, Frick Building, Frick Building Annex, and the Jenkins Arcade Building. There are also two rent account books that note payments from tenants of the Union Trust Building. The rent materials date from 1915 to 1940.
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box 605, folder 1
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box 605, folder 2
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box 605, folder 3
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box 605, folder 4
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box 606, folder 1
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box 606, folder 2
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box 606, folder 18
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box 606, folder 19
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box 606, folder 20
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box 606, folder 21
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box 607
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box 608
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries documents the plans and construction of the Union Arcade Building. Materials included are bids, contracts, meeting minutes, reports, specifications, and tenant change proposals and orders. The bids and contracts pertain to companies sending their tentative offers for their products to building representative, C.F. Chubb. There are materials relating to building construction changes and alterations. Most change proposals are from the main building contractor, George A. Fuller Company, to the architect, F.J. Osterling. The materials are arranged by subjects and then in chronological order. The change proposals are listed by date and in chronological order.
Meeting minutes document actions decided by persons involved in the construction of the building. The majority of the meeting records document the Minutes of Contractors', Sub-Contractors, and Material Men's Meetings. Members involved in the meetings consisted of C.F. Chubb, J.P. Findley, W.K. Beltz (architect representative), Mr. Alexander (Kimball Company representative), and various representatives for the numerous sub-contractors. Topics discussed include roofing, woodworking, stone work, plastering, and constructing cement floors. The minutes are arranged chronologically.
Reports primarily consist of progress summaries, including some general reports that consist of reviews, notes, and building inspections. General summaries cover reports on site visits, contracts, building construction, and general building notes. The majority of reports document the progress of the building's construction. Many reports are addressed to and from individuals like Chubb, Osterling, Findley, and the George A. Fuller Company. These reports cover the building progress floor-by-floor, specific work, and overall assessments. There are also superintendent reports that include the temperature, weather, number of men working on the site, and a work overview.
Also included in this subseries are specifications and tenant change orders to be applied during the building construction. The specifications are arranged by subject and in alphabetical order. The change orders detail the additional work that tenants requested which was individual to their spaces. Tenants like the Pennsylvania Rail Road, the American Underwriters Company, and the Jamisonville Coal Company, all received additional alterations to their shops or offices. Most orders provide an account of the main and sub-contractors proposals, bills, and blueprints for the changes to the space. These orders are arranged in chronological order by the date in which they were created. There are also emergency tenant change orders which are also arranged chronologically. The material in this subseries date from 1915 to 1919.
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box 609, folder 1
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box 609, folder 2
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box 609, folder 3
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box 621, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains material that relates to the Fredrick J. Osterling law suit against the Estate of Henry Clay Frick. Frick was so dissatisfied with Osterling job performance that he once told him in a letter dated July 7, 1916, "I don't believe I will ever as long as I live want to have anything to do with anyone by the name of Osterling." In the same letter, Frick went on to say, "It would be the silliest kind of a fool that could not see through your performances and way of doing things; I look upon you as being utterly unreliable." Due to Frick's discontentment of Osterling's services, he did not compensate Osterling for his finished work. Frick died in 1919 without paying Osterling, forcing the architect to filed suit against Frick's estate in 1921. The case finally got to trial in November 3, 1924 and on January 10, 1925, an article in the Pittsburgh Gazette stated that the Osterling case was "… one of the longest trials in the history of the local court." The trial lasted about seven weeks and the verdict was in favor of Osterling, who was eventually paid for his services.
The legal materials consist of copies of letters, correspondence, court briefs, exhibits, and booklets. The "copies of letters" deal directly with Osterling's lawsuit but also support letters in the correspondence subseries. The exhibits from the case mostly consist of letters, but some include statements and photographs. These exhibit photographs contain scale models of architectural parts on the building. The majority of exhibits are for the defendant, but there are some for the plaintiff. All exhibits are arranged by original exhibit number and date from 1915 to 1926.
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box 623, folder 1
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box 623, folder 3
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box 623, folder 4
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box 626, folder 1
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box 626, folder 11
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box 627, folder 1
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box 627, folder 2
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box 627, folder 3
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box 627, folder 4
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box 627, folder 5
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries is comprised of invoice records from the Union Trust Building. Invoices are both outgoing and incoming; however the majority are outgoing and concern tenant billing, renovations, sales, supplies, and reimbursements. Examples of billed tenants in the outgoing invoices are the Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh, The Colonnade Company, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Pennsylvania Rail Road Company, and the Pittsburgh Steelers Sports Incorporated. Bills mainly document utilities, furnishing charges, installations, repairs, and cleaning services for the tenants. The outgoing invoices are arranged alphabetically. There are also monthly charge statements that address these outgoing invoices. These charge statements include an alphabetical listing of tenants for the years 1946, 1947, and 1948. The outgoing invoices cover the years from 1935 to 1937 and 1942 to 1948.
The remaining material consists of incoming invoices that date from 1925 through 1937 and 1948. Examples of companies that billed the Union Trust Building include Motor Express Incorporated, Orr Transfer and Distributing Company, Pittsburgh Blue Print and Supply Company, and the Pittsburgh Welding Company. The bills pertain to supplies, furnishings, and services. The incoming invoices labeled as "invoices" are various untitled bills which do not consist of any single company; rather these incoming invoices remain in the original chronological order. These invoices pertain to reimbursements, receipts for supplies, repairs, and services rendered. The reimbursements are for various damages, services, and supplies. Names that are frequent throughout the bills are Paul Haper, Mr. Geisler, and Robert J. Paul (Union Trust Building paymaster). Incoming invoices are in chronological order by the date in which the records were created or date invoice was paid. The materials in this subseries date from 1935 to 1948.
