Guide to the Henry Clay Frick Business Records, 1862-1987 AIS.2002.06

Arrangement

Repository
ULS Archives & Special Collections
Title
Henry Clay Frick Business Records
Creator
Helen Clay Frick Foundation
Creator
Frick, Henry Clay
Collection Number
AIS.2002.06
Extent
250 Linear Feet
Date
1862-1987
Abstract
The Henry Clay Frick Business Records contain material reflecting the business and financial activities of Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919) with particular relevance to Pittsburgh and the western Pennsylvania region. These materials highlight Frick's ascent into prominence during a period of American industrial growth. The resources range from Frick's initial forays into business, including his first coal firm, H.C. Frick & Company, to his negotiations that facilitated the mega merger that formed United States Steel Corporation in 1899. Some of Frick's most prominent associates were many of the steel and financial titans of the Gilded Age, including Andrew Carnegie, Charles Schwab, Andrew Mellon, Henry Oliver, H.H. Rogers, Henry Phipps, and J.P. Morgan. Frick especially kept in frequent correspondence with Andrew Carnegie among many others as noted in the collection material. The bulk of the collection dates from 1881 to 1914, when Frick was most active in the coal and steel industry in Pittsburgh. Digital reproductions of this collection are available online.
Language
English .
Author
Alesha Shumar and Matthew Yount.
Sponsor
Funding for this project was made available by Helen Clay Frick Foundation.
Publisher
ULS Archives & Special Collections
Address
University of Pittsburgh Library System
Archives & Special Collections
Website: library.pitt.edu/archives-special-collections
Contact Us: www.library.pitt.edu/ask-archivist
URL: http://library.pitt.edu/archives-special-collections

Existence and Location of Copies

Digital reproductions of the correspondence between Frick and Carnegie are digitized and online. This includes correspondence held by the The Frick Collection and Frick Art Reference Library in New York City. Several scrapbooks containing newsclippings created by the Carnegie Steel Company documenting the Homestead Steel Strike are digitized as are scrapbooks created by the H.C. Frick Coke Company to document the coal and coke industry in southwest Pennsylvania.

Biography

Industrialist and art patron, Henry Clay Frick (1849-1919), was born in West Overton, Pennsylvania, a rural village settled by Mennonites about 40 miles southeast of Pittsburgh, Pa. His grandfather, Abraham Overholt, owner of the Overholt farm and distillery, was a respected figure in his small village. Frick's future economic gains would be tied in-part to the location of his family's homestead. The Overholt farm was situated in the middle of the Pittsburgh Coal seam in the coal rich Connellsville region of Fayette County, Pa. At the age of 21, Frick realized the potential of the local bituminous coal and borrowed money to form a partnership, Frick & Company, a coal and coke-producing firm. The newly-formed business used beehive ovens and blast furnaces to turn coal into coke, a fuel product that was in great demand by the growing steel industry in Pittsburgh. This was a highly successful venture and Frick soon controlled eighty percent of the coke output of Pennsylvania. During a financial panic in 1873, Frick seized the opportunity to buy out competitors, ally himself with the powerful Andrew Carnegie, and ensured a steady business by supplying his many steel companies. By 1879 at the age of thirty, Frick had made himself a millionaire.

Eventually, Carnegie brought Frick into Carnegie Brothers & Company, making him chairman. This created a reciprocal partnership: Carnegie supplied Frick with regular business and Frick provided a consistent supply of coke for Carnegie's mills. As Chairman, Frick quickly reorganized all of Carnegie's industrial firms and created the world's largest coke and steel company under the name Carnegie Steel Company. Although business was booming, tension began to grow between the two industrialists and came to a breaking point with the labor strike at the Homestead Works, part of Carnegie Steel Company. Although it was always Carnegie's intention to eliminate the unions in his mills, despite his union friendly persona, it was Henry Clay Frick who took the first action against the Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steel Workers union. Although Carnegie fully supported Frick's decision and manner in which to break the strike, he quickly distanced himself from the now infamous and violent altercation that occurred at the Homestead mill in 1892. Frick was criticized for causing the death and carnage that arose from the strike which directly lead to an assassination attempt on his life by Alexander Berkman and Berkman's companion, Emma Goldman. Frick survived the attack, making a full-recovery, but as the years went-on, he continued to have countless disputes with Carnegie which eventually resulted in Frick's resignation in 1899. Despite his resignation, Frick remained an active board member and continued to make decisions for the Carnegie Steel Company even assisting in the planning that eventually led to the formation of the United States Steel Corporation in late 1899.