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Historical Background
In 1890, Andrew W. Mellon took over nearly all of his father's Thomas Mellon commercial banking businesses and began handling his family's trust estates. The Mellon family had been involved in the banking industry in Pittsburgh since the early 1870s. Andrew had been running the day-to-day management of his father's bank for years and had been involved in his father first successful firm, T. Mellon & Sons. In 1889, under the organization of Andrew Mellon and Henry Clay Frick, The Union Transfer & Trust Company was founded with the principle purpose of handling trust estates and safeguarding transferred securities. With his extensive financial background became, Mellon the first president of the company choosing well known business associate, William A. Carr, as treasurer. The company began with an authorized capital of $250,000 and was located in the Fidelity Title & Trust Company Building in downtown Pittsburgh. By 1894 the company moved into the Old Oil Exchange Building for a short time before moving to the newly constructed Union Trust Company Building in 1898. The Union Trust Company Building, located on 337 Fourth Avenue, was the first Pittsburgh building design by famed Chicago architectural firm, D. H. Burnham & Company.
By 1901, The business was booming and the Union Transfer & Trust Company's capital assets doubled totaling $500,000. In an effort to consolidate his banking interests, Mellon decided in 1902 that the Mellon National Bank should become an almost completely owned subsidiary of Union Transfer & Trust. Consequently, the Union Transfer & Trust Company's original charter was amended and renamed Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh. With the increase of business and the lack of space, the Union Trust Company bought the Union Arcade Building from the Estate of H.C. Frick in 1921. The Arcade was remodeled to accommodate the Union Trust Company. The offices were ready in 1923 when the building was renamed as the Union Trust Building.
Business continued until 1946 when the Union Trust Company and the Mellon National Bank merged to form the Mellon National Bank & Trust Company. Later in 1972, the company changed its name once more to Mellon Bank, N.A., a national commercial bank and subsidiary of Mellon Financial Corporation of Pittsburgh. In July 2007The Mellon Financial Corporation of Pittsburgh merged with The Bank of New York Company, Inc. to create the Bank of New York Mellon Corporation located in New York City.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains the business records of the Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh including statements, reports, excerpts, agreements, a deed, and an invitation. Statements date from 1895 to 1896 and 1899 and consist of profit and loss figures, conditions of sale, and the daily balances. Also included are agreements and a deed from April 21, 1921 pertaining to the purchase of the Union Arcade Building. These records document agreements made between the Frick Estate, including Adelaide H.C. Frick, Helen C. Frick, Childs Frick, Henry C. McEldowney and William Watson Smith executors of H.C. Frick's will with the Union Trust Company of Pittsburgh and the Pennsylvania Railroad Company. Documents within this series are arranged chronologically and date from 1895 to 1921; however, the majority of the material dates from 1895 to 1899.
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Historical Background
In the late nineteenth century, Chicago had become a steel producing center that rivaled Pittsburgh due to its location on the Great Lakes and centered on a major railway network. The largest steel firm in Chicago was the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company under the management of Orrin W. Potter. The Joliet Iron & Steel Company, run by Horace Strong Smith, employed about 1,500 men soon after it opened in 1871, and quickly became the second largest steel producer in Chicago. The third largest firm was the Union Iron & Steel Company under the direction of Jay C. Morse. By the 1880s, these three companies together accounted for nearly thirty percent of the total U.S. output of steel rails.
Although located in Chicago, the Union and Joliet Steel Companies maintained a working relationship with Henry Clay Frick and various Carnegie companies. These steel companies purchased coke and coal from the H.C. Frick Coke Company, and after forming the merger that would create the Illinois Steel, the company continued to purchase from Frick. The directors of these companies corresponded with Frick on matters of purchase prices of coal and coke, coal necessity, and labor conditions in the Connellsville coke region.
In 1889, the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company merged with the Union Iron & Steel Company and then purchased Joliet Steel; these three companies incorporated to form the Illinois Steel Company. After the merger was completed, Union Iron & Steel's director, J.C. Morse, became president of the new company. The Illinois Steel Company interests were in steel, transportation, ore, coal and coke, blast furnaces, and Bessemer plants. Illinois Steel not only owned multiple mills and employed a total of about 10,000 men, but also controlled iron mines, coal mines, and transportation systems. Continued advancements came from Morse's successor, John Warne Gates, who was a main catalyst in motivating J.P. Morgan, a well known financer, to underwrite mergers between major steel producers. Morgan then met with Elbert Gary, Illinois Steel legal counsel director, to arrange and finance another merger. This merger brought Illinois Steel and a few smaller companies together to form the Federal Steel Company in 1898. Morgan then made Gary head of the new corporation. Gary's Federal Steel, as it was sometimes called, became the second largest producer of steel next to the Carnegie Steel Company. Andrew Carnegie recognized the success of Federal Steel which would eventually allow for the largest steel merger at that time between Federal and Carnegie Steel Companies. The merger of these two companies became the core of the United States Steel Corporation, a major conglomerate with subsidiary companies. The subsidiary company once known as Illinois Steel name would change in 1936 to United States Steel's Carnegie-Illinois Steel Company.
Scope and Content Notes
The majority of this series contains the incoming correspondence from officers of the Union, Joliet, and Illinois Steel Companies written to Frick. The remaining material is comprised of agreements, statements and estimates which document a small portion of Illinois Steel Company's financial records. While the North Chicago Rolling Mill Company was part of the original merger, there are no records from the company in this series. This series is further divided into three subseries: Union Iron & Steel Company, Joliet Iron & Steel Company, and Illinois Steel Company. The correspondence are arranged chronologically within each subseries. The material in this series dates from 1884 to 1902.
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains letters sent from the Union Steel Company by J.C. Morse, Vice-President and later President of the company. A small portion of the correspondence are letters from H.A. Gray, Secretary and Treasurer of the Union Iron & Steel to E.M. Ferguson, the partial owner of H.C. Frick & Company. The Gary/Ferguson letters concern coke matters, such as supply of coke to the Union Steel Company and the labor situation in the Connellsville coke region. It is important to note that the letters from the Union Steel Company provide more personal content on matters concerning strikes and striking employees than much of the business correspondence found in other series. The correspondence in this subseries date from 1884 to 1889.
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Scope and Content Notes
The majority of the Joliet Steel Company correspondence comes from W.R. Stirling (Treasurer), Alex Leith (President), and J.C. Stirling (Secretary). Much like the correspondence from the previous subseries, the Joliet Iron letters are written to Frick asking about the supply and analysis of Frick's coke and concerns about striking workers in the Connellsville coke region. Additionally, these letters are also more candid about business concerns then the average business correspondence of that time period. This is documented in a letter that W.R. Stirling wrote to Frick dated June 8, 1889 in which he states, "We are having considerable trouble at our furnaces owing to Poor Quality of coke we are receiving from you." The correspondence in this subseries date from 1885 to 1888.
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box 655, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
The majority of the Illinois Steel correspondence comes from the president of the company, Jay C. Morse, and concerns coke prices, production, and supply. Additionally, this subseries also contains correspondence between the Illinois Steel Company and the Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd., from the time when Frick was President. The letters discuss an agreement concerning the division of rail business between the Illinois Steel Company and Carnegie Brothers & Company. The remaining material is comprised of agreements, statements, and estimates which document a small portion of Illinois Steel Company's financial records. The correspondence in this subseries date from 1889 to 1892.
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box 655, folder 7
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box 656, folder 1
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Historical Background
In December of 1900, Charles M. Schwab, president of the Carnegie Steel Company, was honored at a dinner that was held at the University Club in New York City. The attendants of the dinner included prominent bankers and industrialists of note such as Andrew Carnegie, J.P. Morgan, and Standard Oil President, H.H. Rogers. After the dinner, Schwab was asked to give a speech on his vision of the steel industry in the twentieth century. Schwab envisioned the United States steel industry taking on foreign steelmakers through uniting firms and combining complementary operations while slashing costs across the board. The combination of major steel manufactures would create a firm of unprecedented size and production.
Morgan was so impressed by what Schwab envisioned that he asked to have a meeting with him. At first Schwab refused, but eventually agreed and secretly met with Morgan to discuss buying out Carnegie's shares. Schwab then went to Carnegie and eventually convinced him to sell; however, the principal architect of the formal deal was Elbert H. Gary, who became U. S. Steel's first chairman of the executive committee. Gary and Morgan bought Carnegie's steel company for $480,000,000 and combined it with their holdings of Federal Steel Company. Carnegie's empire ended on February 25, 1901, when he officially signed the agreement to sell his company.
By April 1, 1901, the U.S. Steel Corporation was in business and became the world's largest industrial organization with Schwab as the first company's president. Capitalized at $1.4 billion, U.S. Steel became the first billion-dollar corporation in American history. The company was formed by consolidating not only the Carnegie Company and Federal Steel Company, but also American Steel & Wire Company, National Tube Company, National Steel Company, American Tin Plate Company, American Steel Hoop Company, and the American Sheet Steel Company. U.S. Steel Corporation was founded with the hope that its size would lead to economic benefits in the form of market power, as well as operating and network efficiencies. The corporation's sheer size was supposed to bring about many commercial advantages, such as reduced production costs, opportunities for plant specialization, reduction of cross hauling, and improved shipping. During its first year, the new company produced two-thirds of the nation's raw steel, and in 1902 it accounted for almost thirty percent of the steel made throughout the world.
Soon after U.S. Steel Corporation formed, it began to acquire additional properties throughout the Great Lakes region. However, the continued consolidation of minor companies within U.S. Steel and the company's increasing size led to concerns that it was becoming a monopoly. In 1911 the House of Representatives created a committee to investigate the corporation and its officers. The committee's purpose was to determine if U.S. Steel violated the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890. After collecting and reviewing the extensive testimonies taken in 1915, the circuit court sided in favor of U.S. Steel. However, attorneys for the government appealed the decision, and in 1920 the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the ruling.
During both World Wars, U.S. Steel was a large contributor to the war effort by producing steel for planes, tanks, and ships, as well as ammunition. In the later part of the twentieth century, U.S. Steel began to restructure and diversify its businesses. Although U.S. Steel remained the largest steel producer in the United States, only about one-third of the company's business remained in steel. U.S. Steel continued to grow and began to expand, acquiring Marathon Oil Company in 1982 and Texas Oil & Gas Corporation in 1986. This gave U.S. Steel major investments in the oil and gas industry, while the company was also expanding into mining, chemicals, construction, real estate, and transportation.
In 1986 the holding company USX Corporation was established to oversee the diversified interests, which were divided among four operating units: USS (steel), Marathon Oil, Texas Oil & Gas, and U.S. Diversified Group (chemical, engineering, and real-estate). In October 2001, USX Corporation shareholders voted to adopt a plan of reorganization, resulting in the spin-off of the steel and steel-related businesses of USX into a freestanding, publicly traded company known as United States Steel Corporation, the company's original name. The remaining energy businesses of USX became Marathon Oil Corporation. The two new companies officially began operating independently on January 1, 2002. U.S. Steel acquired the steel-related businesses of National Steel Corporation in 2003. In 2009 U.S. Steel's (renamed USS, Inc.,) headquarters remain located in downtown Pittsburgh and the company is well known as an integrated steel producer with operations in the U.S., Canada, and central Europe.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains the records of the United States Steel Corporation. Materials are arranged into four subseries: Administrative Records, Correspondence, Property Material, and Legal Material. The administrative records contain a small portion of the company's early records such as first annual report, list of stockholders, and the company by-laws. The majority of the correspondence are from J.A. Farrell (President of U.S. Steel) and Elbert H. Gary (Chairman of U.S. Steel). However, there are some letters found in the other subseries which directly relate to this material. The property subseries consists of correspondence, reports, and statements relating to properties and companies acquired by U.S. Steel for the years 1902 and 1903. The legal materials relate to a law suit filed against the corporation in 1911. There is additional oversized material pertaining to the United Stated Steel Corporation in Series XXVIII Maps and Architectural Drawings. In that series, there are maps that show properties owned by the corporation. The material in this series dates from 1899 to 1919.