In the early 1900s, Frick expanded his interests and built a large coke and steel plant in Clairton, Pa., called St. Clair Steel Company, while simultaneously investing in mining firms in West Virginia, Colorado, Wyoming, and in central Peru. Frick also made several major real estate investments in downtown Pittsburgh, financing building projects which included the Frick Building, Frick Annex, William Penn Hotel, and Union Arcade. During these pursuits, the Frick family experienced major personal tragedy with the death of his second daughter, Martha, and youngest son, Henry Clay, Jr., within a year of each other in late 1892. By 1905, Frick's business and social interests had shifted from Pittsburgh to New York City. Frick moved his family including wife Adelaide and two other children, Childs and Helen Clay, to New York, where they spent the first ten years living in a Vanderbilt mansion on Fifth Avenue. Frick constructed his New York City mansion between 1913 and 1914, located at Seventieth Street and Fifth Avenue where he lived until his death in 1919. Frick left a fortune of nearly $50,000,000 with more than eighty percent of the amount being donated to charitable organizations.

In Frick's later life, he made many charitable contributions to both New York City and Pittsburgh. Frick and his daughter, Helen Clay, were avid patrons of the arts and over the years amassed a famed collection of early-Renaissance and eighteenth-century French paintings and furniture, as well as some nineteenth and twentieth century English pieces. The main portion of the Frick art collection is housed at The Frick Collection in his former New York mansion, converted into a museum since 1935. However, a small portion of his art collection is on display at the Frick Art & Historical Center at Clayton, Frick's Pittsburgh estate, also turned into a museum in late 1990.

Frick was a strong believer in the arts and education, so much so that he commissioned a fund to supplement educational opportunities for public school teachers in Pittsburgh. The fund was made permanent in 1916, and known as the Henry Clay Frick Educational Commission. In addition Frick would also provide many individual grants for special training to prospective teachers. The special grants were combined with the commission and eventually became known as the Henry Clay Frick Training School for Teachers.

After her father's death, Helen continued his stated civic mission of "encouraging and developing the study of the fine arts and of advancing the general knowledge of kindred subjects," and developed the University of Pittsburgh's Henry Clay Frick Fine Arts Department in 1928. Later in 1965, she funded the Frick Fine Arts Building to house the department of fine arts and Frick Fine Arts Library, as well as the University of Pittsburgh teaching collection. Prior to that in November 1921, with aid from the Mellon family and the Frick Trust, the University of Pittsburgh acquired a 14 acre plot of land known as "Frick Acres" in the Oakland district of Pittsburgh for the site of the Cathedral of Learning, the tallest educational building erected in the United States. Helen's other charitable contributions included the creation of a vacation home for young female textile workers at Eagle Rock, Frick's vacation home in Pride's Crossing, Massachusetts; Frick Park in Pittsburgh; and transformation of Henry's childhood home into a museum known as West Overton Village, a pre-American Civil War historic Mennonite village.

In 2001, the Helen Clay Frick Foundation Archives was entrusted to the Frick Art Reference Library in New York City and the University of Pittsburgh's Archive Service Center. The Helen Clay Frick Foundation divided the collection and placed the personal papers and photographs of the Frick family on deposit at The Frick Collection in New York City and deposited Henry Clay's business records at the University of Pittsburgh. The archives were originally established in an effort to preserve, organize, and make accessible the records of Henry Clay Frick, his businesses, and family.