Scope and Content Notes
The material in this subseries contains a small portion of administrative records for the United States Steel Corporation. The materials consist of news clippings, stock exchanges, company by-laws, a list of stockholders, and a court suit. The materials date from 1902 to 1912.
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box 657, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
The correspondence consists of typed and handwritten letters, copies of letters, and memoranda. The memoranda are labeled as Office of H.C. Frick and included with correspondence. The memoranda provide information on who the letter was from, the subject, and the date the letter was indexed. The correspondence mainly consists of letters to and from W.E. Corey (President of U.S. Steel), W.H. Donner (President of Union Steel), J.A. Farrell (President of U.S. Steel), Elbert H. Gary (Chairman of U.S. Steel), and Richard Trimble (Secretary of U.S. Steel). These individuals also communicated with the Director of U.S. Steel, Henry Clay Frick. There are some responses to letters written by Frick's secretaries, Alice Braddel and F.W. McElroy. The remaining correspondence are mainly addressed to Frick and concern smaller company matters. Materials date from 1903 to 1919 and are arranged in alphabetical order of the sender's last name.
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box 657, folder 8
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box 658, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
The property materials consist of agreements, statements, correspondence, propositions, reports, balances, and a map. The correspondence are addressed to Frick from James Gayley, the first vice president of U.S. Steel and pertain to ore and mine matters, along with U.S. Steel subsidiary companies. The letters consist of original typed and letter copies.
After the creation of U.S. Steel, the corporation began acquiring other businesses. One such business U.S. Steel was interested in purchasing was the Union Steel Company in Donora, Pennsylvania. The mill was originally organized by William H. Donner, Henry Clay Frick, and Andrew and Richard Mellon in November 1899 for the purpose of making rods, wires, and nails. The Union Steel Company went on to merge with the Sharon Steel Company in 1902, only to be bought out by U.S. Steel in 1903. Included are records consisting of correspondence, statements, schedules, agreements, and a map of Donora relating to the buy out of the Union Steel Company. The major people involved in these early acquisition deals were William H. Donner (President of Union Steel), Andrew Mellon (Vice President of Union Steel), Richard Mellon (Treasurer of Union Steel), and S.H. Waddell (Secretary), as well as H.C. Frick. The materials are arranged chronologically and date from 1899 to 1910.
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box 658, folder 10
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box 658, folder 11
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box 659, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
During the summer of 1911, the affairs of the United States Steel Corporation were put under investigation by a committee of the U.S. House of Representatives, and in May 1912, the taking of testimony in the government's suit for an injunction and dissolution was begun in New York. The suit was filed due to the formation of the United States Steel Corporation which largely eliminated active competition between steel producing companies and seemingly became a monopoly. The corporation was believed to be in violation of the Sherman Act wherein if a corporation was deemed to be a monopoly in restraint of trade by the Supreme Court, the company must be dissolved within six months. After an immense amount of testimony had been taken, the steal trust secured a decision by both the local circuit and U.S. Supreme court finding that the corporation was not a monopoly, thus allowing it to stay in business. This subseries contains the testimonies from Andrew Carnegie, Charles Schwab (former President of U.S. Steel), George W. Perkins (former director), and former President Theodore Roosevelt. The materials in this subseries are arranged chronologically and date from 1899 to 1915.
This subseries also contains extracts, newspaper clippings, correspondence, telegrams, and statements relating to the hearing. Folders that contain Carnegie testimonies can be found in file folders 8, 9, and 11. There are also director's meeting minutes from H.C. Frick Coke Company included in the hearing extracts dated October 25, 1899, January 10, 1900, January 24, 1900, and February 6, 1900. H.C. Frick, Thomas Lynch, and George Lauder were some of the men involved in those meetings.
Also include in this subseries are newspaper clippings relating to the steel suit. All clippings are clearly cited; some of the newspapers include the following publications: the Pittsburgh Dispatch, Pittsburgh Gazette,Pittsburgh Leader, and the New York Evening Post. There are also some records that pertain to an unsuccessful option that Frick, Henry Phipps, and William H. Moore tried to buy out Carnegie in 1899.
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box 659, folder 10
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box 659, folder 11
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box 660, folder 1
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Historical Background
Throughout her life, Helen Clay Frick, daughter of Henry Clay Frick, was dedicated to her father's legacy and determined to preserve the Frick family history. Following her passions in history and philanthropy, Helen decided to preserve the site where her father and great grandparents once lived. After the death of her father in 1919, Helen began to purchase the original Abraham Overholt family homestead located in West Overton, Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania, as a way to memorialize her father. Helen would further reinforce her interest in preserving the historic site by creating the Westmoreland – Fayette Historical Society, a subsidiary of the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, to maintain the historic homestead. The original homestead was founded by Henry Overholt, his wife and twelve children, who emigrated from Bucks County, Pennsylvania to the Jacobs Creek area of Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania (West Overton Village) to settle the land with fellow Mennonites in the spring of 1800. The Overton's operated a small farm in the village which included a grist mill and distillery for the production and sale of rye whiskey and grain.
Helen purchased the Abraham Overholt homestead and six adjacent buildings, including the spring house where her father was born and 12.7 acres of land, for $14,000 in 1922. By the mid 1920s, she purchased the mill/distillery property across the road from the homestead for $7,500 and turned the building into a museum. To maintain the property, Helen created the Westmoreland-Fayette Historical Society in 1927 with the founding mission to "increase and diffuse knowledge of the history of Westmoreland and Fayette Counties, Pennsylvania, in particular, and of Western Pennsylvania in general, and to these ends to collect, arrange and preserve historical material; to maintain a historical museum; to conduct and to encourage research into and to publish material relative to and illustrative of the history of the region; to hold meetings, encourage pilgrimages and visitations and to engage in other appropriate activities." The property was leased to the historical society free of charge for a period of ten years with additional support annually from Helen under the stipulation that the society must follow the guidelines of the mission statement. Once the lease expired, Helen would observe whether the society met its original mission and if it met her standards, she would convey the estate to the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania.
The historical Overholt house was the first renovation to be completed and was known as Abraham's Homestead at its public grand opening on June 16, 1928. The rooms of the house were redone to reflect the pioneer heritage of Western Pennsylvania. The next building to be renovated was the distillery which was opened as a museum in 1930. However, even with these achievements, the society did not meet Helen's expectations when the lease expired in 1937. She did not turn over the real estate to the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, but renewed the lease for an additional five years. The second lease expired in 1942 and Helen refused to renew the lease, halted all contributions, and ended all affiliation with the Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania and the branch she created.
Even though the Westmoreland-Fayette Historical Society lacked the funding, its membership continued to grow, eventually arguing for its independence as a society. In 1948, the society won its independence and split from the Western Pennsylvania Historical Society. Helen admired the society's initiative and leased the Overholt property to the independent society. The society's name and objective were still based on the original 1928 branch mission. However, the society instituted an annual meeting called "Founder's Day" where they assembled in the mill museum on the third Saturday in June to vote and elect officers. Additionally, there are two other meetings which take place during the year that are open to the public whom are interested in the society. The Westmoreland-Fayette Historical Society now operates under the name of West Overton Museums and is still funded through the Helen Clay Frick Foundation. In 2008, West Overton now owned all 18 of the buildings that were part of the original village and a strategic plan has been laid out for their preservation. West Overton Village is listed on the National Register of Historic Places as an historic district and is one of just two pre-Civil War villages still in existence today.
Scope and Content Notes
This series consists of records pertaining to the Westmoreland-Fayette Historical Society and the Abraham Overholt family homestead at West Overton. The records include correspondence, minutes, memoranda, newspaper clippings, forms, contracts, and agreements. There are also promotional material that consists of announcements, brochures, maps, flyers, negatives, and photographs.
The majority of the materials consist of correspondence that are arranged by subject. A large portion of correspondence relates to the property that was a part of the original West Overton homestead, including the family home, mill building, tearoom, and the springhouse. There is also information pertaining to furnishings, roads, fire extinguishers, signs, trees, renovations, insurance, and surrounding lands. Within the correspondence, most letters are addressed to and from Helen Clay Frick. Other individuals that are frequently referenced are Henry Clay Frick's niece and nephew, Karl F. Overholt and Lula F. Taylor. Karl was one of the founding members of the historical society and was very active in the society. The correspondence from Lula F. Taylor pertains to the time when she was the custodian of the historical house. Helen asked Taylor to take up residence in the house to serve as its hostess and caretaker. Taylor remained at the Overholt homestead until her death in 1966. Her letters were addressed to Helen, Karl, and other persons involved in property and society matters.
This series also highlights some of the society's missions, one of which was to increase knowledge of western Pennsylvania history, especially in Westmoreland and Fayette Counties. Folders labeled Fort Necessity and Jumonville document the society's interests and contributions to historical Fayette sites in western Pennsylvania. Karl F Overholt was a chairman of a committee that dealt with the restoration of Fort Necessity while Helen Clay Frick helped finance the Jumonville historical marker on the site where George Washington and his men skirmished with the French that ignited the French and Indian War. The materials are arranged in alphabetical order by subject and within each file folder are in chronological order. The materials in this series date from 1906 to 1987.
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Historical Background
The William Penn Hotel was Henry Clay Frick's first foray into hotel construction and the second of his three buildings on Grant Street in downtown Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Located amongst the corporate headquarters and financial institutions of the city, the William Penn Hotel is significant as an influential mainstay of Pittsburgh's cultural heritage. The hotel project was first proposed to Frick in November 1913 by Samuel W. Black; Frick sharply dismissed the suggestion. However, Frick eventually came around to the idea and became the sole financier of the William Penn Hotel building project. Frick chose famed Pittsburgh architects Janssen & Abbott to design the Georgian Classical style hotel. The construction for the hotel began in 1914 and by this time Frick was well versed in the intricacies of planning, financing, and constructing buildings, having both financed and completed the Frick Building and Frick Annex years earlier. Heavily invested in the building's completion, Frick maintained an almost daily correspondence with building superintendent D.B. Kinch. During the construction, striking workers and rising costs hampered the building's progress. Frick had originally estimated a total cost of the hotel at $2.5 million; however the final price tag was nearly $6 million. The William Penn Hotel was completed in 1916 and celebrated its grand opening on March 9th, where Frick was able to show off his hotel to National Architect magazine who hailed it as, "The most beautiful hotel in the world."
The William Penn Hotel consisted of twenty-two stories and one thousand rooms, each containing a private bath and telephone. Occupying an entire city block of downtown Pittsburgh, the hotel boasted other amenities such as a Renaissance-style ballroom, in-house bakery, and a staff of 900. The William Penn Hotel was heavily ornamented in an eighteenth-century Georgian Classical style and faced Mellon Square. The exterior was designed with a limestone base, deep red brick facade, and terra cotta cornice and trim work. The building was later extended with the construction of the Grant Street Annex which added six hundred rooms to the hotel in 1928. Another addition of note is the Art Deco ballroom located on the seventeenth floor designed in 1929 by New York architect Joseph Urban.