Arrangement

The collection is arranged into the following 29 series:

Series I. Abraham Overholt & Company, 1881-1888

Series II. Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd., 1867-1894

Series III. Carnegie Company, 1900-1901

Series IV. Carnegie Steel Company, Ltd., 1892-1900

Series V. Carnegie, Phipps, & Company, Ltd., 1887 to 1893

Series VI. Cerro de Pasco Companies, 1901-1925

Series VII. Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company, 1901-1904

Series VIII. Clairton Street Railway Company, 1905-1916

Series IX. Correspondence, 1883-1919

Series X. Ephemeral Material, 1878-1947

Series XI. Faraday Coal & Coke Company, 1862-1934

Series XII. Frick Building, 1897-1983

Series XIII. Henry Clay Frick Coke Companies, 1871-1900

Series XIV. Highland Building, 1909-1922

Series XV. Hump Removal, 1899-1914

Series XVI. Jellico Coal Lands, 1903-1943

Series XVII. Josiah Vankirk Thompson, 1914-1920

Series XVIII. Shaw Coal Company, 1890-1925

Series XIX. St. Clair Improvements Company, 1901-1915

Series XX. St. Paul Coal Company, 1914-1926

Series XXI. Union Arcade Building/Union Trust Building, 1906-1948

Series XXII. Union Trust Company, 1895-1921

Series XXIII. Union, Joliet, and Illinois Steel Companies, 1884-1902

Series XXIV. United States Steel Corporation, 1899-1919

Series XXV. Westmoreland- Fayette Historical Society, 1906-1987

Series XXVI. William Penn Hotel, 1890-1925

Series XXVII. Pittsburgh Atlases and Plat Maps

Series XXVIII. Maps and Architectural Drawings

Series XXIX. Printed Materials

Access Restrictions

None other than a portion of the material in Series XII. Frick Building, Subseries 6. Frick Building Employee Material is restricted for 75 years from date of creation. Until this restriction is removed, researchers wishing to access these records must sign a confidentiality agreement with the Archives Service Center.

Acquisition Informantion

Deposited by the Helen Clay Frick Foundation in 2002. Subsequently gifted to the University of Pittsburgh in July 2015.

Custodial History

The majority of the original manuscript collection was housed in compact shelving on the second floor of the carriage house at Clayton, the Frick family's Pittsburgh estate, while some of the Frick family letters and Helen's personal papers could be found Frick's New York City estate.

When Helen Clay Frick died in 1984, she bequeathed the family archives to her namesake foundation; however, she did not specifically identify where the archival material should be permanently housed. In 2001, an agreement was reached whereby Henry Clay Frick's business records would be housed in the University of Pittsburgh's Archives Service Center; the remainder, including family letters and Helen Clay Frick's papers, would go to the Archives of The Frick Collection and Frick Art Reference Library (FARL) in New York City.

The University of Pittsburgh was the recipient of a major grant from the Helen Clay Frick Foundation to work on processing the collection. (The Frick Foundation made a similar award to FARL to work on that portion of the collection held there.) This grant funded archival work has made it possible for this significant collection to be available to researchers. In addition to complete processing and the full description of the collection made by a team of archivists, the Archives Service Center enabled the encoding of the extensive and detailed finding aid to be viewed online.

The collection is held in the Archives Service Center, within the University of Pittsburgh Library System. Unless noted, the collection is unrestricted and available for research use in the Archives Service Center Reading Room.

Preferred Citation

Henry Clay Frick Business Records, 1862-1987, AIS.2002.06, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Processing Information

This collection was processed by Project Archivists Matthew Yount (2004-2007) and Alesha Shumar (2009-2010), with assistance from Julie Aher (2004-2006) and Zach Brodt (2010). As part of an internship program in 2006, abstracts to portions of the Henry Clay Frick and Andrew Carnegie correspondence were created by Anna Dabrishus, David Thielet, and Todd Thomas, undergraduate students at the University of Pittsburgh majoring in History.

Copyright

Permission for publication is given on behalf of the University of Pittsburgh as the custodian of the physical items and is not intended to include or imply permission of the copyright holder, which must also be obtained.

Related Material

Frick Family Papers, The Frick Collection/Frick Art Reference Library Archives, New York City, New York

Associated Brotherhood of Iron and Steel Heaters, Roughers and Rollers of the United States Records, 1872-1875, AIS.1973.11, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Bernard Gorczyca Papers, 1940-2006, AIS.2006.16, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Brashear Association, Pittsburgh, Pa. Records, 1891-1978, AIS.1979.17, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Civic Club of Allegheny County Records, 1896-1974, AIS1970.02, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Correspondence of Charles M. Schwab, 1891, AIS.1994.02, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Eugene Henry Jobson, 1925-1941, AIS.1990.06, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

James Bonar Papers, 1912-1980, AIS.1965.13, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

John Gates Photograph Collection, ca. 1910, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Ken Kobus Photograph Collection, AIS.2006.18, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Kingsley Association Records, 1894-1980, AIS.1970.05, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Oliver Iron and Steel Company Records, 1863-1930, AIS.1964.06, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Pittsburgh City Photographer Collection, 1901-2002 AIS.1971.05, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Pittsburgh Railways Company Records, 1872-1974, AIS.1974.29, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Ralph D. Webb, Jr. Records, relating to the Carnegie Steel Company, 1936-1938, AIS.1997.09, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Ralph E. Griswold, GWSM, Inc. Collection, 1912-1988, AIS.2001.10, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Steffi Domike Papers, 1946-1994, AIS.1997.20, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Union Arcade Building Photographs, 1915-1916, AIS.2005.09, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

United Steelworkers of America Local 1397 (Homestead, PA) Records, 1937-1972, AIS.1993.17, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

William H. Coleman Papers, 1906-1942, AIS.1964.18, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

William J. Gaughan Collection, 1887-1988, AIS.1994.03, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

William Martin Papers, 1866-1933, AIS.2005.06, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

William P. Feeney Papers, AIS.2000.11, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

William Penn Hotel, 1914-1916, AIS.2008.01, Archives & Special Collections, University of Pittsburgh Library System

Scope and Content Notes

The Henry Clay Frick Business Records contains material reflecting the business and financial activities of Henry Clay Frick (1849–1919) with particular relevance to Pittsburgh and the western Pennsylvania region. These materials highlight Frick's ascent into prominence during a period of American industrial growth in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. The resources range from Frick's first businesses, including his first coal firm, H.C. Frick & Company, to correspondence between Frick and Andrew Carnegie, which also includes Frick's negotiations that facilitated the mega merger that formed United States Steel Corporation in 1899. The material also addresses aspects of business specific to the late ninetieth century coke industry, including bituminous coal mining, beehive ovens, and railroad transportation.

The Henry Clay Frick Business Records contain 29 series that date from 1881 to 1987; the majority of the materials date from 1881 to 1914, when Frick was most active in the coal and steel industry in Pittsburgh. The majority of the material is categorized into four types of records: administrative material, financial records, legal material, and ephemeral items. The administrative material are generally made up of correspondence, letterpress copybooks, memoranda, invoices, company charters, meeting minutes, by-laws, deeds, contracts, certificates, pamphlets, proposals, specifications, labor costs, property assessments, building construction records, architectural drawings, blue prints, newspaper clipping scrapbooks, atlases, and plat maps. The financial records consist of receipts, reports, statements, stock accounts, taxes, bills, lease matters, rent and building costs, cashbooks, sales journals, accounts payable receipts, mortgages, estate/property values, as well as profit and loss statements. There is a small amount of legal material which has records of court cases, case notes, court rulings, and attorney services. The ephemera items include keys, stone samples, printing plates, and post cards. Further description is available at the series and subseries level.