The William Penn Hotel has had several owners, including the Eppley, Westin and Omni hotel chains, and maintained a four-star rating through the years. The sale of the hotel in 1956 from the Eppley Hotel Company to the Sheraton Corporation was the second largest hotel sold in United States history. Unlike many of the great Pittsburgh hotels of that era, the William Penn Hotel has continually remained open and in 2009 is known as the Omni William Penn Hotel.
Scope and Content Notes
This series contains the records of the William Penn Hotel commissioned by Henry Clay Frick. The materials include contracts, special orders, credits, correspondence, and financial ledgers. These records detail the labor, materials, and construction costs, as well as providing evidence of Frick's vision for a luxurious downtown Pittsburgh hotel. This series is divided into four subseries: Properties, Construction Records, Correspondence, and Financial Material. The records in this series date from 1890 to 1925, although the majority of materials are from 1914 to 1916.
Scope and Content Notes
Material in this subseries documents the land purchased in downtown Pittsburgh for the William Penn Hotel building project. The properties purchased by Henry Clay Frick were located between Grant Street, Sixth Street and Oliver Avenue. Land acquired for the hotel included properties belonging to Annie F. Rafferty, Charles J. Pedder, National Casket Company, and Pittsburgh Free Dispensary. There are abstracts, deeds, agreements and correspondence from these individuals and companies relating to the sale of the land. The materials in this subseries date from 1890 to 1922.
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box 671, folder 1
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Scope and Content Notes
The records in this subseries include contracts, special orders, and credits that were given out during the construction of the William Penn Hotel. The materials contain information on contractors and sub-contractors involved with the project. The majority of the records are from Janssen & Abbott, George A. Fuller Company, and a number of sub-contractors that were hired for the construction of the hotel. All relating construction records, including correspondence, special orders, and credits, are also found within this subseries. The certificates and special orders provide specification, costs of labor, and materials. However, there are also a number of special orders that were given to companies and individuals that do not have contracts; these materials can be found under the "Special Orders and Credits List." The special orders and credits are on William Penn Hotel Company letterhead, and signed by Janssen & Abbott, the architects. The materials in this subseries date from 1914 to 1916.
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box 671, folder 10
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box 676, folder 6
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box 676, folder 7
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box 676, folder 8
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box 676, folder 9
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box 676, folder 10
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box 676, folder 11
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box 676, folder 12
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box 676, folder 13
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box 676, folder 14
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box 676, folder 15
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box 676, folder 16
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box 677, folder 1
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box 677, folder 2
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box 677, folder 3
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box 677, folder 4
Container Summary
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box 677, folder 5
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box 677, folder 6
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box 678, folder 1
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box 678, folder 2
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box 678, folder 3
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box 678, folder 4
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box 678, folder 5
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box 678, folder 6
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box 678, folder 7
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box 678, folder 8
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box 678, folder 9
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box 678, folder 10
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box 678, folder 11
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box 678, folder 12
Scope and Content Notes
The correspondence subseries contains letters from Henry Clay Frick, A. Braddel and F.W. McElroy (Frick's secretaries) to D.B. Kinch regarding the construction of the William Penn Hotel. As the Superintendent of Frick's properties, Kinch regularly wrote to Frick on the progress of the hotel's construction. Kinch's letters also notify Frick of three strikes involving different construction workers from May 1915 to January 1916. Kinch's letter to Frick dated May 11, 1915 mentions a labor strike of the plasterers and electrical workers, which continued into September. There is also a construction letterpress copybook which is mainly comprised of outgoing letters from Frick and Braddel concerning the hotel. Other persons that also appear in the correspondence are Charles F. Chubb, Mr. W.H. Morrison, and Mr. W.J. Naugton. It is important to note that correspondence dated after the completion of the hotel in March 1916 mostly pertain to the mortgage and insurance of the hotel. The correspondence are arranged in chronologic order and date from 1913 to 1919.
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box 678, folder 13
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box 679, folder 1
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box 679, folder 2
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box 679, folder 3
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box 679, folder 4
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box 679, folder 5
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box 679, folder 6
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box 679, folder 7
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box 679, folder 8
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box 679, folder 9
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box 679, folder 10
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box 679, folder 11
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box 679, folder 12
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box 679, folder 13
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box 679, folder 14
Scope and Content Notes
The majority of this subseries contains accounts payable vouchers from the H.C. Frick Hotel Construction Account/William Penn Hotel Company. The vouchers are arranged in original order by number, which also corresponds to the date the voucher was created. Some of the vouchers contain correspondence relating to payment of services. Examples of vouchers include payments to building architects, Janssen & Abbott; construction engineer, James L. Stuart, and George A. Fuller Company, building project contractor. Also included in this subseries are sample accounts payable forms and cancelled checks, which directly relate to William Penn Hotel Construction checks and vouchers. There is also a Hotel Construction Account ledger which contains an alphabetical list of names by individual or business and includes date of contract, services performed, and cost. The materials in the subseries date from 1914 to 1918.
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box 680, folder 1
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box 680, folder 2
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box 680, folder 3
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box 680, folder 4
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box 680, folder 5
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box 680, folder 6
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box 680, folder 7
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box 680, folder 8
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box 680, folder 9
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box 680, folder 10
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box 680, folder 11
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box 680, folder 12
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box 680, folder 13
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box 680, folder 14
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box 680, folder 15
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box 680, folder 16
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box 680, folder 17
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box 680, folder 18
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box 681, folder 1
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box 681, folder 2
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box 681, folder 3
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box 681, folder 4
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box 682
Scope and Content Notes
The Pittsburgh Atlases and Plat Map Series includes G.M. Hopkins Plat maps as well as Rand, McNally & Company atlases for the City of Pittsburgh and the surrounding communities. These atlases and plat maps feature large-scale plates showing lot and block numbers, wards, street widths, and names of property owners. These real estate or land ownership maps (also known as plat maps) not only depict property owners, but they also show churches, cemeteries, mills, schools, roads, railroads, lakes, ponds, rivers, and streams. The Hopkins Company published plat map volumes and atlases of Pittsburgh between 1872 and 1940.