Previous Citation

Henry Clay Frick Business Records, 1862-1987, AIS.2002.06, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh

Helen Clay Frick Foundation Archives, 1892-1987, AIS.2002.06, Archives Service Center, University of Pittsburgh

Bibliography

  • Boehmig, Stuart P. Downtown Pittsburgh. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2007.
  • Brody, John. Steelworkers in America: The nonunion era. Cambridge, MA: Havard University Press, 1960.
  • Brophy, John. A Miner's Life. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 1964.
  • Burgoyne, Arthur G. Homestead Strike of 1892. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1979.
  • Carnegie, Andrew. The Autobiography of Andrew Carnegie; and, The gospel of wealth. New York: Signet Classics, 2006.
  • Clayton, Lawrence A. Peru and the United States: The condor and the eagle. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999.
  • Collin, John F.S. Stringtown on the Pike: Tales and History of East Liberty. Ann Arbor: Edward Brothers, 1966.
  • DiCiccio, Carmen. Coal and Coke in Pennsylvania. Harrisburg, PA: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, 1996.
  • Fisher, Douglas A. Steel Serves the Nation, 1901-1951: A fifty year story of United States Steel. New York: United States Steel Corporation, 1951.
  • Hamersly, Lewis Randolph. Who's who in Pennsylvania; containing authentic biographies of Pennsylvanians who are leaders and representatives in various departments of worthy human achievement. New York, L.R. Hamersly company, 1904.
  • Hessen, Robert. Steel Titan: the Life of Charles M. Schwab. New York: Oxford University Press, 1975.
  • Hillstrom, Kevin and Laurie Collier Hillstrom. Industrial revolution in America. Vol. 1, Iron and steel. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2005.
  • Ingham, John N. Biographical dictionary of American business leaders. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press, 1983.
  • Ingham, John N. Making Iron and Steel: Independent Mills in Pittsburgh, 1820-1920. Columbus, OH: Ohio State University Press, 1991.
  • Kidney, Walter. Landmark Architecture: Pittsburgh and Allegheny County. Pittsburgh, PA: Pittsburgh History and Landmark Foundation, 1997.
  • Killikelly, Sarah Hutchins. The History of Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh, PA: B.C. & Gordon Montgomery, 1906.
  • Lichtenstein, Nelson, et al. Who Built America?: From 1877 to Present, Vol. 2. New York: Worth, 2000.
  • Long, Priscilla. Where the Sun Never Shines: A History of America's Bloody Coal Industry. New York: Paragon House, 1989.
  • Morris, Charles R. The Tycoons: how Andrew Carnegie, John D. Rockefeller, Jay Gould, and J.P. Morgan invented the American supereconomy. New York: H. Holt and Co., 2005.
  • Nasaw, David. Andrew Carnegie. New York: Penguin Press, 2006.
  • Roush, G.A. (ed). The Mineral Industry: Its statistics, technology and trade during 1915. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1916.
  • Sanger, Martha Frick Symington. Henry Clay Frick: An intimate Portrait. New York: Abbeville Press, 1998.
  • Schreiner, Jr. Samuel A. Henry Clay Frick: The Gospel of Greed. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1995.
  • Thurston, George Henry. Allegheny County's Hundred Years. Pittsburgh, PA: A.A. Anderson & Son, Book and job printers, 1888.
  • Trachtenberg, Alexander. The History of Legislation for the Protection of Coal Miners in Pennsylvania, 1824–1915. New York: International Publishers, 1942.
  • Warren, Kenneth. Big Steel: The first century of the United State Steel Corporation, 1901-2001. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001.
  • Warren, Kenneth. Triumphant Capitalism. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1996.
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  • Whitelaw, Nancy. Homestead Steel Strike of 1892. Greensboro, NC: Morgan Reynolds, 2006.