This series is arranged in alphabetical order by the title of the publication. The maps in this series date from 1889 to 1923. Some of the maps are available online on the Historic Pittsburgh website.
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box 683
Container Summary
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box 684, volume 1
Container Summary
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box 684, volume 2
Container Summary
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box 685, volume 1
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box 685, volume 2
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box 686, volume 1
Container Summary
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box 686, volume 2
Container Summary
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box 687, volume 1
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box 687, volume 2
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box 688
Container Summary
(21" x 15.5")
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box 689
Container Summary
(21" x 16")
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box 690
Container Summary
(21" x 16")
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box 691
Container Summary
(23.5" x 17.5")
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box 692
Container Summary
(23" x 16")
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box 693
Container Summary
(23.5" x 16")
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box 694
Container Summary
(23" x 16.5")
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box 695, volume 1
Container Summary
(23.5" x 17.5")
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box 695, volume 2
Container Summary
(23.5" x 17.5")
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box 696
Container Summary
(23" x 17.5")
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box 697
Container Summary
(23"x 17.5")
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box 698
Container Summary
(23.5" x 17")
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box 699
Container Summary
(23.5" x 17")
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box 700
Container Summary
(23.5" x 17")
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box 701
Container Summary
(23.5" x 17")
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box 702
Container Summary
(23.5" x 17.5")
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box 703
Container Summary
(23.5" x 19.5")
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box 704, volume 1
Container Summary
(23.5" x 19.5")
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box 704, volume 2
Container Summary
(23" x 19.5")
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box 705
Container Summary
(23" x 16.5")
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box 706
Container Summary
(23" x 16.5")
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box 707
Container Summary
(24.5" x 17.5")
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box 708
Container Summary
(23.5" x 17.5")
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box 709
Container Summary
(24.5" x 17.5")
Scope and Content Notes
Series XXVIII consist of maps and architectural drawings pertaining to real estate, land ownership, rivers, proposed canals, railroads, and machinery. This series is comprised of oversize maps and drawing, many of the material are from other series within the Henry Clay Frick Business Records. The buildings drawings and blueprints mainly pertain to Henry Clay Frick's real estate in western Pennsylvania, including Pittsburgh. Building materials include the Frick Building (1901-1902), Frick Building Annex (1905-1906), Union Arcade Building (1915-1917), William Penn Hotel (1914-1916), and the Highland Building (1909-1910). Drawings contain pre-construction plans, elevations, floor plans, altercations, and mechanical/electrical/HVAC/plumbing plans. Also, included are records pertaining to properties in and near the city of Pittsburgh. Most of these documents show various streets, avenues, alleys, and landownership in Allegheny County, Pa. For example, there are some copies of Hopkins Maps showing the early resident of H.C. Frick and Mrs. Frick.
Other materials relate to coal, coke, and steel manufacturing. Drawings for mill equipment mostly pertain to furnaces and ingots. However there are also some drawings for engines, strippers, and brakes. Records pertain to coal and coke entities that relate to the series of H.C. Frick Coke Companies, Shaw Coal Company, St. Paul Coal Company, Josiah Vankirk Thompson, and the Faraday Coal and Coke Company. These materials mostly consist of coal maps and land tracts for each company. Also, included are some charts and diagrams relative to the production of coke from 1880s to 1910.
The other major portion of records consists of material pertaining to the proposed Lake Erie to Ohio River Canal route. Ever since Pittsburgh's industrial age development, creating a canal from the Ohio River to Lake Erie has been an idea. In the 1930s, Congress and the Board of Army Engineers held meetings for a possible canal route. There were four proposed routes and they were: Beaver-Ashtabula, Allegheny River-French Creek, Cincinnati-Toledo; and the Portsmouth-Sandusky. Being the shortest route, the Beaver-Ashtabula was selected and most of the records pertain to that proposal. This route started at the mouth of the Beaver River near Rochester, Pa. and went northward to the Mahoning River by New Castle, Pa. From there, the canal went northwest towards Youngstown, Ohio. The canal would have continued northward using Ohio's northeastern lakes, rivers, and tributaries in the counties of Trumbull and Ashtabula. The canal would end at or near Ashtabula, Ohio. Materials included are maps, surveys, and plans for rivers, canal routes, townships, cities, and various waterways.
This series contains seven subseries: Series Related Material, Properties, Waterways and Canals, Machinery, U.S. Geological Surveys, Railroads, and Miscellaneous Maps. The records are arranged alphabetically by series and are dated from 1899 to 1984.
The Map and Architectural Drawings inventory is available in PRINT at the Archives Service Center.
Scope and Content Notes
This subseries contains the maps and architectural drawing that correspond to other series within the collection. The items in this subseries have been separated from their original series due to size, nature, and format of the material. This subseries contains material for Series I to XXVII
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map-case 14, drawer 12
map-case 14, drawer 12, folder 11
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map-case 14, drawer 12
map-case 14, drawer 12, folder 12
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map-case 14, drawer 12
map-case 14, drawer 12, folder 13
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roll 14
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roll 14, drawer 12, folder 15
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map-case 14, drawer 13
map-case 14, drawer 13, folder 32
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13 Sheets
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Scope and Content Notes
The material in this subseries are maps and architectural drawings relating to properties that Frick either owned, prospected for purchase, or was in close proximity to one of his many businesses. The majority of the properties reside in western Pennsylvania, however there are also maps of Ohio, Virginia, and West Virginia.
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Scope and Content Notes
The transportation of coal, coke, and manufacturing materials used in the production of steel contributed to almost half of the cost of the finished product. Frick knew that transporting his materials via waterways and canals would greatly reduce his cost of shipping for his various companies. Frick who was always interested in the bottom line was highly invested in the research and development of canals and waterway transportation. This subseries illustrated many of the waterways and canal routes Frick used to transport both his raw material and Carnegie Company steel products. Many of the maps show the waterways and surround towns and communities in the general region.
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Scope and Content Notes
This subseries mainly contain sketches and blueprints of steel production machinery from the early 20th century. Some of the sketches of machinery include blast furnaces, explosive gas determinator, stem flying shear table, continuous mill, hot saws, billet shear, and tables.
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Scope and Content Notes
The maps in this subseries are U.S. Geological Surveys of both geologic and topographic maps from Pennsylvania, Kentucky, and West Virginia. U.S. Geological Surveys were general used in speculation claims for future purchases and development of lands and resources. The surveys date from 1900 to 1960.
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Scope and Content Notes
These materials are maps, sketches, and surveys of railroads that Frick used in planning the transport of his coke and steel products. The railroad plans include Pennsylvania Railroad, Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, St. Clair Terminal Railroad, Pittsburgh Terminal Railroad and Coal Company, as well as Midway and Oakdale Railway Company. There are also some railroad and railway maps produced by the Pennsylvania State Railroad. The maps and sketches date from 1890 to 1912.
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Scope and Contents Note
The maps and architectural drawings contained in this subseries do not pertain to any specific series or category. These materials included Iron Clad building elevation plans, Pennsylvania travel route plans, unidentified buildings, and park plans.
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Scope and Content Notes
The majority of the published materials focus on the subject of coal, coke and steel production and sale in the Appalachian region of the United States and around the world. The largest portion of the collection revolves around seven journals: The Coal Trade Journal, Buildings and Building Management, Saward's Journal, The Commercial & Financial Chronicle, Seventh Annual Report of the United States Steel Corporation, The Manufacture of Coke, and Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers.
The Coal Trade Journal is acknowledged authority which is reliable, prompt, correct, and independent on the subject of coal. It is not local, but gives facts and figures from all parts of the United States. The business done in coal at every principal city, prices, tonnage, qualities dealt in, fully shown. New routes to coal fields, and new processes in the economy of fuel, form an important feature of this Journal. This journal information is relative to coal production, prices, and transportation at home and abroad. Frederick E. Saward, was the main editor of the trade journal also published books and Saward's Journal.
Buildings and building management was originally a weekly journal devoted to real estate, building management and construction in Greater New York area however it eventually became a national monthly journal to self-teach businesses on purchasing real estate. Buildings and Building Management, urged owners to rationalize their operations on a unit-cost basis. The major years of this journal that are included in this series are from 1917 to 1920.
Frederick William Saward, editor and publisher of Saward's Journala coal-trade weekly. Became Saward's Annual in 1922. The weekly journal detailed information relative to output, prices, freight and wage rates, transportation, exports, trade conditions, computing tables and other important aspects of the coal industry for wholesale and retail. The major years of this journal that are included in this series are from 1919 to 1920.
The Commercial & Financial Chronicle was a business newspaper in the United States founded by William Buck Dana (1829–1910) in 1865. Published weekly, the Commercial & Financial Chronicle was deliberately modeled to be an American take on the popular business newspaper The Economist, which had been founded in England in 1843. It was the first national business weekly in the United States. The Commercial & Financial Chronicle continued the legacy begun by Hunt's Merchant's Magazine and Commercial Review, a monthly business magazine, which was founded in 1839 by Freeman Hunt but disappeared during the American Civil War. They are together in many library collections. The journal was absorbed January 7, 1871, the Merchant's magazine and commercial review and eventually in September 4, 1941, the Financial reporter.
United States Steel Corporation. Annual Report of the United States Steel Corporation for the Fiscal Year: editions one to twelve. When United States Steel Corporation was founded in 1901, the United States Steel Corporation, better known as U.S. Steel, was the largest business enterprise ever launched, with more than $1 billion in capital. An annual report provides a detailed look at the financial results for the prior twelve months of operations. Also most all annual report included: chairman's statement, income statement, cash flow statement, balance sheet, notes to the accounts, auditors Reports. Reports may also include a marketing/product segmentation section, organizational charts and graphs. Filing dates vary by country, as does the date by which the report must be filed by. The Annual Reports tend to be filed between April 1 and June 30 each year. The major years that are included in this series are from 1902 to1911 and 1913.
The Manufacture of Coke in 1905-1913. Edward W. Parker of the Geological Survey produced a statistical analysis of the rapid development of the business of coke production for steel manufacturing in this United States. The statistics of coal production have been published annually by the United States Geological Survey, the first report, which was published in 1883, covering the calendar year 1882. In the three years that the census statistics were collected, 1889, 1900, and 1909, the work was carried on jointly by the United States Geological Survey and the Bureau of the Census under cooperative arrangements. The years between the censuses the report was publish solely by the U.S. Geological Survey. The major years that are included in this collection are from 1905 to 1913.
American Institute of Mining Engineers's Bulletin of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. American Institute of Mining Engineers was founded in 1871 by 22 mining engineers in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, United States, being one of the first national engineering societies in the country. Its charter is to "advance and disseminate knowledge of engineering and the arts and sciences involved in the production and use of minerals, metals, energy sources and materials for the benefit of humankind." They achieved their charter goals by publishing three volumes of Transactions annually and a monthly Bulletin which appeared on the first of each month. The monthly and eventually bi-monthly bulletin contains reports of proceedings, professional papers, notices and other matters of interest to members related to Mine Engineering.