Subjects

    Corporate Names

    • William Penn Hotel (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
    • Highland Building (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
    • Frick Building (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
    • Union Trust Building (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
    • Union Arcade Building (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
    • Allegheny County Courthouse and Jail (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
    • Carnegie Steel Company. Lucy Furnaces
    • D.H. Burnham & Company
    • Homestead Steel Works. Carrie Furnaces
    • Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd. Duquesne Steel Works
    • Federal Steel Company
    • United States Steel Corporation. Edgar Thomson Works
    • Keystone Bridge Company
    • Abraham Overholt & Company
    • Carnegie Steel Company. Lorimer Coke Works
    • Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd. Monastery Coke Works
    • Pittsburgh Bessemer Steel Company
    • Pittsburgh and Lake Erie Railroad Company
    • Pinkerton's National Detective Agency
    • Pittsburgh & Western Railway Company
    • Carnegie, Phipps & Co.
    • H. C. Frick Coal Company
    • Clairton Brick & Manufacturing Company
    • H. C. Frick Coke Company
    • Clairton Street Railway Company
    • H. C. Frick Coal and Coke Company
    • Faraday Coal & Coke Company
    • Shaw Coal Company
    • United States Steel Corporation
    • Union Iron & Steel Company
    • Carnegie Brothers & Company, Ltd. Youghiogheny Coke Works
    • Carnegie Steel Company. Sciota Ore Mines
    • Carnegie Steel Company. Union Iron Mills
    • H. C. Frick Coke Company. Beech Fork Works
    • Union Club (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
    • Homestead Steel Works

    Personal Names

    • Frick, Adelaide Childs
    • Frick, Martha
    • Overholt, Abraham
    • Overholt, Christian
    • Overholt, Jacob
    • Overholt, Henry
    • Overholt, Karl F.
    • Overholt, J. S. R.
    • Carnegie, Andrew
    • Carnegie, Thomas M.
    • Childs, Otis H.
    • Frick, Helen Clay
    • Frick, Henry Clay
    • Morgan, J. Pierpont (John Pierpont)
    • Schwab, Charles M.
    • Mellon, Andrew W. (Andrew William)
    • Mellon, Thomas
    • Tintsman, Abraham
    • Phipps, Henry
    • Abbott, William L. (William Latham)
    • Gary, Elbert H. (Elbert Henry)
    • Rogers, Henry Huttleston
    • Oliver, Henry William
    • Berkman, Alexander
    • Burham, D. H. (Daniel Hudson)
    • Osterling, F. J.
    • Carr, William A.
    • Gayley, James
    • Thompson, Josiah Vankirk

    Family Names

    • Overholt family

    Geographic Names

    • Pennsylvania, Western
    • West Virginia
    • Kentucky
    • Virginia
    • New Jersey
    • Westmoreland County (Pa.)
    • Downtown (Pittsburgh, Pa.)
    • Pocahontas Coal Seam (W. Va.)
    • Monongahela River Valley (W. Va. and Pa.)
    • New York (N.Y.)
    • Cerro de Pasco (Peru)
    • Monongahela River (W. Va. and Pa.)
    • Mount Pleasant (Westmoreland County, Pa. : Township)
    • West Overton (Pa.)
    • Connellsville (Pa.)
    • Broad Ford (Pa.)
    • Clairton (Pa.)
    • Pittsburgh (Pa.)
    • Allegheny County (Pa.)
    • Bucks County (Pa.)

    Other Subjects

    • Manufacturing industries -- Pennsylvania
    • Whiskey industry -- Pennsylvania
    • Buildings -- Pennsylvania -- Pittsburgh -- Design and construction
    • Labor
    • Coal trade -- Pennsylvania
    • Coal mines and mining -- Pennsylvania
    • Coke industry -- Pennsylvania
    • Architecture
    • Steel industry and trade -- Pennsylvania
    • Business and Industry
    • Railroads -- Pennsylvania

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